STAT3与头颈肿瘤的研究进展

STAT3是近年来国内外头颈肿瘤的研究热点,前期研究显示一些重要成果,表明有较好的前景.本文综述了STAT3在头颈肿瘤中研究进展,介绍了STAT3的结构、STAT3信号转导通路、STAT3生物学功能及STAT3与头颈肿瘤的关系.最后指出STAT3在头颈肿瘤的临床意义.     

Development and Initial Validation of the NCCN/FACT Symptom Index for Advanced Kidney Cancer

ObjectivesThere is a need for a brief symptom index for advanced kidney cancer that includes perspectives of both patients and clinicians and is consistent with the Food and Drug Administration’s guidance for patient-reported outcome measures. This study developed and examined the preliminary reliability and validity of the new National Comprehensive Cancer Network/Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT)-Kidney Symptom Index 19.MethodsFifty patients with advanced kidney cancer provided open-ended and survey responses ranking their most important symptoms. Responses were reconciled with published clinician reports of the most important symptoms. Ten experienced oncologists rated symptoms as disease- or treatment-related. Patients completed quality-of-life and performance status measures.ResultsA 19-item index was produced from symptoms that were rated as most important by patients or clinicians. It includes three subscales: disease-related symptoms (DRS), treatment side effects (TSE), and general function and well-being (FWB). Internal consistency was good for the full instrument (α = 0.83), the DRS subscale (α = 0.76), and the FWB subscale (α = 0.78) but lower for the TSE subscale (α = 0.59). Convergent validity was demonstrated through correlations with the FACT-General. Patients with differing performance status were distinguished by the total score (F_2,47 = 17.37; P < .0001), the DRS subscale (F_2,47 = 14.22; P < .0001), and the FWB subscale (F_2,47 = 13.40; P < .0001) but not the TSE subscale (F_2,47 =1.48; P = 0.2380).ConclusionsThe National Comprehensive Cancer Network/FACT-Kidney Symptom Index 19 combines symptoms deemed most important by patients and clinicians. Preliminary evidence suggests that the total score and DRS and FWB subscales are reliable and valid as summary indexes. The TSE subscale may be least relevant given the advent of newer therapies.     

Comparison of Nutritional and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Undergoing Chemoradiotherapy Utilizing Prophylactic versus Reactive Nutrition Support Approaches

Background

The optimal method of tube feeding for patients with head and neck cancer remains unclear. A validated protocol is available that identifies high-nutritional-risk patients who would benefit from prophylactic gastrostomy tube placement. Adherence to this protocol is ultimately determined by clinical team discretion or patient decision.

强化多学科综合治疗原则在头颈肿瘤学教学中的意义

综合治疗模式已成为现代肿瘤治疗的基本模式,包括手术、放化疗、生物治疗、靶向治疗等,其广泛应用于临床实践。然而,肿瘤学教学过程中这一治疗理念并未深入到肿瘤学各分类专业中,头颈肿瘤学科仍是针对疾病为主核心的治疗手段进行讲授,不仅影响了临床治疗效果的提高,而且限制了头颈肿瘤学的发展及专业人才的培养。本文针对头颈肿瘤学专业的自身特点,阐明头颈肿瘤学教学过程中强化多学科综合治疗原则的重要性及意义。     

Pretreatment Adherence to a Priori-Defined Dietary Patterns Is Associated with Decreased Nutrition Impact Symptom Burden in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors

Dietary intake is understood to contribute to nutrition impact symptoms (NIS) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of four a priori-defined diet quality indices on the presence of NIS 1 year following diagnosis using data on 323 participants from the University of Michigan Head and Neck Specialized Program of Research Excellence (UM-SPORE). Pretreatment dietary intake was measured before treatment initiation using a food frequency questionnaire. NIS were measured along seven subdomains. Multivariable binary logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate relationships between pretreatment scores on a priori-defined diet quality indices (AHEI-2010, aMED, DASH, and a low-carbohydrate score) and the presence of individual symptoms in addition to a composite “symptom summary score” 1-year postdiagnosis. There were several significant associations between different indices and individual NIS. For the symptom summary score, there were significant inverse associations observed for aMED (OR_Q5-Q1: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.14–0.88, p_trend = 0.04) and DASH (OR_Q5-Q1: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15–0.91, p_trend = 0.02) and the presence of NIS 1-year postdiagnosis. Higher adherence to the aMED and DASH diet quality indices before treatment may reduce NIS burden at 1-year postdiagnosis.     

