结直肠息肉癌变的内镜下表现、治疗及癌变因素分析

目的探讨结直肠息肉癌变的内镜下表现,分析癌变相关因素和治疗策略。方法回顾性分析经电子结肠镜检查或治疗的77例结直肠癌变息肉患者的临床、内镜及病理资料,探讨影响结直肠息肉癌变的相关因素及其内镜下治疗策略。结果77例癌变结直肠息肉中,9例伴发结肠癌。60例有临床症状,症状发生率为77．9％（60／77）。息肉癌变主要分布在乙状结肠,多发生于年龄超过60岁的老年患者,绒毛状腺瘤癌变率最高。行电子结肠镜电切法切除44例,其中完全切除38例。结论年龄〉60岁患者和乙状结肠息肉癌变发生率明显增高,选择性对属于原位癌或早期浸润癌的癌变息肉行电子结肠镜下切除是安全有效的。     

结肠息肉与结肠癌的关系

目的探讨结肠腺瘤样息肉与结肠癌的关系．方法本文回顾性总结分析我院1985／1998间进行结肠镜2037例，其中检出腺瘤样息肉86例，检出率为4．22％．息肉高频电切除41例，切除率为47．6％．86例腺瘤样息肉中，男64例，女22例，年龄17岁～81岁结果息肉分布：直肠15例，占17．4％，乙状结肠32例，占37．20％，为多发，与结肠癌好发部位相一致．86例腺瘤样息肉13例癌变，癌变率为15．11％．息肉大小、形态及病理与癌变有明显的关系．腺瘤直径越大，癌变率越高，直径2cm以上的癌变率为61．11％，而1cm～2cm仅占6．06％在形态上无蒂息肉癌变率比例高，占18．6％．表面不光滑呈桑椹式分叶状，癌变率明显增高，达35％，是光滑息肉的四倍．病理上绒毛状腺瘤癌变率高，占35．7％，管状腺瘤癌变率仅占11．26％．腺瘤伴非典型增生与癌变成正相关，重度非典型增生癌变占87．5％．另外，息肉电切后送检病理不容忽视，4例腺瘤样息肉电切后病理为癌变；2例炎性增生性息肉电切后为腺瘤样息肉，1例为直肠类癌．结论结肠腺瘤样息肉与结肠癌有密切的关系，结肠腺瘤的大小、形态、病理类型及异型性增生是癌变的潜在因素，绒毛成分越多，异型性增生越重，体积越大，基底越宽，形态分叶其癌变危险性越高，应及早切除．同时注意电     

早期大肠癌63例的内镜诊断和治疗

为提高早期大肠癌的诊治水平，作者回顾总结了６３例早期大肠癌的临床资料。男５４例，女９例。中位年龄５６岁。无症状２５例，大便带血或便血２７例，腹痛腹泻１１例。病变位于直、乙状结肠４６例，降结肠以上１７例。病变≤２．０ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ５２例，＞２．０ｃｍ×２．０ｃｍ者１１例。粘膜内癌４７例，粘膜下癌１６例。手术治疗２４例，高频电切３９例，电切后追加手术６例。随访到５２例，其中４例复发死亡，预后和病变浸润深度有关，４７例粘膜内癌无一例复发。作者对大肠癌均起源于腺瘤的传统学说提出异议，该组有２例不含腺瘤组织，另有２例系炎性息肉癌变，值得进一步探讨。     

大肠息肉与大肠癌的演变关系（附494例分析）

本组息肉患者４９４例，癌变者１０１例，随着息肉的增大，其癌变率也增加。恶变息肉主要分布在直肠（５７．４％），次为乙状结肠（１９．８％）。管状腺瘤瘤体较小，恶变率较低，绒毛型腺瘤瘤体较大，恶变率较高，且呈重度不典型增生多见。单发息肉癌变率１３．１％，２－５个息肉者癌变率２４．４％，６个以上者癌变率３８．０％，腺瘤病１２例全部癌变。息肉癌变时间１至１５年。癌变术后标本病理均见癌旁组织残存良性管状腺瘤或绒毛型腺瘤成份，从组织学上证明了息肉癌变过程。     

