医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理

目的 探讨胆管损伤和狭窄的防治方法。方法 回顾性分析６６例胆囊切除（或伴）胆总管探查术发生胆管损伤及狭窄的原因和治疗。结果 １３例胆管损伤在发现并立即修复,其中１２例手术治愈,１例术后发生胆管狭窄。５３例胆管狭窄或胆漏在术后被诊断,其中４例行胆管对端吻合（术后均复发狭窄）;４４例行胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合,３６例吻合治愈;５例吻合口狭窄经再手术治愈。８例死亡（死亡胆漏感染５例,胆汁性肝硬化３例）     

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目的 分析胆肠吻合术治疗肝内胆管结石并胆道狭窄的选择和疗效。方法 对１９９１年９月至１９９８年１２月６９例行胆肠吻合术的肝内胆管结石并胆道狭窄病例进行总结,包括临床表现、结石部位、狭窄情况、手术方式和治疗效果等。结果 胆管狭窄主要位于１￣２级胆管内。５１例（７３．９％）行肝胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术,１８例（２６．１％）采用胆总管十二指肠吻合术,随访结果表明,肝胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗及疗效分析

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的防治方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析30例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料。结果术中发现胆管损伤并及时修复9例,其中1例术后发生狭窄而再次手术治愈;另21例术后因胆管狭窄或胆漏确诊,2例行副肝管缝扎术,3例行胆管端端吻合T管引流术,16例行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合。疗效优者22例、良5例、差1例、死亡2例(1例死于胆漏感染,1例死于胆汁性肝硬化)。结论医源性胆管损伤重要在于术中及时发现和及时处理,采取胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合治疗可取得较好疗效。     

单纯胆囊切除术中肝外胆管损伤的防治

本文总结近年来单纯胆囊切主中损伤肝外胆管１３例，类型：横断伤５例（３８．５％），误扎３例（２３．１％），胆瘘５例（３８．５％）。损伤的原因， 观因素是主要的。治疗上，横断伤病人，术中发现立即端端吻合，Ｔ管支撑引流。术后发现的，原则上行胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合，胆瘘病人术中发现的应立即修复，术后发现的应２－４天内积极地再闪手术，在充分引流的同时，急取一期修复，。对于误扎患者，拆除结扎线无胆汁渗漏，胆管未     

医源性肝外胆管损伤的原因及处理(附182例综合报道)

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理方法。方法综合国内４家医院收治的１８２例医源性肝外胆管损伤的临床资料,进行回顾性分析。结果１７２例经行胆管对端吻合或胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术后恢复良好,病死率５５％（１０／１８２）。结论胆囊切除术时应认清胆囊三角解剖关系,单纯胆囊切除时,应行逆行胆囊切除术。胆管损伤应尽早发现,及时处理。根据损伤的情况和术后时间选择不同的处理方法。     

医源性胆管损伤及狭窄54例分析

报告医源性胆管损伤及狭窄５４例，发生于胆囊切除术后４７例，胃大部切除术后７例。１０例行胆管端端吻合修复，３７例行肝管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ吻合。其中１７例行多次手术。结果３例死亡，５１例痊愈。讨论了医源性胆管损伤的诊断，预防及不同时期发现胆管损伤的处理。     

医源性肝外胆管损伤的原因及处理

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因及处理。方法 综合国内４家医院收治的１８２例医源性肝外胆管损伤的临床资料,进行回顾性分析。结果 １７２例经行胆管对端吻合或胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术恢复良好,病死率５．５％（１０／１８２）。结论 胆囊切除术时应认清胆囊三角解剖关系,单纯胆囊切除时,应行逆行胆囊切除术。胆管损伤应尽早发现,及时处理。根据损伤的情况和术后时间选择不同的处理方法。     

303例胆肠Y型吻合术治疗总结

３０３例胆肠Ｙ型吻合术治疗总结第四军医大学西京医院肝胆外科（邮编７１００３２）付由池，李开宗，高志清１９８０年７月～１９９２年１２月我院共收治各类胆系疾病５４０７例，其中实施胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ─ｅｎ─Ｙ术式（下称Ｙ型吻合）３０３例（５．６％），现总结分...     

联合手术治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石

本文报告了采用联合手术治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石１３７例的手术经验。其中８９例既往有１～４次胆道手术史，１１例为胆肠Ｒｏｕｘ─Ｙ术后再手术。全组行肝叶（段）切除６７例，胆管狭窄切开整形、大口径胆肠吻合１３４例，手术死亡率０．７３％，残石率５．１％，效果优良者为９４．８７％。文中讨论了影响手术疗效的原因；肝叶切除在治疗高位胆管狭窄及结石的地位和作用；高位胆管狭窄的矫正方法；胆肠吻合的要点。强调联合多种术式才能提高本病的远期疗效。     

