亚甲蓝与阿霉素磁性明胶药物微球镇痛作用的比较

目的 比较亚甲蓝、阿霉素磁性明胶微球靶向阻滞家兔脊髓背角的镇痛作用,并探讨其机制.方法 雄性新西兰兔40只,随机分为假手术组,空白微球5mg、15mg对照组,亚甲蓝微球5mg组、15mg组,阿霉素明胶磁性微球5mg组、15mg组.在外磁场引导下向蛛网膜下腔注射微球,连续观察注药后家兔下肢的电痛阈、运动功能及体感诱发电位变化.结果 亚甲蓝磁性微球15mg组和阿霉素磁性微球15mg组家兔的痛阈显著升高(P＜0.01),体感诱发电位N1波潜伏期明显延长,但前者仅持续12天,而后者持续30天仍未见消失.所有家兔运动功能评分未见明显改变.结论 亚甲蓝与阿霉素磁性明胶微球镇痛作用明显,具有"感觉-运动"分离作用,因此是一种有效的治疗顽固性疼痛的靶向神经损毁剂.     

亚甲蓝磁性明胶微球的制备及应用于疼痛治疗的可行性研究

目的制备亚甲蓝磁性明胶微球,并初步探讨其在家兔蛛网膜下腔对脊髓背根神经节靶向神经阻滞的可行性。方法采用乳化一交联包埋法制备亚甲蓝磁性明胶微球,高倍显微镜观察微球粒径大小及形态,紫外分光光度法检测微球中亚甲蓝的含量、保封率及体外释放规律;16只家兔随机分为亚甲蓝磁性微球（M）组和单纯磁性微球（c）组,每组8只,在外磁场作用下两组家兔分别蛛网膜下腔注射亚甲蓝磁性明胶微球15mg和单纯磁性微球15mg,连续观察注射药物后家兔下肢的电痛阈、运动功能的变化。结果亚甲蓝磁性明胶微球具有磁性载药微球的形态和特性,M组家兔后肢电痛域值在给药后明显升高,与自身给药前及C组比较差异显著（P〈0．05）,两组家兔后肢运动功能在给药后与给药前及C组比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论自制亚甲蓝磁性明胶微球有良好的磁控性和一定缓释性,神经阻滞作用确切,初步认为与外部磁场联合应用可用于脊髓背根神经的靶向神经阻滞而不影响运动功能。     

阿霉素明胶微球的制备及对周围神经阻滞的实验研究

目的 制备阿霉素明胶微球并检测其特性,探讨将其用于周围神经阻滞的可行性.方法 采用乳化-交联法制备阿霉素明胶微球,考察其理化性状.30只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为对照组(N组)、阿霉素组(A组)、阿霉素明胶微球组(M组),于右侧坐骨神经表面分别滴注0.1%吐温盐水、0.5%阿霉素、阿霉素明胶微球混悬液.观察每组右后肢的痛阈、坐骨神经功能指数(SFI)及病理改变.结果 制备的阿霉素明胶微球最佳投料比为1∶10.微球外形圆整,分散性好.阿霉素240min释放90%以上.A组和M组痛阈明显升高(P＜0.01),SFI明显减小(P＜0.01),A组60天恢复,M组持续90天仍未恢复,两组坐骨神经损毁明显.结论 制备的阿霉素明胶微球外观好,有明显缓释作用,能损毁周围神经,可作为长效神经损毁剂.     

阿霉素磁性明胶微球的制备及特性检测

目的制备阿霉素磁性明胶微球检测其特性。方法采用乳化-交联法制备阿霉素磁性明胶微球。高倍显微镜观察微球粒径大小及形态,紫外分光光度法检测微球中阿霉素的含量,测定微球磁吸附率,计算求和值S,确定最佳投料比（药物∶载体）,绘制药物微球体外释放曲线。结果制备的阿霉素磁性明胶微球最佳投料比为1∶15,磁吸附率为100%。微球外形圆整,分散性好。阿霉素60min释放70%左右,240min持续释放90%以上。结论制备的阿霉素磁性明胶微球缓释性好,磁响应性强,可作为一种治疗顽固性疼痛的靶向神经损毁剂。     

外磁场控制磁性明胶微球肝动脉栓塞的实验研究

本实验随机使用杂种犬１７只。磁性明胶微球（ＭＧ－ｍｓ）粒径１０～３０μｍ。含ｘ－Ｆｅ＿２Ｏ＿３３０％（Ｗ／Ｗ）。血管造影、放射性核素扫描、ＣＴ扫描以及病理组织学检查，均显示出磁性明胶微球通过外磁场导向控制，在肝动脉内具有明显的靶向栓塞作用。栓塞术后，血清ＡＬＴ、ＡＳＴ、ＡＬＰ短时间内升高，２～３天达高峰，尔后下降，于３～４周内恢复到术前水平。末发现不良反应及异位栓塞。     

