决明子水提取物对小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：观察决明子水提取物对四氯化碳小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用。方法：灌胃给予给药组大鼠5g/kg、10g/kg决明子水提取物,正常对照组及模型对照组大鼠给予等体积生理盐水,连续5d,第6日给予模型对照组和给药组小鼠腹腔注射0.15%四氯化碳溶液10ml/kg,给予正常对照组大鼠腹腔注射等体积生理盐水。24h后摘眼球取血,离心取血清测血清ALT、AST活性。处死小鼠,取肝组织并匀浆,测定SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA含量。结果：决明子水提取物可显著降低血清ALT、AST活性,增加肝线粒体SOD、GSH-Px活性,降低MDA含量。结论：决明子水提取物对四氯化碳所致小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用。     

Safety and antiulcer efficacy studies of Achillea millefolium L. after chronic treatment in Wistar rats

Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), popularly known as yarrow, has been used in folk medicine to treat complaints such as inflammation, pain, wounds, hemorrhages and gastrointestinal disturbances. The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the aqueous extract (AE) of the plant after chronic exposure. Indeed, the AE was effective in protecting the gastric mucosa against acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol and indomethacin and in healing chronic gastric lesions induced by acetic acid with (ED(50)=32 mg/kg, p.o.). Safety studies were performed in female and male Wistar rats treated daily with AE (0.3-1.2 g/kg, p.o./day) or vehicle (water, 10 ml/kg/day) for 28 or 90 consecutive days. Satellite groups consisted of animals sacrificed 30 days after the end of these treatments. Clinical observations, body and organ weight measurements, gross autopsy, hematology, clinical biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed. Slight changes in liver weight, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and glucose were observed in male and female animals. These changes were not correlated with dose or time of exposure of the animals to the AE. Overall, the results show the antiulcer potential of the aerial parts of the Achillea millefolium which is accompanied by no signs of relevant toxicity even at very long chronic exposure.     

Alteration of lethal effects of gamma rays in Swiss albino mice by Tinospora cordifolia

Tinospora cordifolia is widely used in Ayurvedic medicines. It is known for its immunomodulatory, antihepatotoxic, antistress and antioxidant properties. It has been used in combination with other plant products to prepare a number of Ayurvedic preparations. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the radioprotective effect of an aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (TC) against (60)Co gamma radiation. Oral administration of TC 5 mg/kg body wt to Swiss albino mice 1 h and 15 days prior to whole body radiation exposure (8 Gy) produced a significant protection in terms of survival percentage. After oral administration of TC 10 mg/kg body wt/day to mice 7 days prior to whole body irradiation (8 Gy) there was no mortality until day 13 and 50% of the animals survived until day 30. Mice exposed to radiation (8 Gy) without TC pretreatment exhibited signs of radiation sickness such as anorexia, lethargy, ruffled hair, diarrhoea and these animals died within 14 days of irradiation. The results from the present study suggest that Tinospora cordifolia has a radioprotective effect in Swiss albino mice, thereby enhancing the survival of mice against a sublethal dose of gamma radiation.     

An evaluation of toxicity of Taxus baccata Linn. (Talispatra) in experimental animals.

A toxicological study was performed in albino mice and rat with methanolic extract and isolated alkaloid of Taxus baccata Linn. (family: Taxaceae). LD(50) study showed the higher toxic activity in stem (TXA-1,2,3) as compared with leaf (TXB-1,2,3) extract. As the extract were further fractionated into crude alkaloids and purified by chromatography the toxicity of these fractions were found to be in increasing order as follows: methanolic extract (1) < crude alkaloidal fraction (2) < purified alkaloidal fraction (3). The effects of leaf and stem extract of T. baccata were studied on certain biochemical and haematological parameters of mice and rat after 10, 20 and 30 days of exposure. Among the parameters examined, the exposed animal exhibited significant decrease in total leukocyte count (TLC), lymphocytes and cholesterol level (mg/dl), whereas increase was observed in serum transminases (SGOT, SGPT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) of TXA-1 and TXB-1 treated groups indicating toxic conditions associated due to liver involvement.     

