选择性术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨选择性术中胆道造影（PTC）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的应用价值。方法回顾分析35例行LC的患者在术中经胆囊管插管进行胆管造影的结果。结果 35例LC术中胆管造影均成功,术中发现胆总管结石4例,行腹腔镜胆道探查、T型管引流术。结论 LC术中胆管造影操作方便可行,显影清晰,成功率高,能发现术前未能发现的胆总管结石有效的降低胆管残石率,通过造影还可以排除胆道结石,避免阴性探查,减少患者痛苦,在复杂胆囊切除术中可帮助辨别解剖关系、发现解剖变异,避免术中胆管损伤,提高了LC手术的质量和安全性。     

腹腔镜超声检查在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）中，术者常需要了解胆总管有无结石，肝外胆管及胆囊管的解剖变异及相互关系如何；手术是否已造成严重的胆道损伤等。以往人们为了解这些信息，一般都借助腹腔镜术中胆道造影（ＩＯＣＧ）。近年来一些作者采用了腹腔镜术中超声检查（ＬＵＳ）来...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术1475例报告

１９９１年９月至１９９３年９月，为各种类型的胆囊良性疾患行腹腔镜胆囊切除术１４７５例，中转手术２８例（１．９％），发生各种并发症２７例（１．８％），其中肝外胆管损伤４例，术后需剖腹止血３例，胆囊管残端瘘１例。治愈１４７４例，死亡１例。重点讨论腹腔镜胆囊切除术的并发症、中转手术指征，强调辨认胆囊壶腹在预防肝外胆管损伤中的作用。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的探讨术中胆道造影（IOC）在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年7月至2008年7月行LC病例442例,其中经ICO患者82例,占手术的18.4%。结果成功完成IOC 81例（97.5%）。发现胆总管结石13例（46.0%）,胆囊管结石4例（4.9%）,胆囊管汇入右肝管4例（4.8%）,胆总管远段狭窄3例（3.7%）,术中胆总管损伤1例（1.2%）。结论 LC中IOC对发现胆管结石的残留、及时发现胆管损伤、明确胆管解剖及变异均有帮助,值得在基层医院推广。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经硬膜外穿刺针行胆道造影124例应用体会

124例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)患者,术中运用经硬膜外穿刺针行胆道造影.术中胆道造影全部成功,其中胆总管内结石15例,右肝管汇入胆囊管1例,胆总管远段狭窄1例.未出现胆管损伤及严重并发症.术后随访半年复查结果均未出现胆总管结石残留、胆道损伤等严重并发症,转氨酶、胆红素等指标均下降至正常.认为选择性术中胆道造影可避免不必要的胆道探查及胆总管结石残留.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆管损伤26例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中并发胆管损伤的类型。原因及其预防。方法 回顾分析26例胆管损伤的原因。修复方法与结果。结果 本组术中胆管解剖关系不清所致胆管损伤15例。其中经胆囊管造影显示胆管识别错误电动致胆管切开10例，钛夹夹闭胆管3例；胆管电凝热传导伤4例。胆管撕裂，4例。结论 胆管解剖不清所致的胆管损伤是LC胆管损伤最常见类型。占58%，准确掌握术中造影能及时发现胆管识别错误所致的胆管损伤，仔细分清肝总管远端，胆总管近端，胆囊管近端及其汇合处，胆囊三角区内正确分离与安全止血是预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中吲哚菁绿胆道造影精准识别胆总管的应用