胆肠吻合术治疗损伤性胆管狭窄32例报告

１９８３年１月至１９９３年１２月间我院共收治损伤性胆管狭窄３２例。其中２９例行胆肠吻合术治疗，包括胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ─Ｙ吻合术１３例，胆管十二指肠吻合术１６例，随访１～９年，疗效优良率分别为９１．０％和８１．２％。结果表明，胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ─Ｙ吻合术是治疗损伤性胆管狭窄最常采用、疗效最佳的术式，尤其适用于高位胆管狭窄的修复；胆管十二指肠吻合操作简单，只要适应证选择恰当，也可获得良好效果。根据作者的经验，多数肝外胆管狭窄者，十二指肠第一段与肝方叶紧密粘连，距肝门区较近，只要能显露出狭窄以上的正常胆管组织，完成胆管十二指肠吻合多无困难，且手术时间短，损伤小，操作方便，可减少术后并发症。因此，特别适合于老年和危重患者的胆管修复。     

Postoperative bile duct strictures

Bile duct strictures are an uncommon but serious complication of primary operations on the gallbladder or biliary tree. Most strictures occur as a result of injury to the bile duct during cholecystectomy. In addition, strictures can occur at the site of previous biliary anastomoses for reconstruction of the biliary tree. Most patients with benign bile duct strictures present soon after their initial operation; however, in some cases, presentation is delayed for years. Cholangiography is essential for defining the anatomy of the biliary tree prior to management. In many cases, nonoperative biliary drainage is useful to treat sepsis and biliary fistulas. A number of alternatives exist for elective repair of bile duct strictures. Experience would suggest, however, that a choledochojejunostomy or hepaticojejunostomy performed through a Roux-en-Y limb of jejunum is the preferable management in most cases. Postoperative biliary stenting may be valuable in optimizing the results. Nonoperative management by percutaneous transhepatic or endoscopic balloon dilatation has been reported to be successful in a number of small series. Long-term results are limited, however. Comparative data suggest that surgical repair for benign postoperative strictures is associated with fewer long-term problems and with similar overall morbidity and costs.     

医源性胆道损伤的外科治疗

目的：探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因、诊断、手术时机和手术方式的选择。方法：对28例胆道损伤进行分析总结：分别施行了胆管修补术3例、胆管端端吻合术2例和胆肠吻合术23例。结果：全组无围手术期死亡，4例术后出现胆管狭窄而再次手术，其余愈后良好。结论：尽早发现、及早正确处理对提高疗效和预防术后胆管狭窄起着决定性的作用。术中发现胆管损伤立即行端端吻合或修复加T管引流；术后数天发现或多次重建术失败，则宜行规范的胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。     

Long-term results and risk factors influencing outcome of major bile duct injuries following cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Major bile duct injuries usually need operative repair and remain a challenge even for surgeons who specialize in hepatobiliary surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate management and short- and long-term outcomes of patients with major complications after cholecystectomy. METHODS: Data were analysed for 54 patients who underwent operation for major bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy between January 1990 and January 2002. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for the development of biliary complications. RESULTS: Complete follow-up data were available for all 54 patients (median duration 61.9 (range 2.6-154.3) months). All underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Three patients (6 per cent) died from biliary tract complications during follow-up. Long-term biliary complications occurred in ten patients (19 per cent). Nine patients developed biliary stricture of whom five developed secondary biliary cirrhosis. A successful long-term result was achieved in 50 (93 per cent) of 54 patients, including those who required subsequent procedures. Biliary reconstruction in the presence of peritonitis (P = 0.002), combined vascular and bile duct injuries (P = 0.029), and injury at or above the level of the biliary bifurcation (P = 0.012) were significant independent predictors of poor outcome. CONCLUSION: Successful repair of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy can be achieved in specialized hepatobiliary units.     

医源性胆道损伤的预防及治疗措施

目的探讨医源性胆道损伤的预防和治疗措施。方法对36例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果36例共施行手术41次,其中2次手术者5例。最后1次手术方式为胆管端端吻合2例,胆管壁缺损修补4例,单纯缝线拆除3例,胆管空肠R oux-en-Y吻合27例。28例随访1~8年,优良率90%。结论胆囊切除术是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因,是可以避免的。胆管空肠R oux-en-Y吻合术是医源性胆道损伤或损伤性狭窄修复重建的首选方法。     

两阶段医源性胆道损伤处理及其疗效的对比研究

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤处理原则的演变及其效果的对比.方法 回顾性分析和总结1996～2001年和2004～2009年间我院收治的50例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料和随访结果.结果 前阶段处理28例,其中术中即时修复11例,术后17例,术中修复以胆管端端吻合为主,后期修复以胆管-空肠Roux-Y吻和为主,后阶段处理22例...     

腹腔镜胆道手术并发症的腹腔镜处理体会:附17例临床报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆道手术并发症的同期或再次腹腔镜下处理的可行性和有效性.方法 对17例腹腔镜胆道手术并发症经腹腔镜下处理的方法 和结果 进行总结分析.结果 术中发现肝总管损伤3例,胆囊床肝中静脉损伤出血3例,胆囊管残端同缩和十二指肠损伤各1例;术后发现胆漏6例,胆囊床和胆囊动脉出血各1例,戳孔疝1例.该组病例均经同期或再次腹腔镜处理治愈,未增加腹部戳孔,术后平均住院3.7 d.胆管修复者平均随访7.7个月,无胆管狭窄发生.结论 腹腔镜胆道手术并发症,对已掌握丰富微创技术者,大多数能在腹腔镜下获得安全、有效处理.     