Antidiabetic effect of aqueous extract of seed of Tamarindus indica in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

In Indian traditional system of medicine, herbal remedies are prescribed for the treatment of diseases including diabetes mellitus. In recent years, plants are being effectively tried in a variety of pathophysiological states. Tamarindus indica Linn. is one of them. In the present study, aqueous extract of seed of Tamarindus indica Linn. was found to have potent antidiabetogenic activity that reduces blood sugar level in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rat. Supplementation of this aqueous extract by gavage at the dose of 80 mg/0.5 ml distilled water/100 g body weight per day in STZ-induced diabetic rat resulted a significant diminution of fasting blood sugar level after 7 days. Continuous supplementation of this extract for 14 days resulted no significant difference in this parameter from control level. Moreover, this supplementation produced a significant elevation in liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content, activity of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in respect to diabetic group. Activities of liver glucose-6-phosphatase, liver and kidney glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activities were decreased significantly in the aqueous extract supplemented group in respect to diabetic group. All these parameters were not resettled to the controlled level after 7 days of this extract supplementation but after 14 days of this supplementation, all the above mentioned parameters were restored to the control level.     

Prolonged murine genotoxic effects of crude extracted from neem

Oral administration of a crude ethanol extract of the leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica A juss) to adult Swiss albino mice for 7 days at 5 mg, 10 mg or 20 mg/10 g bw/day significantly increased the incidence of structural and mitosis disruptive changes in metaphase chromosomes of bone marrow cells on days 8, 15 and 35th of observation. It is proposed that one or other of the many constituents of the extract, along with genera free radicals, interfered with DNA to yield chromosome strand breakage or produced spindle disturbances, inducing belated genotoxic effects.     

Effect of the seed extract of carrot (Daucus carota Linn.) on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumour in mice

The petroleum ether extract of the seeds of carrot (Daucus carota Linn), administered intraperitoneally at doses of 3 mg and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for 7 days, showed antitumour activity, inhibiting the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumour in mice. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Protection of swiss albino mice against whole-body gamma irradiation by Mentha piperita (Linn.)

The radioprotective effects of Mentha oil (Mentha piperita Linn.) against radiation induced haematological alterations in peripheral blood and the survival of Swiss albino mice were studied. Mentha oil 40 micro L/animal/day for 3 consecutive days when fed orally prior to whole-body gamma irradiation (8 Gy) showed protection of the animals in terms of the survival percentage and haematological parameters in mice. Fifty per cent of the animals died within 20 days and 100% mortality was observed up to 30 days post-irradiation in the control irradiated group. Whereas only 17% of the mice died within 30 days in the experimental group (Mentha oil pretreated irradiated). The total RBC count decreased maximally at 24 h (3.45 +/- 0.20 x 10(12)/L, p < 0.001), similar observations were obtained for the WBC count, haemoglobin content and haematocrit percentage in the irradiated control animals. However, in irradiated animals pretreated with Mentha oil, although the initial values of haematological components were lower they later showed a remarkable recovery reaching normal at 30 days post-irradiation compared with the irradiated control animals. In general, the recovery of the blood cell number in irradiated animals depends on the survival of stem cells and their derivatives. The results from the present study suggest that the oil of Mentha piperita (Linn.) has a radioprotective role in stimulating/protecting the haematopoietic system. Hence, enhanced survival and an increase in the haematological constituents of peripheral blood of mice against lethal gamma radiation was observed.     

