雌激素受体与抑郁症的相关性研究进展

雌激素主要通过雌激素受体发挥抗抑郁作用。目前研究较多的是雌激素受体 α（ERα）、雌激素受体 β （ERβ）和 G蛋白偶联雌激素受体（GPER）。三者在雌激素的抗抑郁作用中发挥不同的效应,其中 GPER可能与雌激 素的快速抗抑郁作用有关。深入了解雌激素受体的不同效应对于寻找治疗抑郁症的新靶点,充分发挥雌激素的抗 抑郁作用,最大程度减少其不良反应具有重要意义。     

雌激素受体及与雌激素相关疾病的研究进展

雌激素是一种由雌激素受体基因表达的重要类固醇激素,在体内靶组织众多,具有广泛的生物学活性。雌激素受体是类固醇激素受体超家族成员之一,由于其分布的广泛性及生物效应的复杂性,因而受到广泛关注。该文就雌激素受体及与雌激素不同途径的生物效应相关的疾病研究进展情况进行阐述,旨在进一步认识其广泛性作用,为临床雌激素相关性疾病的预防和治疗提供借鉴。     

女性围绝经期健康大讲堂(之二十) 雌激素与女性老年痴呆症的预防和治疗(下)

雌激素主要通过雌激素受体(ER)的介导发挥生物学效应。大量研究发现,雌激素受体在基底前脑、间脑、中脑、海马、杏仁体、大脑皮质、小脑皮质等均有广泛分布,且具有性别差异。除神经元外,神经胶质细胞也存在雌激素的受体,其可能参与了雌激素对认知、情绪、内分泌、神经营养、生殖、肿瘤发生等多种神经功能的调节。雌激素对神经细胞的作     

雌激素受体信号转导途径和功能

雌激素及其受体对绝经后女性心血管系统生理和病理多方面有重要的影响,具有潜在的临床治疗意义。研究发现,雌激素对机体的作用主要通过与雌激素受体(ER)的结合实现。雌激素受体分为两大类,即经典的雌激素受体ERα、ERβ以及膜雌激素受体以GPER为代表。雌激素与其受体结合引起效应的作用途径分为基因型和非基因型两种。该文主要对雌激素受体信号转导途径和功能进行综述,尤其将膜雌激素受体GPER对心血管系统的作用作为重点,便于进一步研究雌激素及其受体的作用机制,为临床更年期动脉粥样硬化的治疗提供参考。     

三苯氧胺在非妇科肿瘤中的应用

三苯氧胺(Tamoxifenum，TAM)为合成的抗雌激素药物，近年来随着对其药物及药效动力学机制研究的深入，目前该药已广泛用于乳腺癌和卵巢癌等妇科肿瘤，在许多非妇科肿瘤中的应用也十分广泛。自从Jensen1967年首次在人乳腺癌细胞发现了雌激素受体(estrogen receptor，ER)以后，大量的研究证明，ER是雌激素发挥生物学效应的必须中介，     

G蛋白偶联雌激素受体30与激素依赖性肿瘤发生发展的相关性研究进展

<正>雌激素是生物体内一种重要的类固醇激素,不仅在生殖系统,而且在神经内分泌系统、心血管系统、泌尿系统及骨骼系统等多个系统中都发挥着广泛且重要的生理和病理作用。雌激素通过与相应的雌激素受体结合发挥相应的效能,经典的雌激素受体即雌激素核受体(estrogen receptor,ER)位于细胞核,包括ERα和ERβ两种亚型。传统观点认为雌激素主要通过其经典的核受体途径发挥慢速基因效应,此途径发挥作     

雌激素受体的生物学功能及其在骨骼肌发育和前列腺癌中作用的研究进展

雌激素受体(ER)是核受体家族中重要的一员,在多种组织中广泛表达,包括肌肉、乳腺、前列腺等.ER主要包括ERα 和ERβ,当雌激素与ER结合后,通过形成同源或异源二聚体进入细胞核中促进多种转录因子的激活,从而调节复杂、动态的基因网络.ER在调节细胞的增殖、凋亡和自噬等过程中发挥重要作用,且与多种疾病的发生与发展密切相关...     

