金甲王颗粒对吗啡依赖猴和大鼠戒断症状的抑制作用

目的 :观察中药金甲王颗粒对吗啡依赖猴和大鼠戒断症状的抑制作用。方法 :采用吗啡依赖大鼠纳洛酮催促戒断、自然戒断模型以及吗啡依赖猴模型 ,观察金甲王颗粒对戒断症状的抑制作用。结果 :(1) 3个剂量的金甲王颗粒 (3 5 4、7 0 3和 14 0 7g生药·kg- 1 )均可显著降低吗啡依赖大鼠的催促戒断症状分值 (P <0 0 1) ;(2 )金甲王颗粒治疗组在大鼠自然戒断后期的体重恢复优于吗啡依赖组 ,3 5 4g生药·kg- 1 剂量的金甲王颗粒组大鼠体重下降百分率低于吗啡依赖组 ,但无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;(3)在猴自然戒断治疗实验中 ,金甲王颗粒 3个剂量 (3 2 4、6 4 7、12 94g生药·kg- 1 )均能明显抑制吗啡依赖性猴的戒断症状 (P <0 0 5 ,P <0 0 1) ,金甲王颗粒中、大剂量组可明显抑制猴戒断后的体重下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ,但对体温下降的抑制作用不明显 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :金甲王颗粒能改善吗啡依赖性动物催促戒断和自然戒断后所产生的戒断症状。     

盐酸二氢埃托啡依赖性潜力的进一步探讨

盐酸二氢埃托啡(DHE)是一种新的强效麻醉性镇痛药,本文着重对DHE在啮齿类动物Do及舌下给药条件下的自然戒断,替代吗啡,催促戒断等方面的致依赖性潜力进行了研究,结果表明,DHE的致身体依赖性潜力确实较低;以DHE替代吗啡抑制阿片类戒断症状时舌下给药剂量低于po给药剂量;在一定剂量条件下DHE舌下给药可使实验动物对其产生身体依赖性。     

正通宁与可乐定对阿片类戒断症状的实验研究

目的　比较正通宁和可乐定对动物阿片类戒断症状的抑制作用。方法　以吗啡依赖性和海洛因依赖性小鼠和大鼠的催促戒断模型、猴自然戒断模型 ,给予不同剂量正通宁片和可乐定 7d ,观察结果。结果　①正通宁 2个剂量 (0 75、1 5 g/kg)能显著减轻吗啡和海洛因依赖性小鼠在纳洛酮催促下引起的跳跃反应和体重丧失 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ;②正通宁 2个剂量 (0 75、0 5 g/kg)能显著抑制吗啡和海洛因依赖性大鼠在纳洛酮催促下引起的戒断症状和体重下降 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。③在吗啡依赖性猴模型上 ,正通宁 3个剂量 (0 2、0 6、1 0 g/kg)给灌胃每天 3次 ,连续 7d ,均能不同程度地抑制吗啡依赖性猴的戒断症状 ,其中以高剂量组的效果最好。在停吗啡后的头 3d ,高剂量组猴的戒断症状得到了明显的控制 ,戒断症状分低于NS组 ,7d戒断总平均分明显低于NS组 ,统计学处理差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,疗效似比可乐定好。结论　正通宁对阿片类依赖动物戒断症状的脱毒治疗效果肯定 ,效能优于可乐定     

回生丸的脱毒药效学评价

目的:评价回生丸的脱毒药效学。方法:采用剂量递增法建立吗啡依赖大鼠催促戒断模型、吗啡依赖大鼠自然戒断模型以及吗啡依赖猴自然戒断模型,然后给予回生丸进行治疗。结果:回生丸2·88、5·76g·kg-1两个剂量可显著降低吗啡依赖大鼠催促戒断症状的分值(P<0·05),但对体重下降的抑制不明显(P>0·05);回生丸和可乐定均不能控制吗啡依赖大鼠自然戒断的体重下降(P>0·05);回生丸3·2、6·4g·kg-1两个剂量均能在不同程度上控制吗啡依赖猴自然戒断的戒断症状,抑制体重下降(P<0·05或P<0·01)。结论:回生丸对吗啡依赖动物的戒断反应表现出明显的抑制作用。     

河豚毒素对大鼠和小鼠纳洛酮催促吗啡戒断症状的影响

通过建立吗啡 (Mor)依赖大鼠及小鼠模型 ,观察河豚毒素 (TTX ,大鼠 0 .0 0 3～ 0 .1μg·kg- 1·d- 1,im ,5d ;小鼠 0 .0 2～ 0 .2 μg·kg- 1·d- 1,ip ,2d)对纳洛酮 (Nal)催促戒断症状的预防及治疗作用 .结果表明TTX抑制戒断后大鼠体重丢失 ;明显抑制Mor依赖小鼠Nal催促后的跳台反应 ,并促进催促后小鼠体重的恢复 .证实TTX可显著抑制Mor依赖大鼠和小鼠Nal激发的戒断反应 ,其效果与可乐定相近 .在防治戒断症状的有效剂量范围内 ,TTX不影响麻醉大鼠的血压 ,呼吸和心率 ,也不影响尼古丁诱发的神经反射活动 ,对痛觉反应和中枢神经系统无明显抑制作用 .     