大肠息肉943例病理与内镜治疗分析

目的探讨大肠息肉的病理特征与内镜治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院4年内电子结肠镜检出的大肠息肉的部位、大小、形态、病理特征与癌变关系及内镜治疗结果进行分析。结果4801例大肠息肉的检出率为19．64％，腺瘤性息肉占61．72％，其中管状腺瘤276例，绒毛管状腺瘤123例，绒毛状腺瘤46例。炎性息肉占29．16％，增生性息肉占9．12％。息肉分布以直肠、乙状结肠和升结肠为最多；息肉癌变均为腺瘤性息肉，腺瘤体积越大、呈分叶或菜花状、无蒂或广基、含绒毛成分多者越易发生癌变，高频电凝电切摘除息肉242例，氩气刀治疗息肉564例，息肉消除率为100％，并发症率为0．41％。结论腺瘤癌变与体积大小、形态、绒毛成分含量及不典型增生的递增等因素相关，息肉不论大小均应切除，高频电凝电切和氩气刀治疗息肉安全有效，是大肠息肉治疗的首选方案。     

内镜下高频电切术治疗平坦型结直肠息肉（附21例报告）

目的观察内镜下高频电切术治疗平坦型结直肠息肉的疗效。方法21例平坦型结直肠息肉,在内镜下行高频电切术,术后9—21个月内镜复查。结果21例中一次手术完全切除者15例,二次切除3例,三次切除1例。2例活检为直肠黏膜癌、且切缘残留癌细胞而中转开腹手术。病理示直肠绒毛状腺瘤9例,其中中度非典型增生5例,癌变3例;直肠管状—绒毛状腺瘤3例,其中轻度非典型增生2例,中重度非典型增生1例。乙状结肠绒毛状腺瘤4例,其中中度非典型增生3例;乙状结肠管状—绒毛状腺瘤合并中度非典型增生3例。降结肠管状腺瘤1例。横结肠管状—绒毛状腺瘤合并轻中度非典型增生1例。结论内镜下高频电切术治疗平坦型结直肠息肉安全、有效。     

胃肠道类癌的内镜诊断与治疗

内镜下诊治胃肠道类癌。经内镜检出胃肠道类癌１１例，内镜结合活检确诊８例，占７３％；误诊为直肠癌、横结肠癌、回肠息肉各１例，占２７．３％。本组１１例中经内镜高频电摘除病变者８例，３例病变小于１．０ｃｍ者定期内镜随访８～１６个月，未见复发；其余５例，３例补行局部楔形切除，２例行局部扩大切除术，术后标本均未发现残留类癌灶。３例误诊病例２例行局部扩大切除术，１例行胃次全切除术，术后病理确诊为类癌。经８个月～１３年追踪，全部患者均存活。表明消化道内镜检查配合活检是诊断和治疗胃肠道类癌的有效方法。     

胃肠道类癌的内镜诊断与治疗

内镜下诊治胃肠道类癌。经内镜检出胃肠道类癌１１例，内镜结合活检确诊８例，占７３％；误诊为直肠癌、横结肠癌、回肠息肉各１例，占２７．３％。本组１１例中经内镜高频电摘除病变者８例，３例病变小于１．０ｃｍ者定期内镜随访８～１６个月，未见复发；其余５例，３例补行局部楔形切除，２例行局部扩大切除术，术后标本均未发现残留类癌灶。３例误诊病例２例行局部扩大切除术，１例行胃次全切除术，术后病理确诊为类癌。经８个月～１３年追踪，全部患者均存活。表明消化道内镜检查配合活检是诊断和治疗胃肠道类癌的有效方法。     