目的胆总管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中的常见并发症。采用吲哚菁绿（ICG）术中显影的方法精准识别胆总管,以期降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆总管损伤的发生率。方法纳入珠海市人民医院2021年4月—6月行LC患者68例,其中行常规LC患者56例,ICG胆道造影引导下LC患者12例。常规LC组患者用腹腔镜白光、ICG胆道造影组用近红外光检查胆总管、胆囊管和胆囊。采用倾向评分匹配法对两组术前数据进行平衡。采用t检验和χ²检验比较两组术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间及胆总管损伤发生率。结果胆道造影组术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间及并发症发生率分别为（3.1±0.9）mL,（20.2±1.6）min,（1.2±0.3）d和0;明显低于常规组的（10.8±2.3）mL,（48.3±5.1）min,（2.3±0.8）d和8.3%（t值分别为-22.709、-19.856、-19.507,χ²=1.287,P值均<0.05）。结论 ICG胆道造影是LC术中鉴别胆总管和胆囊管的有效方法,可有效预防胆总管的损伤。该方法胆道辨识度更高、起效时间长、可重复使...     

326例胆囊结石患者规范化治疗的体会

目的：探讨胆囊结石临床分期及规范化治疗模式的可行性。方法对2012年1月－2013年12月期间在新安县人民医院治疗的326例胆囊结石患者,依据其临床资料,按结石对胆囊的病理侵害程度进行术前分期（Ⅰ～Ⅳ期）,决定相应的治疗方式,观察临床效果。结果本组326例患者中,Ⅰ期患者57例,小切口胆道镜取石保胆术53例,其中中转胆囊造瘘术3例,1年后发生胆囊结石复发1例;腹腔镜胆囊切除术4例。Ⅱ期患者152例,腹腔镜胆囊切除术122例,其中中转开腹胆囊切除术2例,发生胆漏2例,无胆管损伤严重并发症;开腹胆囊切除术30例,发生切口脂肪液化2例,无胆漏、胆管损伤发生。Ⅲ期患者87例,开腹胆囊切除术50例,发生切口脂肪液化3例,无胆漏、胆管损伤发生;开腹胆道镜辅助胆囊造瘘术37例,发生切口脂肪液化7例,10例术后3个月造影显示胆囊管不通,或胆囊管开口异常而行开腹胆囊切除术。Ⅳ期患者30例,行胆囊切除术＋胆总管切开取石术30例,发生切口脂肪液化2例,无胆漏、胆管损伤。患者均痊愈出院,无死亡病例。总的不良事件发生率为6．75％。结论对胆囊结石患者实行规范化治疗,是保证胆囊结石患者治疗效果,有效避免或减少术后并发症的有效方法,值得临床尝试。     

术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用价值

目的探讨在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应用胆道造影的临床价值。方法选取腹腔镜胆囊切除术中同时行术中胆道造影的65例患者(观察组)和胆囊颈管穿刺胆总管造影的48例患者(对照组),两组分别采用不同的胆道造影方法,比较两组胆道造影插管成功率、造影剂用量、造影时间、造影剂胆漏发生率。结果观察组胆道造影插管成功率为93.8%,使用造影剂(21.2±6.1)mL,造影时间(16.0±4.5)min,造影剂胆漏发生率为1.6%;对照组胆总管造影穿刺成功率为95.8%,使用造影剂(24.6±5.7)mL,造影时间(14.2±3.7)min,造影剂胆漏发生率为10.8%。两组造影剂使用量、造影时间、胆漏发生率均有统计学差异(P均<0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管造影操作简单、方便,成功率高。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发症30例

目的分析腹腔镜胆囊切除（LC）手术并发症的原因与预防．方法在809例LC病例中统计出30例胆管损伤等严重并发症，有术中手术区出血中转开腹6例，电刀击穿膈肌1例，抓钳抓破小肠1例，胆管损伤术后胆漏13例（8例经剖腹探查证实处理），穿刺锥伤及骼血管政假性动脉瘤1例，术后胆管炎3例，切口感染5例．手术区出血原因主要是胆囊动脉损伤或处理不当，未辨识请血管走行而误伤．胆管损伤常因牵拉过度导致撕裂、胆囊三角解剖结构紊乱误伤、盲目止血时损伤或电热传导致伤．胆漏多由术中损伤胆管未及发现或因胆囊管处理不当、术后钛夹松动脱落所造成．结果上述并发症在预防上，我们的经验教训是LC手术必须①掌握正确的腹壁穿刺，注意穿刺方向和用力强度；②避免过度牵拉胆囊管；③清楚地显露、确认、分离胆囊管，仔细解剖与钝性分离胆囊三角；④牢靠地夹闭胆囊管，谨防术后胆囊管回缩政钛夹松脱；⑤避免于盲视下止血而误伤胆管；⑥掌握解剖层次，找准粘膜下间隙准确剥离胆囊，胆床创面彻底止血；⑦每个器械都要在电视下到位操作，慎防电刀反弹损伤；⑧正确对待中转开腹．结论熟炼LC技术，谨慎仔细操作，必要时中转开腹是预防LC手术并发症的关键措施．     