不同的阿片受体激动剂对环腺苷—磷酸第二信使系统的作用(英文)

目的:研究吗啡(Mor)、美沙酮(Met)、丁丙诺啡(Bup)、二氢埃托啡(DHE)和埃托啡(Eto)躯体依赖性差别的机制,方法:用NG108-15细胞模型,观察不同的阿片受体激动剂对cAMP第二信使系统的作用,结果:细胞分别暴露于Mor,Met,Bup各10 μmol·L~(-1)和DHE,Eto各10 nmol·L~(-1),24 h或72 h后,用纳洛酮10 μmol·L_(-1)催促,Mor组cAMP水平明显反跳性升高,其他各组cAMP反跳水平虽有一定程度的升高,但幅度较Mor组低得多.用Met,Bup,DHE和Eto替代处理Mor预处理48 h的NG108-15细胞,可使Nal催促的cAMP反跳水平明显降低,结论:Mor,Met,Bup,DHE和Eto对cAMP第二信使系统的作用明显不同,这与它们的躯体依赖性有关。     

清风胶囊对吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状治疗作用的研究

目的：本实验通过制作吗啡依赖的大鼠催促戒断、自然戒断的动物模型,观察清风胶囊对吗啡依赖大鼠催促戒断、自然戒断症状的治疗作用。方法：通过复制吗啡依赖大鼠催促戒断和自然戒断模型,评价中药制剂清风胶囊对动物吗啡戒断症状的抑制作用,并与阳性药可乐定进行比较。结果：在大鼠催促戒断模型上,清风胶囊三个剂量组（0．5,1．0,2．0g／kg）ig给药均能部分控制戒断症状,并能有效抑制大鼠的体重下降。在吗啡依赖大鼠自然戒断模型上,清风胶囊中、高两个剂量组（1．0,2．0g／kg）控制体重下降作用均优于可乐定。清风胶囊中、高剂量组能明显控制吗啡依赖大鼠的自然戒断症状,与模型组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：清风胶囊对吗啡依赖大鼠戒断症状有肯定的脱毒治疗效果。     

思的明对吗啡依赖猴戒断症状的治疗作用

目的:观察思的明(sidimine)对吗啡依赖猴戒断症状的治疗作用.方法:按剂量递增法皮下注射(s.e.)吗啡建立90 d吗啡依赖模型,d 91～d 97灌胃给予思的明(以生药计剂量分别为2.4,4.8,9.6g·kg-1·d-1,bid),在d 91～d 102(即戒断后12 d内)每日对各组吗啡依赖猴戒断症状进行评分,并称量体重,计算体重变化率(相对于d90的体重).结果:思的明3个剂量均能不同程度降低吗啡依赖猴戒断症状评分,其效应呈剂量相关性,中剂量从戒断d 3开始起效(P<0.05),高剂量从戒断d 2即可显著控制戒断症状(P<0.01).与模型组相比,思的明高剂量在戒断d 3和d 6～d 9能控制吗啡依赖猴体重的下降(P<0.05).结论:思的明能缓解吗啡依赖猴的戒断症状,并有一定的控制体重下降的作用.     

大鼠损毁蓝斑和利血平处理对阿片类药物身体依赖性的影响(英文)

目的:探讨蓝斑去甲肾上腺素能(LC-NA)神经元在阿片类药物依赖中的作用.方法:用6-羟基多巴胺4 g·L~(-1)和利血平(Res)造成蓝斑损毁和中枢NA耗竭.慢性用吗啡(Mor)或二氢埃托啡(DHE)后,ip纳洛酮4 mg·kg~(-1)催促戒断,对戒断症状综合评分并记录体重丧失.结果:损毁蓝斑加重Mor用药鼠戒断症状,但不明显影响DHE用药鼠戒断症状.多剂量Res(0.5 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×3d)升高Mor和DHE用药鼠戒断症状记分;加重Mor而非DHE用药鼠体重丧失.单剂量Res 0.5 mg·kg~(-1)加速Mor身体依赖的形成.结论:LC-NA神经元对抑制某些阿片类戒断症状起作用.     