老年人大肠息肉的临床分析

目的 探讨老年人大肠息肉的临床特点及其与癌变的关系。方法 对我院经结肠镜检出的158例老年大肠息肉患者的临床特点进行回顾性分析，对其中120例进行1－6年（平均4．5年）的结肠镜随访，并与青中年组的437例患者相对照。结果 老年人大肠息肉的检出率、癌变率分别为30．0％及23．4％，均显著高于中青年组的10．2％及6．9％（P＜0．01），随年龄增长检出率有逐渐增加的趋势。分布以直肠和乙状结肠多见，但升结肠的癌变率（37．5％）明显高于左半结肠（14．3％，P＜0．05），且直肠、降结肠、横结肠及升结肠的癌变率也显著高于青中年组的同一部位（P＜0．01）；病理类型以腺瘤性息肉为多，占77．6％，也明显高于青中年组的同一病理类型（P＜0．01）。37例癌变息肉均为腺瘤性息肉，其中绒毛状腺瘤的癌变率（56．9％）显著高于管状腺瘤（3．4％，P＜0．01）。息肉体积大（＞2cm)、基底宽、数量多，癌变率高。腺瘤性息肉经内镜下摘除者其癌变率明显低于未摘除者（P＜0．01）。结论 老年人大肠息肉中的腺瘤性息肉的大小、形态、数量及病理类型是其癌变的主要危险因素，老年人应尽量行全结肠检查，检出大肠息肉者应尽可能首选肠镜下摘除，定期随访，减少癌变的机会。     

不同结肠息肉内窥镜资料和癌变率的回顾性对比分析

本回顾分析了本院1986年1月至1996年6月经活检、电切及手术病理证实的426例结肠息肉病人，共583枚息肉。结果显示：最常见的为炎性息肉、其次为管状腺瘤；息肉好发部位为直肠和乙状结肠。息肉好发年龄在50—69岁肿瘤性息内的平均年龄较肿瘤样息肉明显为高，而腺瘤癌变平均年龄更高；各种肿瘤性息内和幼年性息肉的直径均较炎性息肉和血吸虫卵性息肉等为大，而腺瘤癌变直径更大；本组病例中发生癌变均为腺瘤性息肉，占腺瘤病人的3．99％，其中管状腺瘤、乳头状腺瘤，混合性腺瘤癌变率分别为1．72“，30“、25％，女性乳头状腺瘤癌变率则高选44．44％。这提示对于年龄较大，息肉直径较大，腺瘤样息内，尤其是乳头状腺瘤及混合性肿瘤应高度警惕其癌变可能，对女性乳头状腺瘤更要特别注意。     

Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy

Endoscopic polypectomy has become the preferred technique for the removal of most colorectal adenomas. Whether polypectomy alone or segmental colectomy is the appropriate management of the patient whose adenoma contains carcinoma is a controversial issue. We studied 129 colorectal carcinomas that arose in adenomas and in which invasion was no deeper than the submucosa of the underlying colonic wall. The following factors were evaluated: location; gross appearance (sessile versus pedunculated); histologic type of adenoma (tubular, villous, mixed); grade of carcinoma; level of invasion (0--carcinoma confined to the mucosa, 1--head, 2--neck, 3--stalk, 4--submucosa of underlying colonic wall); vascular invasion; and adequacy of excisional margins. Patients were divided into two groups with respect to outcome: adverse (dead from colorectal carcinoma, alive with colorectal carcinoma or positive nodes on colectomy), and favorable (absence of above). Sixty-three patients were treated by polypectomy alone and 66 by colectomy (21 preceded by polypectomy); there were no operative deaths. Mean follow-up was 81 mo. None of 65 patients with carcinoma confined to the mucosa had an adverse outcome, but 8 of 64 patients with invasive carcinoma did. Level 4 invasion (p less than 0.001) and rectal location (p = 0.025) were the only statistically significant adverse prognostic factors. Seven of 28 level 4 lesions and six of 42 rectal lesions had an adverse outcome; level 4 lesions were overrepresented in the rectum (14 of 42; p = 0.032). We conclude that the level of invasion should be the major factor in determining prognosis for the management of carcinoma arising in an adenoma.     

