Pathogenesis and mechanisms of pain in chronic pancreatitis

虽然慢性胰腺炎的病理已经十分清楚，但其早期的致病机制尚不明确。慢性胰腺炎的一般特点为纤维化，慢性炎症和胰腺实质的消失，这些特征会随着疾病的发展而逐渐出现，同时还伴有急性胰腺炎的症状。一些专家认为慢性胰腺炎继发于急性胰腺炎。另一些则认为慢性胰腺炎首先发生，急性胰腺炎则在此基础上发生。慢性胰腺炎所引起的疼痛可通过许多机制发生。增高的胰腺压力可干扰神经，影响血流，改变pH值，并引起有毒物质的潴留，激活动作电位。组织的破坏和炎症介质的释放可刺激传入神经。甚至，炎症可直接破坏神经，引起神经性疼痛。掌握疼痛在外周和中枢神经系统中的神经冲动传递路径才能找出减轻胰性疼痛的有效方法。疼痛可以通过内脏、迷走、脊神经和膈神经等外周神经传递。它也可通过脊髓的背侧神经束和脊髓丘脑束中继传递。因此寻找到新的治疗胰性疼痛的方法是可能的。     

继续教育问答

【2 2】　影响胰腺癌早期诊断的因素有哪些 ?答 :胰腺癌早期患者无特异的症状 ,首发症状极易与胃肠、肝胆疾病相混淆 ,依靠症状不易考虑到胰腺癌的诊断 ,以致严重影响其切除率 ,其原因主要有以下几点 :①胰腺解剖位置深在隐藏 ;②胰腺癌早期症状隐蔽、缺乏特异性 ;③小于 2cm的胰腺癌和邻近胰腺实质密度相似 ,致影像缺乏对比度而不易检测 ;④胰腺癌特异性标记物尚不能供临床广泛应用。因此 ,胰腺癌早期常常被漏诊或误诊 ,胰头癌多在出现黄疸 ,而胰体尾部癌在腹部出现包块或腰背部疼痛时才被确诊 ,使多数患者失去了手术或根治性切除的机会。…     

Chronic pancreatitis—diagnosis and treatment：Ulm Experience

慢性胰腺炎以累及胰腺内外分泌组织的渐进性改变为主要特点,在西方国家多由酗酒所致.10%～30%的病人表现为胰头炎性包块并致胰头部增大,上腹部阵发或持续性疼痛为主要临床表现,还可因炎性肿物压迫胰管、胆总管、十二指肠、门静脉而致相应症状,亦为外科治疗的主要适应证.保留十二指肠的胰头切除(次全切除胰腺头部),保留了胃十二指肠、胆囊及胆总管,并最大限度地保留胰腺.手术主要包括显露胰头、胰头次全切除及消化道重建三个方面.如胆管下端炎性狭窄明显可打开胆管并与空肠袢吻合,如胰管狭窄扩张明显可同时纵行切开胰管至体尾部并行胰肠侧侧吻合.Partmgton-Rochelle手术(胰肠侧侧吻合引流)常因减压效果不佳、合并胆管狭窄、最终形成胰头炎性包块或胰腺癌而失败,故胰腺空肠侧侧吻合仅适于胰头无炎性占位且胰管显著扩张者;Frey手术胰头部切除范围过小,实际为改良的引流术式;Kausch-Whipple手术或保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除对慢性胰腺炎病人而言术式过大.与Whipple术及保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术比较,保留十二指肠的胰头切除病人在术后疼痛缓解、体重增加、内外分泌功能等方面均显著优于前者.在为期14年的随访中,行保留十二指肠的胰头切除病人90%疼痛完全缓解;急性发作率由术前的69%降为12.5%;内分泌功能亦有5%～15%的改善;63%～88%的病人恢复至原有工作.依Karnofsky指数,72%的病人术后生活质量良好.保留十二指肠的胰头切除在一定程度上可改变慢性胰腺炎的自然病程.     

自身免疫性胰腺炎影像学诊断误诊分析

自身免疫性胰腺炎（AIP）表现为胰腺弥漫性增大及主胰管不规则性狭窄。然而部分AIP由于缺乏典型影像学表现给诊断带来一定困难。     

梗阻性黄疸影像学特征及检查方式的合理选择

梗阻性黄疸常见原因有胆道结石、肿瘤、炎症、良性狭窄等。梗阻性黄疸的诊断原是临床常见难题,然而随着影像学诊断技术的进步,情况已有明显改变。影像学技术在梗阻性黄疸中不仅具有诊断作用,也是重要的治疗手段之一。梗阻性黄疸的影像学检查包括普通放射线、超声、放射性核素、     