螺旋断层放射治疗技术在头颈部肿瘤中的应用

螺旋断层放射治疗技术是近年来逐渐发展起来的一种调强适形放疗技术,目前已经初步应用于口咽癌、鼻咽癌等多种头颈部肿瘤治疗中。与传统的调强放疗比,螺旋断层放射治疗技术具有剂量更准确、分布更均匀、更好保护重要器官以及降低放疗后不良反应发生率等优点。该文就国内外螺旋断层放射治疗技术在头颈部肿瘤中的应用予以综述。     

Nutritional Support in Head and Neck Radiotherapy Patients Considering HPV Status

Malnutrition is a common problem in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), including oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). It is caused by insufficient food intake due to dysphagia, odynophagia, and a lack of appetite caused by the tumor. It is also secondary to the oncological treatment of the basic disease, such as radiotherapy (RT) and chemoradiotherapy (CRT), as a consequence of mucositis with the dry mouth, loss of taste, and dysphagia. The severe dysphagia leads to a definitive total impossibility of eating through the mouth in 20–30% of patients. These patients usually require enteral nutritional support. Feeding tubes are a commonly used nutritional intervention during radiotherapy, most frequently percutaneous gastrostomy tube. Recently, a novel HPV-related type of OPC has been described. Patients with HPV-associated OPC are different from the HPV− ones. Typical HPV− OPC is associated with smoking and alcohol abuse. Patients with HPV+ OPC are younger and healthy (without comorbidities) at diagnosis compared to HPV− ones. Patients with OPC are at high nutritional risk, and therefore, they require nutritional support in order to improve the treatment results and quality of life. Some authors noted the high incidence of critical weight loss (CWL) in patients with HPV-related OPC. Other authors have observed the increased acute toxicities during oncological treatment in HPV+ OPC patients compared to HPV− ones. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the indications for nutritional support and the kinds of nutrition, including immunonutrition (IN), in HNC, particularly OPC patients, undergoing RT/CRT, considering HPV status.     

EPID在头颈部肿瘤放疗摆位中的应用

目的：确定电子射野影像系统（EPID）对头颈部放疗患者位置误差的修正效果。方法应用EPID对40例头颈部放疗患者的摆位误差进行测定分析。初次治疗前和以后每两周通过兆伏级EPID对患者治疗位置采集正交位射野验证影像,并与治疗计划中通过定位CT生成的数字重建射野（DRR）影像进行比对,医生认可比对结果后,记录下各方向摆位误差值。结果患者在x轴、y轴、z轴（x轴、y轴、z轴分别表示患者左右、前后和头脚方向）上的误差（系统误差±随机误差）分别为（0.7±1.33）mm,（0.28±1.74）mm,（0.13±1.29）mm;EPID验证结果和kV-CBCT验证结果在y轴、z轴方向无显著差异（P=0.859）,在x轴方向有显著差异（P=0.000）。结论在头颈部放疗时,EPID系统可以修正患者的位置误差。     

构建耳鼻咽喉头颈外科护理质量敏感指标体系

目的构建耳鼻咽喉头颈外科护理质量敏感指标体系。方法采用德尔菲法,通过成立研究小组,选取20名函询专家,进行两轮专家函询确定指标体系,应用层次分析法计算指标权重。结果两轮专家函询积极系数均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.901、0.951,变异系数均<0.2,协调系数为0~1。所建指标体系包括一级指标3项、二级指标4项、三级指标18项。结论耳鼻咽喉头颈外科护理质量敏感指标体系合理、科学,但仍需在实证研究中不断修正和完善。     

安全目标管理在头颈放疗科护理管理中的应用

目的探讨头颈放疗科护理管理中,安全目标管理的有效性。方法选取2017年8月-2019年2月该院收治的92例头颈放疗患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组46例。同时选取护理人员34名。观察组执行安全目标管理,对照组执行基础管理,对比患者护理满意度、不良情绪以及风险事件发生率。结果护理后,观察组护理满意度91.30%高于对照组73.91%(P<0.05),观察组焦虑评分(27.66±3.47)分和抑郁评分(27.48±3.30)分均低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组风险事件发生率15.22%低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论安全目标管理的应用,有利于护理人员的技能提升,从而提高患者护理满意度,改善情绪评分,降低医疗纠纷发生率,值得推广。     