Protective effect of propolis ethanol extract on ethanol-induced renal toxicity: an in-vivo study

Acute p.o. administration of absolute ethanol (10 ml/kg) to fasted mice would produce extensive renal failure. Pretreatment with p.o. administration of propolis ethanol extract (PEE) could prevent such renal failure effectively and dose dependently. This renal protective effect of PEE may be contributed, at least in part, to its antioxidative activity. The maximal antioxidative effect against absolute ethanol (AE)-induced renal failure could be observed 1 hour after PEE administration. In order to further investigate the renal protective mechanism of PEE, lipid peroxidation and superoxide scavenging activity were conducted in vivo. PEE exhibited dose-dependent antioxidative effects on lipid peroxidation in mice renal homogenate. Results indicated that mice with acute renal failure have higher malonic dialdehyde (MDA) levels compared with those in PEE administered mice. It was concluded that the renal protective mechanism of PEE could be contributed, at least in part, to its prominent superoxide scavenging effect; hence, it could protect, indirectly, the kidney from superoxide-induced renal damages.     

Prophylaxis with Centella asiatica confers protection to prepubertal mice against 3‐nitropropionic‐acid‐induced oxidative stress in brain

While the usage of Centella asiatica (CA) is on the increase worldwide, evidence demonstrating its protective efficacy against neurotoxicants is scarce. Hence the present study aimed to understand the neuroprotective efficacy of a standardized aqueous extract of CA against 3‐nitropropionic‐acid(3‐NPA)‐induced oxidative stress in the brain of prepubertal mice. We assessed the degree of oxidative stress in cytoplasm of brain regions of male mice (4 wk‐ old) given CA prophylaxis (5 mg/kg bw) for 10 days followed by 3‐NPA administration (i.p.75 mg/kg bw) on the last 2 days. The neurotoxicant elicited marked oxidative stress in the brain of untreated mice as evident by enhanced malondialdehyde levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, hydroperoxides and protein carbonyls (a measure of protein oxidation) in striatum and other regions (cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus), while CA prophylaxis completely ameliorated the 3‐NPA‐ induced oxidative stress. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) levels, total thiols, perturbations in antioxidant enzymes and cholinergic enzymes in brain discernible among 3‐NPA‐treated mice were predominantly restored to normalcy with CA prophylaxis. It is hypothesized that the prophylactic protection offered by CA extract against neurotoxicant exposure may be largely due to its ability to enhance GSH, thiols and antioxidant defenses in the brain of prepubertal mice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微波辐射对睾丸间质细胞一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)的影响

目的 :探讨微波作为一种非电离辐射波 ,对睾丸间质细胞 NOS活性的影响 ,以进一步深入研究微波对睾丸的损伤效应。方法 :利用 NADPH-d黄递酶组织化学方法显示睾丸间质细胞 NOS活性变化。结果 :2 1天频率为 2 .45 GHz,功率密度为 2 m W/ cm2 和 5 m W/ cm2 的连续微波辐射实验组与假辐照组相比 ,N OS阳性睾丸间质细胞的数量无明显变化 ,仅着色稍变淡 ;而以上剂量 42天微波辐射后 ,两微波实验组的睾丸间质细胞 NOS阳性睾丸间质细胞在明显减少的同时 ,染色也变淡。结论 :睾丸间质细胞 NOS活性与微波辐射强度密切相关。提示 NO机制可能是微波对生精过程影响的机制之一。     

辣椒免加热法提取物的镇痛作用研究

目的考察采用免加热提取工艺得到的辣椒提取物的镇痛作用强弱。方法采用小鼠热板法疼痛模型,比较免加热工艺辣椒酯提取物(EE)和水提取物(AE)灌胃给药后对小鼠痛阈的影响。结果灌胃给予小鼠EE(960,1 920 mg/kg)和AE(960,1 920,3 840 mg/kg)明显延长热板致痛小鼠的痛阈。两种提取物中960 mg/kg剂量组出现镇痛作用的时间有差异。结论免加热辣椒水提取物和酯提取物均有镇痛作用,但相同剂量下酯提取物显效较快。     

Protection against cytotoxic effects of arsenic by dietary supplementation with crude extract of Emblica officinalis fruit.