胆道梗阻59例的ERCP与MRCP对比分析

我们探讨内镜逆行性胆胰管造影(endoscopicretrogradecholangio pancreatography ,ERCP)与磁共振胆胰管成像术(magneticresonancecholangiopancreato graphy ,MRCP)对胆道梗阻患者诊断与治疗方面的价值。资料与方法1.一般资料:收集2 0 0 0～2 0 0 2年间同时具备ERCP与MRCP资料的胆道梗阻性疾病的临床资料5 9例。男34例,女2 5例;年龄34～90岁,中位年龄6 2岁。本组主要临床症状为腹痛、发热和黄疸。胆管炎2 3例,占39% ,胆源性胰腺炎2 7例,占4 6 %。胆红素8～4 2 0mmol/L(平均6 3mmol/L) ,碱性磷酸酶185～12 5 8IU/L(平均5 6 2IU/L)…     

不同检查方式对胰腺损伤的诊疗价值

胰腺损伤发病率低,但病死率及并发症发生率高,容易出现不良预后。早期诊断有助于胰腺损伤患者及时得到准确有效的治疗,从而改善预后。本文从目前国内外的研究现状出发,胰腺损伤临床表现及实验室检查缺乏特异性,并归纳综述了不同检查方式包括超声、CT、MRCP、ERCP、手术等在胰腺损伤早期诊断、损伤分级、早期治疗、疗效判断、并发症检测等阶段的价值。通过探究多种诊疗方式及新的诊疗理念,结合本中心的诊疗经验,得出一种有效的诊疗模式,以供参考。     

先天性输尿管中段狭窄七例报告

先天性输尿管中段狭窄相当罕见。作者报道7例病例，分析此病与其他梗阻性疾病在术前诊断以及外科处理方面的异同。回顾性分析1998—2002年诊断为输尿管中段狭窄的7例患儿的病历和影像学资料。5例新生儿表现为孕期肾积水，另2例在15岁时才发现，1例在检查钝性损伤时诊断，1例因为腹痛和腹部包块发现。影像学检查包括肾脏超声、排尿期膀胱尿道造影、核素肾扫描和CT。所有患者均行逆行肾盂造影。手术标本术后行病理检查。结果：孕期肾积水是最常见的表现，     

胰管结石的诊断与外科治疗：附43例报告

目的:探讨胰管结石的诊断及手术治疗方式。方法:回顾性分析6年间进行外科手术的43例胰管结石患者的临床资料。结果:患者男女比例约为2:1,主要症状为上腹痛,部分伴腰背痛。全组均采用影像学检查方法确诊。行胰管切开取石、胰管空肠侧侧Roux-en-Y吻合术34例(其中同时切除胰体尾2例),保留十二指肠的胰头切除术5例,保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除1例,胰十二指肠切除术1例,胰体尾、脾切除1例,探查发现恶变无法切除1例。随访5个月至6年;43例患者中23例腹痛症状完全缓解,18例有不同程度的缓解。结论:影像学检查是确诊胰管结石的主要方法。对胰管结石的手术应制定个体化方案。胰管切开取石,胰管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术为胰管结石的主要术式,其他可根据情况采用保留十二指肠的胰头切除术或胰体尾切除等术式。     

早期内镜下乳头括约肌切开治疗急性重症胆源性胰腺炎

目的 探讨早期内镜下乳头括约肌切开(EST)治疗急性胆源性胰腺炎的临床效果。方法 将急性胆源性胰腺炎患102例，随机分为2组，即EST治疗组(简称EST组)58例和保守治疗组(对照组)44例。EST组在入院3d内行ERCP加EST，其他治疗同对照组。分别观察两组患一月内手术率、并发症率、死亡率以及治愈率等指标。结果 与对照组比较，EST组上述各项观察指标均明显降低，且有统计学意义。结论 早期EST治疗急性重症胆源性胰腺炎安全有效，创伤小，恢复快，并发症少，可在一定程度上替代外科手术，是一种新的治疗方法。     

慢性胰腺炎的诊断新进展

慢性胰腺炎(chronic pancreatitis)是由于慢性酒精中毒．胆道系统疾病等各种原因造成的胰腺组织结构和功能持续性损害．胰腺组织节段性或弥漫性的发生慢性进行性炎症，其病理学特点包括胰腺腺泡减少、腺体萎缩、纤维化、钙化及胰腺导管串珠样改变等不可逆的胰腺实质破坏。临床主要表现为反复发作或持续性的腹痛，消瘦，黄疸，腹部包块以     

Symposium on pancreatitis: 3. Diagnostic tools in the management of chronic pancreatitis

The chief diagnostic tools used in planning the management of chronic pancreatitis require close collaboration of the surgeon and radiologist. Barium meal, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), ultrasonography and angiography are the most useful procedures. The barium meal is the initial screening procedure. Uultrasonography should follow if there is suspicion of a pseudocyst or pancreatic abscess. It is also may be of value in demonstrating localized chronic pancreatitis. The most useful of all the tests is ERCP. This shows the pancreatic duct, the common bile duct, or both ducts, so that the surgeon may avoid operation where there is no defect to correct, or it may guide him in selecting an operation that is designed to correct the anatomical abnormalities of either duct. Angiography is occasionally of use when the foregoing procedures have not provided enough information. In over 80% of patients it is possible for the surgeon to undertake an operation with foreknowledge of the pancreas that will help him select the correct procedure to alleviate the patient's symptoms.     