刺槐素对乳腺癌T47D细胞增殖的影响

目的研究刺槐素对乳腺癌T47D细胞增殖的影响,探究刺槐素雌激素样作用的主要介导受体。方法磺酰罗丹明B(SRB)法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化,q PCR检测雌激素受体-α(ERα)、雌激素受体-β(ERβ)、细胞增殖抗原标记物(Ki67)mRNA表达,Western blot法检测ERα、ERβ蛋白表达。结果刺槐素浓度为0.001~10μmol·L~(-1),能促进T47D细胞增殖,使S和G_2/M期的细胞比例明显增加,增殖指数升高,同时增加Ki67 mRNA的表达,此作用可被雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI 182.780所拮抗。刺槐素及17β-雌二醇(E2)均可上调ERα和ERβ的表达,刺槐素联合ERα受体拮抗剂(MPP)可逆转刺槐素的促增殖作用,使S和G_2/M期的细胞比例明显降低,减少Ki67mRNA的表达;但刺槐素联合ERβ受体拮抗剂(PHTPP)处理虽可抑制细胞增殖效应,使S和G_2/M期的细胞比例降低,减少Ki67 mRNA的表达,但作用不明显。结论刺槐素具有雌激素样作用,在0.001~10μmol·L~(-1)浓度范围内,可通过调节ERα受体表达来促进T47D细胞的增殖。     

雌激素替代治疗对去势大鼠阴道组织雌激素受体表达的影响

目的 研究雌激素对去势大鼠阴道组织ERα与ERβ表达的影响，探讨雌激素治疗老年性阴道炎的分子机制。方法将40只雌性SD大鼠随机分成对照组、假手术组、去势组和雌激素替代治疗组各10只。对照组为空白对照；假手术组去除卵巢周围与卵巢相同大小脂肪组织；去势组行双侧卵巢切除术；雌激素替代治疗组在去卵巢手术3周后行戊酸雌二醇800 μg&#8226;kg 1&#8226;d 1替代治疗8周。免疫组织化学染色检测大鼠阴道组织ERα与ERβ表达情况。结果去势组大鼠ERα、ERβ表达显著低于对照组（均P＜0.01），雌激素替代组ERα、ERβ表达上升，较去势组显著增强（均P＜0.01）。结论雌激素替代治疗可导致雌激素受体表达上升，可能导致雌激素受体效应增强，从而提高阴道局部抵抗力。     

槲皮素、补骨脂素对人乳腺癌T47D细胞两种受体亚型表达的影响

目的探讨槲皮素和补骨脂素的雌激素作用以及调控雌激素受体亚型表达的作用机制。方法10μmol.L-1槲皮素和10μmol.L-1补骨脂素分别处理T47D细胞48 h,采用RT-PCR和Western blot方法测定对雌激素依赖性乳腺癌细胞T47D雌激素受体亚型ERα和ERβ表达的影响,并以雌激素受体拮抗剂ICI182,780为工具药来评价槲皮素和补骨脂素发挥雌激素样作用与雌激素受体的关系。结果槲皮素、补骨脂素在10μmol.L-1可明显诱导T47D细胞ERαmRNA和蛋白表达,而对ERβ表达没有影响。当与ICI182,780共孵育T47D细胞ERα表达被拮抗。结论槲皮素、补骨脂素产生的促进ER阳性细胞增殖的雌激素样作用是通过增加ERα表达实现的。     

Selectively targeting estrogen receptors for cancer treatment

Estrogens regulate growth and development through the action of two distinct estrogen receptors (ERs), ERα and ERβ, which mediate proliferation and differentiation of cells. For decades, ERα mediated estrogen signaling has been therapeutically targeted to treat breast cancer, most notably with the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen. Selectively targeting ERs occurs at two levels: tissue selectivity and receptor subtype selectivity. SERMs have been developed with emphasis on tissue selectivity to target ER signaling for breast cancer treatment. Additionally, new approaches to selectively target the action of ERα going beyond ligand-dependent activity are under current investigation. As evidence of the anti-proliferative role of ERβ accumulates, selectively targeting ERβ is an attractive approach for designing new cancer therapies with the emphasis shifted to designing ligands with subtype selectivity. This review will present the mechanistic and structural features of ERs that determine tissue and subtype selectivity with an emphasis on current approaches to selectively target ERα and ERβ for cancer treatment.     

Insights from the structure of estrogen receptor into the evolution of estrogens: implications for endocrine disruption

In the last decade, there has been important progress in understanding the origins and evolution of receptors for adrenal steroids (aldosterone, cortisol) and sex steroids (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone) due to the sequencing of genomes from animals that are at key sites in vertebrate evolution. Although the estrogen receptor [ER] appears to be the ancestral vertebrate steroid receptor and estradiol [E2] is the physiological ligand for vertebrate ERs, the identity of the ancestral ligand(s) for the ER remains unknown. Here, using an analysis of crystal structures of human ERα with E2 and other chemicals and 3D models of human ERα with 27-hydroxycholesterol and 5-androsten-3β,17β-diol, I propose that one or more Δ5 steroids were the ancestral ligands for the ER, with E2 evolving later as the canonical estrogen. The evidence that chemicals with a β-hydroxy at C3 in a saturated A ring can act as estrogens and the conformational flexibility of the vertebrate ER can explain the diversity of synthetic chemicals that disrupt estrogen responses by binding to vertebrate ERs.     