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??Etiology and treatments of re-stenosis of bile duct after surgical repair for iatrogenic bile duct injury LI Shao-qiang, LIANG Li-jian. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Corresponding author: LIANG Li-jian, E-mail: lianglj@medmail.com.cn
Abstract Iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a severe complication of cholecystectomy. The major factors related to re-stenosis of bile duct after initial surgical repair includes type of IBDI, timing of initial surgical repair, initial surgical procedures, being accompanied by hepatic arterial injury and performed operation. The treatment for re-stenosis of bile duct is difficult. Preoperat imaging studies especially the cholangiogram of the whole biliary tree are critical important for surgical planning. The treatment modality adopted should comprehensively depend on the general condition of patient, liver function and liver function reserve, the site of biliary stricture, with or without intrahepatic stones and biliary cirrhosis. Metal stent placement is only indicated for patients who are intolerance of operation, or whose life expectancy are less than 2 years. Removal of the biliary stricture and hilar bile duct-jejunum Roux-en-Y anastomosis is the common used procedure for re-stenosis of bile duct after initial surgical repair for IBDI, and the long-term outcome is a satisfactory. For those with right or left hepatic duct stricture accompanied by intrahepatic stone or affected side liver atrophy, and with a good liver function, and without liver cirrhosis at the contralateral side, liver resection is indicated.     

Postoperative bile duct strictures: management and outcome in the 1990s

OBJECTIVE: To describe the management and outcome after surgical reconstruction of 156 patients with postoperative bile duct strictures managed in the 1990s. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The management of postoperative bile duct strictures and major bile duct injuries remains a challenge for even the most skilled biliary tract surgeon. The 1990s saw a dramatic increase in the incidence of bile duct strictures and injuries from the introduction and widespread use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Although the management of these injuries and short-term outcome have been reported, long-term follow-up is limited. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively on 156 patients treated at the Johns Hopkins Hospital with major bile duct injuries or postoperative bile duct strictures between January 1990 and December 1999. With the exception of bile duct injuries discovered and repaired during surgery, all patients underwent preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and placement of transhepatic biliary catheters before surgical repair. Follow-up was conducted by medical record review or telephone interview during January 2000. RESULTS: Of the 156 patients undergoing surgical reconstruction, 142 had completed treatment with a mean follow-up of 57.5 months. Two patients died of reasons unrelated to biliary tract disease before the completion of treatment. Twelve patients (7.9%) had not completed treatment and still had biliary stents in place at the time of this report. Of patients who had completed treatment, 90. 8% were considered to have a successful outcome without the need for follow-up invasive, diagnos tic, or therapeutic interventional procedures. Patients with reconstruction after injury or stricture after laparoscopic cholecystectomy had a better overall outcome than patients whose postoperative stricture developed after other types of surgery. Presenting symptoms, number of stents, interval to referral, prior repair, and length of postoperative stenting were not significant predictors of outcome. Overall, a successful outcome, without the need for biliary stents, was obtained in 98% of patients, including those requiring a secondary procedure for recurrent stricture. CONCLUSIONS: Major bile duct injuries and postoperative bile duct strictures remain a considerable surgical challenge. Management with preoperative cholangiography to delineate the anatomy and placement of percutaneous biliary catheters, followed by surgical reconstruction with a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy, is associated with a successful outcome in up to 98% of patients.     

Mechanisms of major biliary injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the procedure of choice for surgical removal of the gallbladder. The most significant complication of this new technique is injury to the bile duct. Twelve cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were reviewed. Eight injuries were of a classic type: misidentification of the common duct for the cystic duct, resection of part of the common and hepatic ducts, and associated right hepatic arterial injury. Another injury was similar: clip ligation of the distal common duct with proximal ligation and division of the cystic duct, resulting in biliary obstruction and leakage. Three complications arose from excessive use of cautery or laser in the region of the common duct, resulting in biliary strictures. Evaluation of persistent diffuse abdominal pain led to the recognition of ductal injury in most patients. Ultimately, 10 patients required a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy to provide adequate biliary drainage. One patient had a successful direct common duct repair, and the remaining patient underwent endoscopic dilatation.     

医源性晚期胆管狭窄的起因和处理

本组医源性晚期胆管狭窄的７６例病例中６３例,是胆囊切除或胆道探查手术损伤所致,其中曾行一次或多次胆管修复无效者３８例,隐性胆管损作远期发生狭窄１４例,胆道探查“Ｔ”管引流后期胆管狭窄１４例,胆道探查“Ｔ”管引流后期胆管狭窄１１例;因胆肠吻合术的适应证选择不当或吻合口狭窄１３例。胆管损伤的早期修复的关键是根据不同情况选择恰当的修复术式,缝合技术准确精细,吻合口宽大,无张力,避免胆漏和感染,晚期胆管狭