不同图像引导方式在头颈部肿瘤中成像剂量测量

目的测量不同图像引导方式在头模中的成像剂量。方法应用UNIDOS E型剂量仪（德国PTW公司）与30013型电离室,测量Varian Clinac iX直线加速器配置的EPID、OBI和CBCT图像引导功能在圆柱形模体的成像剂量。二维图像采用0o和270o两个正交野成像,三维图像采用CBCT成像。结果二维成像时,OBI系统（KV级X线）模体内各点平均吸收剂量0.74mGy,显著低于EPID系统（MV级X线）的90.93mGy,且图像清晰度优于后者;标准CBCT（KV级X线）各点平均吸收剂量4.77mGy,而低剂量CBCT模式仅为标准模式的50%,能够完成精确匹配。结论OBI系统比EPID系统成像剂量更低,图像质量更好。CBCT作为三维图像引导方式显著优于二维图像引导方式,进行日常的摆位验证也是安全的。因此,合理选择图像引导方式和设置图像采集参数,能够有效地减少患者的额外受照剂量。     

Prognostic Nutritional Index Predicts Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer Patients Treated with Definitive Radiotherapy in Association with Chemotherapy

Background: The Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) is a parameter of nutritional and inflammation status related to toxicity in cancer treatment. Since data for head and neck cancer are scanty, this study aims to investigate the association between PNI and acute and late toxicity for this malignancy. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 179 head and neck cancer patients treated with definitive radiotherapy with induction/concurrent chemotherapy was followed-up (median follow-up: 38 months) for toxicity and vital status between 2010 and 2017. PNI was calculated according to Onodera formula and low/high PNI levels were defined according to median value. Odds ratio (OR) for acute toxicity were calculated through logistic regression model; hazard ratios (HR) for late toxicity and survival were calculated through the Cox proportional hazards model. Results: median PNI was 50.0 (interquartile range: 45.5–53.5). Low PNI was associated with higher risk of weight loss > 10% during treatment (OR = 4.84, 95% CI: 1.73–13.53 for PNI < 50 versus PNI ≥ 50), which was in turn significantly associated with worse overall survival, and higher risk of late mucositis (HR = 1.84; 95% CI:1.09–3.12). PNI predicts acute weight loss >10% and late mucositis. Conclusions: PNI could help clinicians to identify patients undergoing radiotherapy who are at high risk of acute and late toxicity.     

64排螺旋CT头颈联合CTA成像中自动跟踪与手动触发技术的应用

目的：探讨自动跟踪与手动触发技术在Philips 64排螺旋CT对头颈联合CTA成像图像质量的影响。方法：将接受头颈联合CTA检查的100例患者按照随机数字表法分为A组和B组各50例。A组于监控层面主动脉弓层感兴趣区域CT值达阈值（阈值设定为90 HU）后自动跟踪智能触发扫描。B组在对比剂开始注射后观察监控层主动脉弓层对比剂的增强程度,当观察到对比剂开始进入监控层时按下手动按钮触发扫描。统计分析两组的图像质量、记录监控时间,剔除不成功及显示欠佳的图像,分别测量主动脉弓层、颈总动脉分叉下C5段、颈内动脉C1段、大脑中动脉的平均CT值。结果：B组的图像质量明显优于A组,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.205,P=0.044）。B组的监控时间（13.32±1.63）s明显少于A组的（14.24±1.73）s,差异有统计学意义（P=0.007）。B组所测得的主动脉弓层平均CT值明显低于A组（P〈0.05）,两组的颈总动脉分叉下C5段、颈内动脉C1段、大脑中动脉的平均CT值比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：手动触发技术比自动跟踪智能触发技术更易获得满足诊断要求的图像,更省时。     

Change in Nutritional Status and Dysphagia after Resection of Head and Neck Cancer

Nutritional status is well-known to influence patient recovery after resection of head and neck cancer (HNC). The influence of preoperative nutritional status on dysphagia was assessed in patients who underwent surgical resection of HNC along with the assessment of nutritional status during the acute and subacute phases. Eighty-six patients underwent surgical resection and dysphagia assessments (repetitive saliva-swallowing test, water-swallowing test, and functional oral intake scale) and had their tongue pressure assessed five times (before surgery, after 1–2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months after surgery). The nutritional status was assessed according to the body mass index, total protein, and albumin. The prognostic nutritional index was calculated from preoperative data, and the subjects were classified into three groups: Low-risk, Attention and High-risk groups. After surgery, the nutritional status index values were low, and the High-risk group showed significantly lower values in comparison to the other two groups. The water-swallowing test and functional oral intake scale findings were worse than they had been preoperatively until 2 months after surgery, and a significant correlation was noted between the postoperative nutritional status and the presence of dysphagia. The results indicated that the preoperative nutritional status of HNC patients influenced their ability to ingest/swallow, which in turn influenced their nutritional status after HNC resection.     