Synthesis and binding affinity to human alpha and beta estrogen receptors of various 7-hydroxycoumarins substituted at 4- and 3,4- positions

The study of the relative binding affinity (RBA) to the human alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ERs) of various 7-hydroxycoumarins substituted at 4- and 3,4- positions is weak and lacks in selectivity for both ERalpha and ERbeta. The 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-hydroxycoumarin shows a weak RBA to ERbeta and 3,4-diphenyl-7-hydroxycoumarin presents a stronger RBA to ERalpha than ERbeta.     

Estrogenic activity of zearalenone, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol assessed using the E-screen assay in MCF-7 cells

Mycotoxins, including zearalenone (ZEA), can occur worldwide in cereals. They can enter the food chain and cause several health disorders. ZEA and its derivatives (α-zearalenol, α-ZOL and β-zearalenol, β-ZOL) have structural analogy to estrogen, thus they can bind to estrogen receptors (ERs). In order to characterize the estrogenic activity of ZEA, α-ZOL and β-ZOL, the proliferation of ER-positive human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) exposed to these mycotoxins was measured. After exposure at levels ranging from 6.25 to 25?µM, cell proliferation was evaluated by using the E-Screen bioassay. In accordance with previous studies, our results show the estrogenic activity of ZEA, α-ZOL and β-ZOL in MCF-7 cells. This effect is related to ZEA and its metabolites being flexible enough to bind to mammalian ERs. The relative proliferative effect (RPE) ranged from 10% to 91%. The α-ZOL induced the highest proliferative effect due to its higher affinity for the ERs compared to the other mycotoxins.     

Comparison of relative binding affinities to fish and mammalian estrogen receptors: The regulatory implications

Screening and testing of chemicals binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) emerge as an important issue in several regulatory programs or frameworks. Discrepancies exist, however, whether fish ERs should be included in the regulatory programs. In view of the differences in binding affinities to ERα and ERβ and the significant contribution of ERβ to biological effects of chemicals, it remains unknown whether both types of ERs are needed for the regulatory purposes. This study collected publications on binding affinities to both mammalian and fish ERs for 65 chemicals, covering a wide range of strong, moderate, weak and non-ER binders. Systematic evaluation of the data was performed in order to compare the difference in binding affinity of chemicals to fish and mammalian ERs and to subtypes of ERs. Except the reference estrogen 17β-estradiol, all 64 chemicals have differential values of relative binding affinity (RBA), which result mostly from the inter-laboratory tests other than interspecies differences. It is concluded that ER binding in one vertebrate species or one subtype of ERs could be extrapolated to other species or subtypes of ERs for most of chemicals for the regulatory purpose. Fish ERs are likely more sensitive to some chemicals of weak binders than mammalian ERs, suggesting the importance of including fish ERs in the regulatory programs. Issues on data interpretation and testing strategy for the regulatory purpose have been discussed.     

Growth‐promoting effects of low‐level butyl benzyl phthalate exposure on human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells

The purpose of present study was to investigate the impact of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) on SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro. The cell counting kit‐8 was used to measure cell proliferation and flow cytometry was utilized to study cell cycle phases and apoptosis. Western blotting and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect levels of aromatase, estrogen receptors (ERs) and some apoptosis and cell cycle‐related genes. Results showed BBP‐stimulated SH‐SY5Y cells in a dose‐dependent manner and produced a reverted U‐shaped dose‐response curve. BBP at lower concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 μm ) significantly induced cell proliferation while inhibited cell growth at 300 μm . The promoting effect of estradiol could be entirely blocked by administration of ICI182 780, a pure antagonist of ERs, while the effect of BBP could be partly blocked. Additionally, we confirmed 0.1 μm BBP‐induced cell proliferation caused the arrest of cells in S phase and inhibited apoptosis, which might be partially explained by the decreased expression of p53, the increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Bcl‐2 and cell cycle regulator cyclin‐D1, and the activation of aromatase. The addition of ICI182 780 had no effect on BBP‐induced ERβ mRNA expression, whereas ICI182 780 could effectively counteract the effect of estradiol. Moreover, pretreatment with ICI182 780 could block the induction of aromatase protein expression and activity by BBP, showing an involvement of ERs. Except for the ER pathway, these results showed there might be other pathways involved in promoting the effects of low‐level BBP on SH‐SY5Y cells, which require further investigation.