Dietary administration of a crude aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit reduced significantly the cytotoxic effects of sodium arsenite administered orally. The crude extract (685 mg/kg bw) was given daily by gavaging to age and sex matched laboratory bread Swiss albino mice for 7 and 14 days, followed by a single dose of sodium arsenite (2.5 mg/kg bw = 1/10 of LD(50)). The animals were killed after 24 h and chromosome preparations made following a schedule of colchicine-fixative-air drying-Giemsa. The endpoints screened were chromosomal aberrations and damaged cells. The crude extract reduced arsenic damage bringing the cells almost to the normal level.     

生姜透皮帖对X射线致大鼠红细胞损伤的保护作用

目的：观察生姜透皮帖对X射线致大鼠外周血细胞损伤的保护作用.方法：选择昆明种大鼠100只,雌雄各半,随机分为5组,生姜透皮帖暴露组分别在照射前给予不同剂量生姜透皮帖（50、100、150 mg/kg）贴在脐部,非照射组和单纯照射组分别以相同氮酮制作空白帖剂贴在脐部.X射线照射的剂量为2Gy,照射2次,间隔24 h,末次照射后48 h,分别测定血中红细胞计数（RBC）、血红蛋白含量（HCB）、红细胞比积（HCT）、红细胞平均体积（MCV）、红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）、红细胞平均血红蛋白量（MCH）、红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）.结果：与未照射组比较,单纯照射组X射线暴露可引起雌、雄大鼠RBC、HCB、HCT减少,MCH、RDW增高,还可导致雌性大鼠MCHC的增高（P〈0.05）.而与单纯照射组比较,生姜透皮帖组雌、雄大鼠RBC、HCB、HCT上升,RDW下降,雌性大鼠MCH下降（P〈0.05）.结论：生姜透皮帖对X射线引起的大鼠RBC损伤具有保护作用.     

微波对小鼠睾丸细胞凋亡及中药益母草的影响作用

目的 :研究微波辐射对睾丸细胞凋亡的效应及中药益母草的影响作用。方法 :利用流氏细胞术和脱氧核糖核酸转移酶法 ( TDT法 )检测睾丸凋亡细胞。结果 :2 1天频率为 2 .45 GHz,功率密度为 2 m W/cm2和 5 m W/cm2连续微波辐射 ,实验组与假辐照组相比 ,睾丸细胞凋亡率无显著性差异 ( P >0 .0 5 ) ;而以上强度 42天微波辐射后两微波实验组的细胞凋亡率较对照组增加 ( P <0 .0 5 ) ,且细胞凋亡率与微波辐射剂量呈剂量 -反应关系 ;中药益母草灌胃 42天的微波实验组睾丸细胞的凋亡率较假辐射组和单纯微波实验组明显增加 ( P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :一定强度的微波辐射可促进睾丸细胞凋亡 ,中药益母草可增加微波对细胞凋亡的影响作用。     

Psychopharmacological assessment of Pfaffia glomerata roots (extract BNT-08) in rodents

A pharmacological assessment of the standardized extract (BNT-08) of Pfaffia glomerata roots was performed in young mice submitted to acute treatment with several doses (i.p.), in young and old mice submitted to chronic oral treatment for 150 days or with water (control groups) and in old mice at a dose of 100 mg/kg of extract. Acute tests involved an initial screening, spontaneous movements, rota-rod, barbiturate sleeping time and passive avoidance were carried out. The chronic test involved mortality assessment, body weight and learning and memory in a T-maze left/right discrimination test and in the passive avoidance model. Of the acute tests only the sleeping time test showed relevant differences between the groups. With the chronic treatment, a relevant decrease of the number of sessions necessary for learning in the group of old mice treated with the extract was evident. A partial reversal of the memory de fi cit induced by age in the old mice treated with the extract was found in the passive avoidance test. The results suggest that the standardized extract from Pfaffia glomerata roots promoted an increase in both learning and memory of old mice treated in the chronic test.     