Endoscopic Removal of Large Colorectal Polyps

PURPOSE: Because of the potential risk of malignancy and technical difficulties in achieving complete removal, large colorectal polyps represent a special problem for the endoscopist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capabilities and risks of endoscopy in complete removal of large colorectal polyps. METHODS: Endoscopic polypectomy of 186 colorectal polyps larger than 3 cm in diameter (range, 3-13 cm) was performed; 141 were sessile and 45 pedunculated. Most of the polyps were located in the rectum (n = 88), sigmoid (n = 63), and cecum (n = 9). The remaining adenomas were situated in other parts of the colon. Sessile polyps were removed using the piecemeal technique. RESULTS: Histology results showed an adenoma in 167 cases, and invasive carcinoma was present in the adenoma in 19 patients. Of the adenomas, 29 were tubulous, 118 tubulovillous, and 20 villous; adenoma with severe dysplasia was found in 49 cases. Complete endoscopic removal was achieved in all sessile and pedunculated polyps. None of the patients with invasive carcinoma who underwent surgical resection (n = 10) had any evidence of tumor in the resected specimen. Bleeding occurred in 4 patients after polypectomy (2 percent). Perforation occurred in 1 patient (0.5 percent), who had an invasive carcinoma of the cecum. There was no procedure-related mortality. During a mean follow-up period of 40 (range, 3-87) months, 6 patients presented with recurrence of a benign adenoma (3 percent), which was treated endoscopically, and 1 patient presented with a recurrent invasive carcinoma, which was treated surgically. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic polypectomy is a safe and effective method of treating large colorectal polyps.     

Large colorectal polyps: colonoscopy, pathology, and management

Between 1984 and 1987, we reviewed all large (greater than or equal to 3.0 cm) colorectal polyps to determine the efficacy of colonoscopic polypectomy from both an oncologic and technical viewpoint. Forty-eight polyps greater than or equal to 3.0 cm were identified in 46 patients. Twenty polyps were entirely benign, 20 polyps contained noninvasive carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma was present in eight polyps. Four of the invasive cancers were associated with residual adenoma; the remaining four were polypoid carcinomas. Among the eight cases of invasive carcinoma, four had tumors that did not extend through the submucosa. Invasive cancer was more prevalent in left-side sessile lesions but was absent in all 10 right-sided polyps. Thirty-two polyps were removed by colonoscopic polypectomy. Four patients required colectomy after polypectomy for the following reasons: incomplete excision (N = 1), presence of invasive carcinoma at the resection margin (N = 1), and inability to define the level of carcinoma on pathologic examination (N = 2). Two polyps with cancer confined to the submucosa were successfully excised colonoscopically. Complications of polypectomy included three cases of minor hemorrhage. Sixteen polyps (the majority located in the right colon) were removed by primary surgical colectomy. We conclude that colonoscopic polypectomy is oncologically and technically successful for most large colorectal polyps. A minority of large polyps require colectomy because of incomplete removal or the presence of invasive cancer that is not curable with colonoscopic excision.     

符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者异时结直肠肿瘤发病风险研究

目的探讨符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者术后异时结直肠癌及高危腺瘤的发病风险及对生存的影响。 方法回顾分析南京医科大学附属江苏省肿瘤医院收治的34例符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者术后生存与异时结直肠肿瘤发病的随访资料。 结果6例患者接受了结肠全切除治疗,中位随访122个月,无异时结直肠肿瘤发生。28例患者接受了结肠部分切除治疗,中位随访82个月,10例发生了异时结直肠癌,1例发生了需要手术切除的异时结肠腺瘤。结肠部分切除组5年和10年累计异时结直肠肿瘤发病风险分别为24.1%和48.2%,与结肠全切除组相比差异具有统计学意义（P=0.047）。全组总体5年和10年生存率分别为100%和85.6%。结肠部分切除组与结肠全切除组总体生存率差异无统计学意义（P=0.306）。发生异时结直肠肿瘤的患者与没有发生异时结直肠肿瘤的患者相比,总体生存率差异无统计学意义（P=0.901）。结肠部分切除后患者性别、年龄、既往结直肠癌手术史、肿瘤部位、分化程度和分期与异时结直肠肿瘤的发病风险均无显著相关关系。 结论符合Amsterdam标准的结肠肿瘤患者术后发生异时结直肠肿瘤的风险相当高,与结肠部分切除相比,结肠全切除治疗有助于预防异时结直肠肿瘤,但不能显著改善总体生存率。     