Is intra-operative cholangiography necessary during laparoscopic cholecystectomy？ A multicentre rural experience from a developing world country

AIM: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in nonteaching rural hospitals of a developing country without intra-operative cholangiography (IOC). To evaluate the possibility of reduction of costs and hospital stay for patients undergoing LC.METHODS: A prospective analysis of patients with symptomatic benign diseases of gall bladder undergoing LC in three non-teaching rural hospitals of Kashmir Valley from Jan 2001 to Jan 2007. The cohort represented a sample of patients requiring LC, aged 13 to 78 (mean 47.2) years. Main outcome parameters included mortality, complications, re-operation, conversion to open procedure without resorting to IOC, reduction in costs borne by the hospital, and the duration of hospital stay.RESULTS: Twelve hundred and sixty-seven patients (976 females/291 males) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Twenty-three cases were converted to open procedures; 12 patients developed port site infection, nobody died because of the procedure. One patient had common bile duct (CBD) injury, 4 patients had biliary leak, and 4 patients had subcutaneous emphysema. One cholecystohepatic duct was detected and managed intraoperatively, 1 patient had retained CBD stones, while 1 patient had retained cystic duct stones. Incidental gallbladder malignancy was detected in 2 cases. No long-term complications were detected up to now.CONCLUSION: LC can be performed safely even in non-teaching rural hospitals of a developing country provided proper equipment is available and the surgeons and other team members are well trained in the procedure. It is stressed that IOC is not essential to prevent biliary tract injuries and missed CBD stones. The costs to the patient and the hospital can be minimized by using reusable instruments, intracorporeal sutures, and condoms instead of titanium clips and endobags.     

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the same session:Feasibility and safety

AIM:To explore the feasibility and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)performed during the same session.METHODS:Between July 2010 and May 2013,156patients with gallstones and common bile duct(CBD)stones were enrolled in this retrospective study.According to the sequence of endoscopic procedures and LC,patients were classified into two groups:in group1,patients underwent endoscopic stone extraction and LC during the same session,and in group 2,patients underwent LC at least 3 d after endoscopic stone extraction.Outcomes of the endoscopic procedures and LC were compared between the two groups,respectively.RESULTS:There were 91 patients in group 1 and65 patients in group 2.The characteristics of the two groups were similar.The mean duration of the endoscopic procedures was 34.9 min in group 1 and 35.3min in group 2.There were no significant differences in the success rate of the endoscopic procedures(97.8%for group 1 vs 98.5%for group 2),the total rate of endoscopic complications(4.40%for group 1 vs 4.62%for group 2)and CBD stone clearance rate(96.7%for group 1 vs 96.9%for group 2).Duration of LC was53.6 min in group 1 and 52.8 min in group 2.There were no significant differences in the overall LC-related morbidity and postoperative hospital stay.CONCLUSION:Endoscopic stone extraction and LC performed during the same session was feasible and safe in patients with gallstones and concomitant CBD stones.     

Is intraoperative cholangiography necessary during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis?

