不同共情能力个体加工情绪面孔的ERP研究

目的:采用事件相关电位技术考察具有不同共情能力的个体加工情绪性面孔的差异.方法:使用共情问卷筛选出高、低共情被试,要求其对不同情绪、不同性别的面孔做出相应判断,记录EEG,分析两种被试在不同条件下N1,P2等成分.结果:在性别判断任务中,高共情被试在正性和负性情绪的N1,P2和LPC波幅上都出现了显著的差异,而低共情被试在不同效价的情绪间没有出现差异.结论:与低共情被试比较,高共情被试从无意识阶段,注意阶段到决策分析阶段都对情绪效价更加敏感,另外,被试在与情绪无关任务中显示出了情绪特性,而在情绪相关任务中未显示出该特性,体现了与情绪相关认知任务对情绪自动化加工的抑制作用.     

EDITORIAL: Thirty Years of Reproductive Immunology: An Introduction

Citation Kraus TA, Sperling RS, Engel SM, Lo Y, Kellerman L, Singh T, Loubeau M, Ge Y, Garrido JL, Rodríguez‐García M, Moran TM. Peripheral blood cytokine profiling during pregnancy and post‐partum periods. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 64: 411–426 Problem Pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system adapt to prevent rejection of the fetal semi‐allograft. This immunologic adaptation may contribute to pregnancy‐related alterations in disease susceptibility and severity of infections from viral pathogens such as influenza virus. Method of Study As part of a larger study investigating the maternal systemic immune response during pregnancy, peripheral blood was collected three times during pregnancy and twice post‐partum to measure serum levels of 23 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. This longitudinal study design allowed each woman’s post‐partum blood draw to serve as her own comparison, thus controlling for interpersonal variability in expression levels. Results When compared to the post‐partum samples, significant pregnancy‐related changes in IFNγ, TNFα, VEGF, GCSF, Eotaxin, and MCP‐1 expression were observed. These changes have significant immunologic effects in vivo and in culture. Conclusion Pregnancy‐associated changes to steady state serum cytokines may have important immunologic consequence.     

Incarceration of People Living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for Treatment-as-Prevention

Contact with the criminal justice system, including incarceration, is a common experience for many people living with HIV/AIDS. Optimism has recently been expressed that correctional facilities could be important locations for treatment-as-prevention (TasP)-based initiatives. We review recent findings regarding the effect of incarceration on patterns of HIV transmission, testing, treatment initiation and retention. We found that the prevalence of HIV infection among incarcerated individuals remains higher than analogous non-incarcerated populations. Recent studies have shown that voluntary HIV/AIDS testing is feasible in many correctional facilities, although the number of previously undiagnosed individuals identified has been modest. Studies have implied enhanced linkage to HIV/AIDS treatment and care in jails in the United States was associated with improvements in the HIV cascade of care. However, for many individuals living with HIV/AIDS, exposure to the correctional system remains an important barrier to retention in HIV/AIDS treatment and care. Future research should evaluate structural interventions to address these barriers and facilitate the scale-up of TasP-based efforts among individuals living in correctional settings.     

Motivational Interviewing Targeting Risk Reduction for People with HIV: A Systematic Review

Due to the co-occurrence of sexual risk behaviors and substance use among HIV-positive individuals, there is often a need for HIV prevention efforts to target multiple behaviors. Motivational Interviewing (MI), a widely disseminated behavior change intervention, has demonstrated effectiveness in promoting behavior change among persons with HIV and has been utilized to target these co-occurring risk behaviors. To identify the efficacy of MI in relation to sexual risk and substance use, we conducted a systematic review of research literature published before May 2012, which focused on treatment fidelity, study design, and findings. Results suggest that MI has the potential to reduce sexual risk behavior, but the effects on reducing substance use were less consistent. We identify opportunities for future research with HIV-positive individuals, including the development of interventions assessing the effects of MI on illicit drug use, utilizing higher fidelity standards in intervention implementation and studies of transportability and cost-effectiveness.     

The Neuropsychological Basis of Disorders Affecting Children and Adolescents: An Introduction

Discusses issues related to the identification of psychosocial interventions for children that have demonstrated efficacy. Recent debate concerning differences between clinical trials research and clinical practice is summarized, including the tradeoff between interpretability (internal validity) and generalizability (external validity) of outcome studies. This article serves as an introduction to the special issue containing articles that have as their focus the identification of empirically supported psychosocia1 interventions for children as part of a task force. The article provides an overview of the history, agenda, and methodology used by the task force to define and identify specfic empirically supported interventions for children with specific disorders. Whereas a number of well-established or probably efficacious interventions are identified within the series, more work directed at closing the gap between research and practice is needed.