清君饮颗粒对吗啡依赖性猴戒断症状的治疗效果

清君饮颗粒是用于治疗阿片类依赖患者的中药制剂。我们在吗啡依赖性猴模型上对其脱毒药效学进行了评价 ,并与可乐定进行了比较。结果表明 :在所试剂量范围内 ,清君饮颗粒可不同程度地减轻吗啡依赖猴的自然戒断症状 ,其中大、小剂量组 ( 0 .6、0 .4 g· kg-1)从停吗啡后的 1 d起就能明显控制戒断症状 ,治疗结束时 ,两组的戒断症状总平均分值均明显低于 NS组 ( P<0 .0 5) ,疗效与可乐定组相当 ( P>0 .0 5) ,其中 0 .4 g· kg-1剂量组的效能似优于可乐定。以上结果表明 ,清君饮颗粒对吗啡依赖动物戒断症状的脱毒治疗效果肯定 ,效能与可乐定相当。     

Effect of propranolol on antinociceptive, tolerance- and dependence-producing properties of morphine in rodents and monkeys.

Since an abstinence syndrome may accompany the injection of opioids in addicts pretreated with propranolol the morphine antagonistic properties of this compound were investigated. Racemic propranolol did not significantly affect the antinociceptive ED50 of morphine in rodents and neither precipitated abstinence in morphine-dependent monkeys nor exacerbated the syndrome in 24 hr withdrawn monkeys. Multiple doses of propranolol did not alter the development of physical dependence on morphine in monkeys. Clinical narcotic antagonism would not be predicted from this profile. Evidence for a possible propranolol-morphine interaction came from studies using the mouse tail flick test. Thus, after 8 injections of propranolol (over 4 days) mice were tolerant to normally effective doses of morphine. Concurrent injections of naloxone antagonised this effect. When propranolol and morphine were administered concurrently the morphine ED50 (on day 5) was twice that of the group receiving morphine alone. Similar results were obtained with d-propranolol; practolol had a neutral effect.     

Differential modification of morphine and methadone dependence by interferon alpha

Subcutaneous implantation of a pellet of methadone was presented as a novel method for the establishment of physical dependence upon this agent and it was compared to (1) the state of physical dependence induced by multiple injections of methadone, administered over several days, and (2) the dependence established by injections of morphine and the implantation of a morphine pellet. Comparable signs of drug dependence were observed in rats treated with both morphine and methadone following the administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone. The administration of interferon-alpha significantly attenuated the severity of the withdrawal syndrome in dependent rats after chronic exposure to morphine and to a lesser extent after morphine and methadone in combination. In contrast, alpha interferon did not affect 6 of the 7 abstinence signs in animals dependent upon methadone alone. The observations suggest that the states of physical dependence upon morphine and methadone may be separate phenomena that involve different physiological mechanisms. Thus, interferon may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of subjects dependent upon morphine but not in those dependent on methadone.     

盐酸二氢埃托啡治疗海洛因瘾

75例海洛因成瘾者,男57例,女18例;平均年龄25.4±1.8a。50例用二氢埃托啡225-600μg/d,平均286±15μg/d,25例用美沙酮10-20mg/d(平均15.3±2.5mg/d)对照,用药7-10d,治疗前后比较,对解除阿片戒断症状疗效显著,P<0.01,说明二氢埃托啡与美沙酮疗效一致,副作用轻微,提示该药物在正确使用下可作为海洛因成瘾者脱瘾药物。     

Assessment of precipitated abstinence in morphine- dependent rats

An experimental model is described for quantifying the precipitated abstinence syndrome in morphine-dependent rats. Male rats were made dependent on morphine by subcutaneous implantation of a morphine pellet and the abstinence syndrome precipitated by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone hydrochloride. A ranking system, based on the median effective dose of naloxone for abstinence signs, quantitatively related the incidence of certain precipitated signs to the dose of naloxone. The time course for the development of dependence was shown to be maximal 70–74 h after pellet implantation. Food or water deprivation for 48 h dissociated the body weight loss during abstinence from the behavioral signs of precipitated withdrawal. Ganglionic blockade did not significantly modify abstinence behavior. An evaluative procedure which ranks abstinence signs is proposed for quantifying physical dependence on morphine.     

Intermittent naloxone attenuates the development of physical dependence on methadone in rhesus monkeys

Rhesus monkeys that received 15 daily injections of methadone (2 mg/kg i.m.) exhibited a characteristic opiate withdrawal syndrome after injection of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.m) on the 16th day. In comparison, injection of naloxone (0.5 mg/kg i.m.) once every 2 days during a similar 15 day methadone treatment period in these same monkeys significantly attenuated the severity of the opiate withdrawal syndrome exhibited after naloxone injection on the 16th day. Each naloxone administration during the 15 day methadone treatment period elicited an opiate withdrawal syndrome that did not significantly differ on each of the 7 days it was given and was less severe than the syndrome precipitated by naloxone following 15 days of methadone without intermittent naloxone. The lack of increments in the withdrawal response to the seven naloxone injections during the 15 days of methadone treatment and the attenuation of the withdrawal response to naloxone on day 16 after intermittent naloxone administration during the 15 day methadone treatment period support the hypothesis that naloxone modifies opiate receptor mechanisms so that they revert to an agonist-naive state following antagonist exposure. These findings suggest that various agonist and antagonist drugs opiate combinations or mixed agonist-antagonist drug could be clinically useful in the management of situations where physical dependence on opiates is a problem.     