没食子提取物小鼠急性毒性实验研究

目的初步了解没食子提取物对小鼠急性毒性的强弱及特点,测定急性毒性的相关参数。方法小鼠观察检疫3 d,随机分为6组:空白对照组、没食子提取物组:3.25,4.25,5.75,7.5,10.0 g/kg.bw剂量组,灌胃给予没食子提取物,观察其毒性表现。结果没食子提取物组随着剂量的增加,毒性反应表现越明显,小鼠死亡只数也随之增加;空白对照组动物均无异常。结论没食子提取物小鼠口服急毒LD50为4.41 g/kg;没食子提取物可能对胃肠系统有一定的毒性作用。     

Acute and sub-acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of Pteleopsis hylodendron stem bark

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Pteleopsis hylodendron is one of the most popular medicinal plants in Cameroon where it is used to treat measles, chickenpox, sexually transmitted diseases, female sterility, liver and kidney disorders as well as dropsy. To date there is no documented evidence corroborating its safety. This study thus aimed to determine the toxicity profile of the methanolic extract of Pteleopsis hylodendron.

Materials and Methods

The acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the methanolic extract of Pteleopsis hylodendron were investigated by employing established methods. The acute toxicity study was done by administering single doses (2-8 g/kg body weight) of plant extract to adult mice. For the sub chronic toxicity study, doses (85-680 mg/kg bw) of plant extract were administered daily to adult rats during 28 days after which the effect on organs, the hematological and biochemical parameters was assessed.

Results

In mice, single oral administrations of the methanolic extract of Pteleopsis hylodendron caused dose-dependent general behaviour adverse effects and mortality. The LD50 values were 3.00 and 3.60 g/kg bw for males and females respectively. In rats, daily single oral doses of the methanolic extract of Pteleopsis hylodendron provoked significant (p < 0.05) growth retardation in rats at all tested doses after 28 days of dosing. Haematological parameters showed a significant decrease in white blood cells count and significant increases red blood cells count; irrespective of the sex, all biochemical parameters studied, except triglycerides significantly (p < 0.001) increased with dose. However, a dose-dependent significant (p < 0.007) increase in HDL was observed only in male rats. Increases in liver enzymes (ALT and AST), proteins and creatinine levels correlate the observed histopathological damages (i.e. inflammation and vascular congestions) in the liver and kidneys.

Conclusions

The overall results of this study indicate that the methanolic extract of Pteleopsis hylodendron stem bark possesses hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects at doses ≥85 mg/kg bw, suggesting that this plant should be used with caution.     

Anti-cataract activity of Pterocarpus marsupium bark and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds extract in alloxan diabetic rats

Long-term complications are frequently encountered in diabetes mellitus and are difficult to treat. This study was undertaken to assess the effect of three antidiabetic plants on the development of cataract in rats. An aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium Linn bark (PM, Hindi name: Vijaysar) (1 g kg(-1) day(-1)), Ocimum sanctum Linn leaves (OS, Hindi name, Tulsi) (200 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and alcoholic extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn seeds (FG, Hindi name, Methi) (2 g kg(-1) day(-1)) were given to alloxan (120 mg kg(-1)) diabetic rats until the development of cataract. Serum glucose and body weight were monitored at regular intervals while cataract was examined through naked eye as well as slit lamp at 75, 100 and 115 days after alloxan administration. Administration of all the three plant extracts exerted a favorable effect on body weight and blood glucose, the effects were best with PM followed by FG and OS. On the course of cataract development, PM followed by FG exerted anti-cataract effect evident from decreased opacity index while OS failed to produce any anti-cataract effect in spite of significant antihyperglycemic activity.     

灵芝对小鼠SOD活性、丙二醛和脂褐素含量的影响

目的　本文研究灵芝对小鼠的生理作用。方法　小鼠 30只 ,分为 3组 ,按灵芝生药 5 g/ kg· bw、10g/ kg· bw剂量的水煎液和蒸馏水连续灌胃 16 d后 ,测定了肝脏中 SOD活性、肝和心肌组织中丙二醛和脂褐素的含量。结果　灵芝能明显提高小鼠肝脏中 SOD活性 ,极显著降低小鼠肝和心肌组织中丙二醛的含量 ,显著减少小鼠肝组织的脂褐素的含量。结论　灵芝具有明显抗衰老作用。