Diagnostic role of gastrointestinal hormones in patients with chronic pancreatitis

Thirty-three patients with chronic pancreatitis were studied in an effort to correlate release of gastrointestinal hormones (GIH) with the degree of pancreatic insufficiency. A prospective examination was conducted of fat-stimulated release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP), cholecystokinin (CCK), and neurotensin. Seventy-two-hour fecal fat determination, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP), and the bentiromide-PABA test were used to correlate the clinical stage of disease. The ERP was classified as positive only if the changes were advanced (or "marked") according to the Cambridge Classification. Five patients were defined to have mild disease, 13 moderate, and 15 severe. Any patient with clinical evidence of chronic pancreatitis and ERP changes that were less than advanced and had normal fecal fat and bentiromide tests received a grade of mild. Patients with one abnormal test were graded moderate, and those with two or three abnormal results were graded severe. In the 33 patients, the integrated 60-minute release of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was 37.4 +/- 6.1 ng-60 min/ml in those five patients with mild disease, 102.3 +/- 10.3 ng-60 min/ml in the 13 patients with moderate disease, and 7.6 +/- 2.2 ng-60 min/ml in the 15 patients with severe disease. The integrated 60-minute release of neurotensin was 3.8 +/- 0.4 ng-60 min/ml in mild disease, 2.0 +/- 0.3 ng-60 min/ml in moderate disease, and 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng-60 min/ml in severe disease. CCK release did not correlate with the severity of disease. Enhanced release of PP appeared to correlate well with moderate stage of chronic pancreatitis, and depressed PP release with severe disease. Stimulated levels of PP and neurotensin appear to be useful in the diagnosis and staging of chronic pancreatitis. It is concluded that measurement of fat-stimulated release of PP and neurotensin may be useful to assess severity of disease in patients with chronic pancreatitis.     

Relationship between pancreatic function and pain in chronic pancreatitis

The association between pain and exocrine pancreatic function was re-evaluated in 56 patients with chronic pancreatitis to see if residual function of the gland may evoke outflow obstruction resulting in pain. No significant differences were found in the degrees of pancreatic dysfunction among three groups with different degrees of pain (no pain, n = 7; moderate pain, n = 21; and severe pain, n = 28), but patients with more impairment of exocrine pancretic function tended to have less pain. In patients with no pain the mean (SD) peak serum concentration of fluorescein was 2.0 (0.2) micrograms/l, in those with moderate pain it was 2.6 (0.1), and in those with severe pain it was 3.4 (0.1). No significant differences were found between the degree of pain and the duration of the disease, which was 5.5 (0.3) years in the group with no pain, 3.5 (0.2) in patients with moderate pain, and 3.8 (0.1) in those with severe pain. We conclude that outflow obstruction may affect some patients, but is not the only cause of pain. Patients with severe pancreatic dysfunction and steatorrhoea often present with pain, so either obstruction of the residual secretions, or inflammatory activity impinging on nerve endings in fibrotic tissue, may also cause pain. The causes vary, and there is often more than one, so optimal management implies thorough investigation of each patient and long term follow up.     

Diagnostic value of liver function tests in bile duct obstruction

Serological tests may be of value in differentiating acute and chronic bile duct obstruction because the rate of alteration of hepatic cellular integrity and function will affect the rate of cellular product release. In a canine model the common bile duct was obstructed either suddenly (N = 7) or gradually (N = 5). A control group (N = 5) had the common bile duct dissected free from the surrounding tissues. Blood was taken before and 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17, 21, and 28 days after initiating obstruction. Serum alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels were significantly greater with sudden compared to gradual occlusion, and the values were larger than those in the control. The range of values of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and aspartate aminotransferase did not overlap in the acute and chronic groups at specific times. Serum albumin and total protein were normal in all groups. The magnitude of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin elevation may help in the differentiation of acute and chronic biliary obstruction.     

Diagnostic imaging for chronic plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Approximately one-quarter of the population are affected by foot pain at any given time. It is often disabling and can impair mood, behaviour, self-care ability and overall quality of life. Currently, the nature and mechanism underlying many types of foot pain is not clearly understood. Here we comprehensively review the literature on foot pain, with specific reference to its definition, prevalence, aetiology and predictors, classification, measurement and impact. We also discuss the complexities of foot pain as a sensory, emotional and psychosocial experience in the context of clinical practice, therapeutic trials and the placebo effect. A deeper understanding of foot pain is needed to identify causal pathways, classify diagnoses, quantify severity, evaluate long term implications and better target clinical intervention.     

Symposium on pancreatitis: 4. Surgery in chronic pancreatitis

When the pain associated with chronic pancreatitis is due to ductal obstruction, it is logical that surgical management should be designed to relieve that obstruction while preserving as much of the functioning gland as possible. A number of cases are described to illustrate the various procedures available and to indicate the features that govern the selection of the one most appropriate for a particular patient. The operations include partial pancreatectomy, Roux-en-Y pancreaticojejunostomy and longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy; these can be modified to suit the peculiar circumstances of a given case.