吗啡和二氢埃托啡对大鼠不同脑区单胺递质含量的影响

用脑微透析方法观察阿片受体激动剂吗啡和二氢埃托啡（ＤＨＥ）对麻醉大鼠不同脑区单胺递质释放的影响．吗啡２０ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｓｃ单次给药可使脑纹状体内多巴胺和５－羟色胺的代谢产物３,４－二羟基苯乙酸（ＤＯＰＡＣ）和５－羟吲哚乙酸（５－ＨＩＡＡ）的浓度分别增加４７％和４６％;丘脑和蓝斑区去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）的释放减少２５％和３２％．ＤＨＥ２μｇ·ｋｇ－１ｓｃ除丘脑ＮＥ的释放明显减少约４０％外,对其他脑区单胺递质的释放均无明显影响．吗啡２０－１００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｓｃ,每日２次,或ＤＨＥ２－１０μｇ·ｋｇ－１ｓｃ,每日４次,逐日递增,连续给药５ｄ使大鼠产生依赖后,上述变化明显减少或消失．但用纳络酮１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１ｉｖ催促戒断时,吗啡依赖大鼠脑蓝斑区ＮＥ和中缝核区５－ＨＩＡＡ的浓度迅速增加至１４６％和１９８％．ＤＨＥ依赖大鼠纹状体内ＤＯＰＡＣ和５－ＨＩＡＡ的浓度分别增加约９０％和３０％．但对蓝斑ＮＥ的释放无明显影响．结果表明吗啡和ＤＨＥ在中枢的作用部位有差异,而且这种差异可能是导致两药躯体依赖性不同的重要原因之一．     

Comparison of peripheral and central administration of naloxone in precipitating abstinence in morphine-dependent rats

Although it has been known that a morphine abstinence syndrome can be induced by naloxone administered centrally or peripherally, data on a detailed qualitative and quantitative comparison are not available. In the present study morphine pellets were implanted into rats and naloxone was administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or subcutaneously (s.c.) 72 h later. A full array of abstinence signs with similar latency, duration, and intensity was seen in morphine-dependent rats following naloxone by either route. There were no major differences in the spectrum of withdrawal signs or in the proportion of rats showing the individual signs. In terms of body weight and temperature, the highest doses tested by each route produced similar quantitative effects. Our results demonstrate that naloxone given i.c.v. can precipitate the full morphine abstinence syndrome in rats at about 1/3 the dose needed for comparable effects when the antagonist is administered s.c.     

A dual action of valproic acid upon morphine analgesia and morphine withdrawal

Effects of valproic acid administration on morphine analgesia and on morphine tolerance and dependence were investigated in mice. Valproate increased the reaction time to thermal stimulation in naive animals. This effect was additive with morphine when valproate was administered shortly before the analgesic. However, an antagonism was observed if a 4-hour period elapsed between valproate and morphine administration. When administered to mice receiving a sustained release preparation of morphine, valproate antagonized the development of tolerance to morphine. Valproate elicited a dual action on the abstinence signs observed after naloxone administration in morphine-treated mice. The effect consisted in a reduction of abstinence behavior if the anticonvulsant was administered a few minutes before naloxone; the same treatment increased the severity of the abstinence behavior when valproate was injected 1 h before the precipitating dose of naloxone. In this latter schedule, concomitant administration of gamma-vinyl-GABA failed to reduce the severity of the convulsions observed during the abstinence syndrome. These results suggest that valproate is metabolized to a compound responsible for decreased analgesia and intensified withdrawal signs.     

盐酸二氢埃托啡与盐酸美沙酮联合用于海洛因依赖者戒毒治疗临床评估性研究

本文以盐酸二氢埃托啡注射液静滴3d递减法po盐酸美沙酮4d为一疗程,对海洛因依赖者40例进行戒毒治疗,戒毒成功率为92.5％,脱试率7.5％,并与单药盐酸二氢埃托啡组20例,单药盐酸美沙酮组20例进行比较,结果表明本疗法起效快,控制症状彻底,减药时戒断症状轻微平稳,停药后戒断症状反复较少,病人乐于接受,脱试率低,同时缩短盐酸二氢埃托啡与盐酸美沙酮各自用药时间,避免可能产生的药物依赖现象,是一种比较好的海洛因依赖者戒毒疗法。