微波消融联合载阿霉素微泡靶向击破在小鼠H22肝癌治疗中的效果观察

【摘要】 目的 观察微波消融（MWA）联合载阿霉素微泡靶向击破治疗小鼠H22肝癌皮下瘤的效果。 方法 制备空白微泡和载阿霉素微泡,检测其理化特性。流式细胞仪分析不同给药方式下体外细胞内药物浓度。构建BALB/c小鼠H22肝癌皮下瘤模型,将72只荷瘤小鼠随机均分为单纯MWA组（A组）、MWA+阿霉素组（B组）、MWA+空白微泡组（C组）、MWA+载阿霉素微泡组（D组）,其中C、D组微泡经低频超声击破。记录小鼠肿瘤体积变化,构建Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,比较心、肾组织内药物浓度。病理切片检测各组残存活性肿瘤区微血管密度（MVD）和Ki-67表达,并进行统计学分析。结果 体外细胞实验显示,低频超声靶向击破微泡技术能显著提高肿瘤细胞内药物浓度（P=0.011）;体内实验显示,D组抑制肿瘤生长显著优于A组（P=0.008 5）,B组、D组小鼠生存时间均比A组显著延长（P=0.009,P=0.003）,同时D组心、肾组织内药物浓度均显著降低（P=0.012,P=0.045）。D组残存活性肿瘤区MVD与A组相比显著降低（P＜0.000 1）,B、D组肿瘤细胞Ki-67表达均显著降低（P＜0.001）。结论 MWA联合载阿霉素微泡超声靶向击破可提高肝癌细胞内药物浓度,抑制肿瘤增殖和微血管生成,弥补单纯MWA治疗适形性不足,同时降低药物心、肾不良反应。     

地塞米松PLGA磁性微球对炎性大鼠慢性疼痛的疗效评价

目的 制备地塞米松聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚体（polylactic-co-glycolic acid, PLGA）磁性微球并对其治疗炎性大鼠慢性疼痛的疗效进行评价。方法 通过乳化-溶剂挥发法制备地塞米松PLGA磁性微球。采用完全弗氏佐剂注射于大鼠左后足足心进行建模。药效评价：将36只模型大鼠编号抽签随机分为6组,分别采取不同的处理方法,包括阳性对照组、磁疗组、地塞米松PLGA磁性微球组、地塞米松磷酸钠注射液组、地塞米松PLGA磁性微球+磁疗组、地塞米松磷酸钠注射液+磁疗组,每组6只。在建模后第2～10天观察大鼠左后足皮肤外观,并测试左后足足心机械痛阈,第10天在麻醉状态下取大鼠左后足足心局部皮肤病理行苏木精-伊红染色。结果 与各组大鼠治疗前机械痛阈比较,除了阳性对照组及磁疗组之外,其他组大鼠左后足足心机械痛阈在治疗后第4～6天均有明显改善（F=8.732,P=0.024）,其中微球+磁疗组的改善最为明显。给药后第1～2天,微球+磁疗组与注射液+磁疗组的机械痛阈差异无统计学意义;而在第4～10天,微球+磁疗组的机械痛阈明显高于其他组。与阳性对照组比较,除磁疗组外,给药后第10天其余各组的炎性...     

肝动脉注入羟基喜树碱明胶微球对大鼠移植性肝癌的疗效研究

目的：为了观察羟基喜树碱明胶微球（ＯＰＴ－ｍｓ）的疗效，我们建立了大鼠移植性肝癌模型。材料与方法：以肝动脉注射生理盐水作对照，比较了肝动脉注射常规型ＯＰＴ（１ｍｇ／ｋｇ），空白明胶微球（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）和ＯＰＴ－ｍｓ［１０ｍｇ（含药１ｍｇ）／ｋｇ］治疗大鼠肝癌的作用。结果：接受常规ＯＰＴ、空白明胶微球治疗的大鼠，其肿瘤生长受到显著抑制（Ｐ＜０．０５），肿瘤组织发生不同程度的坏死，但与对照组相比动物的生存期未显著延长（Ｐ＞０．０５），而接受ＯＰＴ－ｍｓ治疗的大鼠，其肿瘤的坏死更彻底、更广泛，且动物的生存期明显延长（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＯＰＴ－ｍｓ疗效明显优于常规型ＯＰＴ单纯肝动脉化疗和空白明胶微球的单纯肝动脉栓塞。     

pSVPoMcat微基因修饰雪旺细胞移植对脊髓损伤的修复作用

为观察pSVPoMcat微基因修饰雪旺细胞（SC）移植对脊髓损伤的修复作用，采用切割法制备脊髓半模断损伤模型（T8平面）。实验动物随机植入pSVPoMcat微基因修饰的SC（A组）、SC组（B组）和损伤对照组（C组），每组40只。术后应用联合行为记分（CBS）和皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）动态观察大鼠功能恢复情况，应用原位杂交和免疫细胞化学方法观察胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）的表达。术后3月行MRI观察，并用免疫组化对神经轴突进行神经中丝（NF）染色。结果显示，A组能抑制大学损伤后的GFAP表达；MRI发现，A组大鼠脊髓损伤（SCI）区脊髓信号已基本恢复正常，B组未恢复正常，而C组SCI有软化灶形成。与NF染色发现一致。A、B两组潜伏时波幅呈恢复的趋势，与A组接近正常，与CBS结果一致。提示，pSVPoMcat微基因修饰SC移植能抑制SCI后GFAP的表达，促进神经轴突的生长并对神经功能恢复有明显的促进作用。     

缺血再灌流损伤致脊髓传导功能的变化及2氨基膦酸基戊酸的影响

为探讨缺血再灌流损伤脊髓传导功能的变化及２氨基膦酸基戊酸（ＡＰＶ）的影响，１２只家兔随机均分为缺血６０ｍｉ组和缺血６０ｍｉｎ＋ＡＰＶ治疗组，以选择性腰动脉阻断法模拟脊髓缺血再灌流损伤，观测各组在缺血前、缺血时及再灌流时皮层体感诱发电位（ＣＳＥＰ）和运动诱发电位（ＭＥＰ）的变化。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.