Percutaneous Gastrostomy Tube Placement Using a Balloon Catheter in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer

Background: Patients with head and neck cancer frequently require gastrostomy feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy with push‐type gastrostomy tubes using a rupture‐free balloon (RFB) catheter under computed tomography (CT) and fluoroscopic guidance in patients with head and neck cancer with swallowing disturbance or trismus. Methods: Percutaneous CT and fluoroscopic gastrostomy placement of push‐type gastrostomy tubes using a RFB catheter was performed in consecutive patients with head and neck cancer between April 2007 and July 2010. The technical success, procedure duration, and major or minor complications were evaluated. Results: Twenty‐one patients (14 men, 7 women; age range, 55–78 years; mean age, 69.3 years) underwent gastrostomy tube placement. The tumor location was the pharynx (n = 8), oral cavity (n = 7), and gingiva (n = 6). Gastrostomy was performed in 15 patients during treatment and 6 patients after treatment. Percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy was technically successful in all patients. The median procedure time was 35 ± 19 (interquartile range) minutes (range, 25–75). The average follow‐up time interval was 221 days (range, 10–920 days). No major complications related to the procedure were encountered. No tubes failed because of blockage, and neither tube dislodgement nor intraperitoneal leakage occurred during the follow‐up periods. Conclusion: Percutaneous CT and fluoroscopic‐guided gastrostomy with push‐type tubes using a RFB catheter is a relatively safe and effective means of gastric feeding, with high success and low complication rates in patients with head and neck cancer in whom endoscopy was not feasible.     

Anticancer Potential of Selected Flavonols: Fisetin,Kaempferol, and Quercetin on Head and Neck Cancers

Flavonols are ones of the most common phytochemicals found in diets rich in fruit and vegetables. Research suggests that molecular functions of flavonoids may bring a number of health benefits to people, including the following: decrease inflammation, change disease activity, and alleviate resistance to antibiotics as well as chemotherapeutics. Their antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activity has been proved. They may act as antioxidants, while preventing DNA damage by scavenging reactive oxygen radicals, reinforcing DNA repair, disrupting chemical damages by induction of phase II enzymes, and modifying signal transduction pathways. One of such research areas is a potential effect of flavonoids on the risk of developing cancer. The aim of our paper is to present a systematic review of antineoplastic activity of flavonols in general. Special attention was paid to selected flavonols: fisetin, kaempferol, and quercetin in preclinical and in vitro studies. Study results prove antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties of flavonols with regard to head and neck cancer. However, few study papers evaluate specific activities during various processes associated with cancer progression. Moreover, an attempt was made to collect the majority of substantive studies on bioactive potential of the selected flavonols, especially with regard to modulation of a range of signal transduction pathways that participate in cancer development.     

Identifying the Barriers and Enablers to Nutrition Care in Head and Neck and Esophageal Cancers

Background: The goal of this work was to identify barriers and enablers to the implementation of nutrition care in head and neck and esophageal (HNE) cancers and to prioritize barriers to help improve the nutrition care process. Materials and Methods: This study used a multimethod qualitative study design (including semistructured interviews, focus group). Interviews (n = 29) were conducted at 5 European sites providing care and treatment to patients with HNE cancers. A focus group (n = 21) reviewed and corroborated interview findings and identified priorities for nutrition care. Participants were healthcare providers and researchers with direct experience in the field of HNE cancer. Results: Five themes with accompanying barriers and enablers were identified related to nutrition care: (1) evidence for the benefit of nutrition interventions, (2) implementation of nutrition care processes (assessment, intervention, and follow‐up), (3) characteristics of healthcare providers, (4) site factors, and (5) patient characteristics. Focus group discussions identified 2 priorities that must be acted on to improve nutrition care: (1) improve the evidence base and (2) develop standardized nutrition care pathways. Conclusion: Themes related to nutrition care in HNE cancers were similar between sites, but barriers and enablers differed. Interview and focus group participants agreed the following actions will result in improvements in nutrition care: (1) enhance the evidence base to test the benefit of nutrition interventions, with a focus on resolving specific controversies regarding nutrition therapy, and (2) establish a minimum data set with a goal to create standardized nutrition care pathways where roles and responsibilities for care are clearly defined.