内镜黏膜切除术治疗大肠广基大息肉

目的探讨内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)对肠道广基大息肉样病变的治疗价值。方法采用结肠镜下大肠黏膜切除术治疗135例共157个结直肠广基大息肉。病灶黏膜下注射肾上腺素生理盐水后,一次圈套整块切除或分次圈套切除病变,回收全部标本送病理检查,术后结肠镜随访。结果全部息肉EMR一次切除,除3个位于直肠黏膜下的病灶小于1 cm外,其余均大于1.5 cm,最大的13 cm×12 cm,无手术并发症。术后病理:腺瘤123个,其中有异型增生80个;黏膜内癌11个;增生性息肉20个;直肠类癌3个。随访中,有2例大于7 cm的直肠腺瘤分别于术后1个月及3个月复查时复发,均给予热活检钳完整钳除,病理分别为增生性息肉和绒毛状腺瘤,再复查6-12个月无复发。结论EMR是治疗大肠癌前病变及黏膜内癌安全、有效的方法。     

Increased risk of early colorectal neoplasms after hepatic transplant in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increase in colon and rectal carcinoma. Immunosuppression after transplantation increases the incidence of certain types of tumors. PURPOSE: We reviewed the postoperative course of IBD patients who had undergone hepatic transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis to see whether there was an increase in the rate of colorectal neoplasms. METHODS: The charts of 44 patients from two institutions who had undergone a hepatic transplant for primary sclerosing cholangitis were reviewed. Of these 44 patients, 33 had IBD (32 chronic ulcerative colitis, 1 Crohn's). Of these 33 patients, 2 had previously undergone total colectomy/proctectomy and 4 died in the perioperative period. The remaining 27 patients had all undergone colonoscopic evaluation just prior to transplant. Postoperatively all patients were given prednisone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Minimum follow-up was 12 months; mean follow-up was 39 months. RESULTS: Three of the 27 patients (11.1 percent) developed early colorectal neoplasms (2 cancers, 1 large villous adenoma with severe dysplasia) at 9, 12, and 13 months post-transplant. All three patients were successfully treated with a total colectomy/proctectomy or resection of any remaining colon. These 3 patients had a mean 19-year history of IBD (range, 9–27 years), while the 24 patients without tumors had a mean 18-year history of IBD (range, 6–39 years). CONCLUSION: There is a subset of transplant patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and IBD who rapidly develop colorectal neoplasms. Frequent surveillance is recommended for IBD patients in the post-transplant period.Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, San Francisco, California, June 7 to 12, 1992.     

Clinical significance of small colorectal adenoma less than 10 mm: the KASID study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Polypectomy is the current modality of choice to prevent benign colorectal adenoma from progressing to an invasive cancer. However, in cases of small colorectal adenoma, it remains unclear as to whether polypectomy is actually an effective treatment modality. We evaluated the clinical significance of polypectomy in cases of small colorectal adenomas, measuring less than 10 mm. METHODOLOGY: All colonoscopies were performed at 11 Korean tertiary medical centers, between July 2003 and March 2004. A total of 5996 colorectal adenomas were detected and divided into 5 groups according to their size (Group 1; 1-5 mm, Group 2; 6-7 mm, Group 3; 8-9 mm, Group 4; 10-19 mm, Group 5; more than 20 mm). The term 'advanced adenoma' refers here to tubular adenomas with diameters of at least 10 mm, or to tubulovillous, villous, or high-grade dysplasia, irrespective of size. 'Cancer' here is defined as the invasion of malignant cells beyond the muscularis mucosa. RESULTS: As the sizes of the adenomas increased, the prevalence of advanced adenoma was also observed to increase. In Groups 2 and 3, the prevalence of tubulovillous or villous adenoma were higher than was expected (5.2% and 6.6%, p < 0.001). Interestingly enough, in Group 2, the prevalence of cancer was at least as high as in Group 4 (0.7% vs. 0.5%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In cases of small colorectal adenomas, measuring between 6 and 9 mm, the prevalence of cancer was at least as high as that seen in the cases of colorectal adenomas measuring between 10 and 19 mm. Therefore, small colorectal adenomas measuring between 6 and 9 mm should not be ignored, in order to decrease the prevalence of colorectal cancer.     