AIM:To determine the efficacy and safety benefits of performing intraoperative cholangiography(IOC)during laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)to treat symptomatic cholelithiasis.METHODS:Patients admitted to the Minimally Invasive Surgery Center of Tianjin Nankai Hospital between January2012 and January 2014 for management of symptomaticcholelithiasis were recruited for this prospective randomized trial.Study enrollment was offered to patients with clinical presentation of biliary colic symptoms,radiological findings suggestive of gallstones,and normal serum biochemistry results.Study participants were randomized to receive either routine LC treatment or LC+IOC treatment.The routine LC procedure was carried out using the standard four-port technique;the LC+IOC procedure was carried out with the addition of meglumine diatrizoate(1:1 dilution with normal saline)injection via a catheter introduced through a small incision in the cystic duct made by laparoscopic scissors.Operative data and postoperative outcomes,including operative time,retained common bile duct(CBD)stones,CBD injury,other complications and length of hospital stay,were recorded for comparative analysis.Inter-group differences were statistically assessed by theχ2 test(categorical variables)and Fisher’s exact test(binary variables),with the threshold for statistical significance set at P0.05.RESULTS:A total of 371 patients were enrolled in the trial(late-adolescent to adult,age range:16-70 years),with 185 assigned to the routine LC group and 186 to the LC+IOC group.The two treatment groups were similar in age,sex,body mass index,duration of symptomology,number and size of gallstones,and clinical symptoms.The two treatment groups also showed no significant differences in the rates of successful LC(98.38%vs97.85%),CBD stone retainment(0.54%vs 0.00%),CBD injury(0.54%vs 0.53%)and other complications(2.16%vs 2.15%),as well as in duration of hospital stay(5.10±1.41 d vs 4.99±1.53 d).However,the LC+IOC treatment group showed significantly longer mean operative time(routine LC group:43.00±4.15 min vs 52.86±4.47 min,P0.01).There were no cases of fatal complications in either group.At the one-year follow-up assessment,one patient in the routine LC group reported experiencing diarrhea for three months after the LC and one patient in the LC+IOC group reported ongoing intermittent epigastric discomfort,but radiologicalexamination provided no abnormal findings.CONCLUSION:IOC addition to the routine LC treatment of symptomatic cholelithiasis does not improve rates of CBD stone retainment or bile duct injury but lengthens operative time.     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones: Study of 13 cases

In recent years, laparoscopic surgery for common bile duct (CBD) stones has been gaining wider acceptance. We report our experience with the laparoscopic management of CBD stones in 16 patients (9 males and 7 females; mean age, 62 years; range, 27–81 years). We considered two options for the laparoscopic procedures: (1) transcystic CBD exploration for those patients with fewer than 3 CBD stones, 5 mm or less in diameter, in whom the diameter of the cystic duct exceeded that of the CBD stones and (2) choledochotomy with T-tube drainage for other patients, unless a preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangio-drainage (PTCD) tube had been inserted. We successfully removed CBD stones by laparoscopic management in 13 of the 16 patients. The procedures employed were laparoscopic choledocholithotomy in 10 patients and laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration and stone extraction in 3 patients. We converted to open choledochotomy in 3 patients, because of severe inflammation and dense adhesions due to acute cholecystitis in 2 patients and because of wide adhesions due to previous surgery in 1. We conclude that laparoscopic procedure is a safe and effective method for the removal of CBD stones.     

Common bile duct stones: management strategies in the laparoscopic era

We reviewed our experience with the treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones in 70 patients by sequential endoscopic-laparoscopic management and single-stage laparoscopic treatment during the past 7 years. The advantages, disadvantages, and feasibility of the two procedures are discussed to elucidate therapeutic strategies for patients harboring gallbladder stones and associated choledocholithiasis. In 44 patients, sequential endoscopic-laparoscopic management was indicatedd, and was successful in 37 of them but, in seven patients endoscopic stone extraction could not be accomplished. Single-stage laparoscopic treatment was attempted in 26 patients. In practice, laparoscopic transcystic common duct exploration or choledochotomy may not always be feasible if the cystic duct or CBD are not dilated; there is a high risk of intraoperative CBD injury in such circumstances. Laparoscopic management was considered to be especially useful for the treatment of numerous, large or difficult stones, because stone removal could be succesfully performed without any injury to the papilla of Vater. This last issue is of particular importance in patients with dilated CBD, because insufficient opening of the ampulla of Vater made by endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) may lead to stasis and reflux-related complications such as cholangitis and recurrent stones. We conclude that the most rational management of CBD stones should be decided according to the size of the CBD, which depends on the size, number, and location of stones. Patients with dilated CBD are indicated to under-go laparoscopic single-stage treatment and combined endoscopic-laparoscopic treatment may be best for patients with non-dilated CBD.     

Laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct through a choledochotomy: Report of three cases

This article reports three cases of totally intraabdominal laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct via a choledochotomy with extraction of stones. The patients had failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) stone extraction because of the size of the stones in two instances, and in the third, because of the presence of a duodenal diverticulum. This procedure is a promising solution to the problem of large common bile duct (CBD) stones in centers which have established laparoscopic cholecystectomy expertise.     

Should we redefine large common bile duct stone？

The definition of large stones is not clear ranging from 10 mm to 15 mm and does not include the lower common bile duct （CBD） diameter. Three hundred and four patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and stone extraction were retrospectively analyzed over a 1-year period, Sixteen patients were different from others in that 10 patients with large stones had stone extraction with a wire basket or a balloon catheter and 6 patients with small stones had stone extraction with mechanical lithotripsy. The definition of large stones should include diameter of the lower CBD and any stone in lower CBD with its diameter greater than 2 mm,     

Laparoscopic management of common bile duct stones

We reviewed our experience with the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones in 100 consecutive patients treated laparoscopicaly during the past 9 years (1990—1998) and evaluated the advantages, disadvantages, and feasibility of the treatment, to elucidate reasonable therapeutic strategies for patients harboring CBD stones. We conclude that the most rational management of CBD stones is that which is decided according to the size of the CBD, which, in turn, depends on the size, number, and location of stones. The cystic duct in patients with a non‐dilated CBD is narrow, because the size of the CBD depends on the size and number of stones that have migrated through the narrow cystic duct, and the stones in the non‐dilated CBD are therefore usually small in size and number. Patients with a dilated CBD, however, are good candidates to undergo single‐stage laparoscopic treatment. In our Department, therefore, even if complete removal of stones has failed in patients with non‐dilated CBD, further choledochotomy is not carried out, and a C‐tube is placed through the cystic duct for a subsequent postoperative transduodenal approach, because laparoscopic transcystic CBD exploration and choledochotomy may not be always feasible in those patients with non‐dilated CBD, and spontaneous migration of small stones into the duodenum is frequently noted. In fact, some stones demonstrated on intraoperative cholangiograms were not revealed by postoperative cholangiography. In contrast, retained stones detected postoperatively were successfully removed by postoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST), the endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation technique (EPBDT), or postoperative cholangioscopy (POCS) without any injury to the sphinter of Oddi. With this approach, we believe that the causes of stone recurrence can be avoided in the majority of cases.     

逆行胰胆管造影、乳头括约肌切开配合腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆石症

为治疗伴有或可疑伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人，在对胆囊结石病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（ＬＣ）时，对ＬＣ术前可疑伴有胆总管继发性结石的１４２例病人（术前组）和ＬＣ术后可疑胆总管残留结石的３９例病人（术后组）选择性地行逆行性胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）检查和乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）治疗。结果：术前组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管继发结石６５例，ＥＳＴ清除结石６０例，清除率９１．５％；术后组ＥＲＣＰ发现胆总管残留结石６例，ＥＳＴ清除结石５例。结果提示ＥＲＣＰ、ＥＳＴ配合ＬＣ治疗伴有胆总管结石的胆囊结石病人是一种安全有效的好方法，明显减少了ＬＣ的并发症和胆总管结石开腹手术的比例。