Safer Colonoscopic Polypectomy with Local Submucosal Injection of Hypertonic Saline-Epinephrine Solution

Background: In view of the popular acceptance of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, endoscopic polypectomy is indicated for the removal of colorectal adenomas. Larger or sessile lesions should be removed by an experienced endoscopist, but complications such as hemorrhage and perforation still may occur. Methods: To render the removal of sessile lesions feasible by endoscopic polypectomy and to reduce the risk of complications, we attempted local submucosal injection of hypertonic saline-epinephrine solution [(HSE) a mixture of 4.7% sodium chloride and 0.005% epinephrine] before electrosurgical snare excision; 0.5-2 ml HSE were injected into the base and immediate vicinity of polyps to produce mucosal bulging. Results: Between August 1990 and April 1992, 645 polyps in 403 patients were removed by this method; sessile lesions could be more readily removed. Of these, 17 (2.6%) revealed invasive carcinoma and 19 (3.0%) carcinoma in situ. The largest sessile polyp removed was 40 mm in diameter and 7 mm in height and contained a carcinoma in situ. Even a 6-mm depressed adenoma and two rectal carcinoid tumors could be excised completely. No serious complications were encountered with this metbod. Conclusion: We conclude that local injection of HSE makes the endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps much easier and safer.     

Follow-up Study of Early Colorectal Cancer After Endoscopic Resection

Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the significance of long-term follow-up observation of early colorectal cancer following endoscopic resection. The subjects included 100 patients who had undergone early colorectal cancer resection by endoscopic polypectomy with prior injection of the base (73 patients with mucosal carcinoma (m cancer), 24 Patients with submucosal carcinoma (sm cancer), and 3 patients with multiple early colorectal cancers. Posttherapeutic observation was carried out by endoscopy. The results were, briefly, as follows: 1) No cases of local recurrence or metastasis were observed during the follow-up observation period for up to a period of 14 years. 2) 3 cases (3%) of metachronous carcinoma were detected, 2 of these patients had early carcinoma and 1 had advanced carcinoma. The mean period which elapsed before the detection of metachronous cancers was 35.0 ± 15.3 months. 3) The incidence of adenoma during the follow-up period was 40%, the frequency of newly detected adenoma was relatively high among the patients with coexisting adenoma at the time of treatment for early carcinoma and among the elderly patients aged 60 years or over, 4) No cancer was detected after establishing a clean colon, and the incidence of adenoma in such cases was relatively low, i. e., 14.5%. The mean period of time which elapsed until the detection of the adenoma was 24.4 ± 18.0 months. The results of this study indicated that endoscopic examination is necessary and useful for surveillance of local recurrence or metachronous carcinoma as well as the detection of adenoma.     

Polyps with an invasive degenerated focus

Advances in technology of flexible endoscopes have greatly changed the management of patients with adenomatous polyps of the colon and rectum. Some controversy still exists concerning the best treatment for invasive polyps. For some authors, invasive polyps need radical operation, while others think that unless cancer goes beyond the bounds of a removed polyp, endoscopic resection is an adequate procedure. We designed a study of 65 patients presenting an invasive carcinoma arising in adenomatous polyps and who underwent a colorectal resection thereafter, in order to determine which endoscopic and histological features correlated best with a curative treatment by polypectomy. When the group of "non-curative polypectomies", (carcinoma in the surgical specimen: 34 patients) was compared to the group of "curative polypectomies" (carcinoma in the surgical specimen: 31 patients), there was no significant difference in the number of pedunculated or sessile polyps but a polyp's size exceeding 30 mm was significantly more frequent in the group of "non-curative polypectomies" (P less than 0.005) as well as a tubulo-villous or villous histological type (P less than 0.001) and presence of vascular neoplastic invasion (P less than 0.01). In conclusion, a surgical resection after endoscopic polypectomy of a polyp containing an invasive carcinoma is necessary for a polyp's size exceeding 30 mm, for a villous or tubulo-villous type and in the presence of vascular neoplastic invasion in the pathological analysis of the removed polyp.