Prognostic Evaluation of the New American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Staging System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Analysis of 112 Cirrhotic Patients Resected for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background In 2002, the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the International Union Against Cancer redefined the T-classification for hepatocellular carcinoma, shifting the cutoff value for tumor size from 2 to 5 cm and giving more emphasis to vascular invasion.Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 223 consecutive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma observed between 1990 and 2002. One hundred twelve were resected and considered for retrospective analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on several clinicopathologic variables. After classification according to each staging system, the long-term survival of different stages was compared. The prognostic value of each staging system was further evaluated by entering each stage, in turn, into the Cox regression model with other clinicopathologic variables. The median follow-up was 19 months.Results On multivariate analysis, the viral etiology of cirrhosis and the presence of multiple nodules were independent prognostic factors. When the new staging system was entered into the multivariate analysis, it was the only independent factor (P = .02). When stratified according to the old tumor-node-metastasis system, there were no significant differences in the survival between stage I and II (P = .14) or between stage IIIA and IVA (P = .33); only the survival of stage II and IIIA was different (P < .01). When stratified according to the new tumor-node-metastasis system, there were significant differences between stage I and II (71.7% vs. 54.7%; P = .02).Conclusions The new staging system is a more reliable and objective method for T classification. It is easy to use in clinical practice and is better at stratifying curatively resected patients with respect to prognosis.Published by Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. © 2005 The Society of Surgical Oncology, Inc.     

胃癌第7版TNM分期的临床应用

目的:分析胃癌第7版与第6版TNM分期之间的差别.方法:回顾性分析316例胃癌患者的临床病理资料,按第6版及第7版TNM分期标准分别进行分期,并分析各期5年生存率.结果:两版TNM分期在同一期之间生存差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第7版Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期5年生存率分别为64.2%、49.9%、17.8%、0.0%,4个分期5年生存率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ⅢA期、ⅢB期、ⅢC期5年生存率分别为32.2%、28.2%、5.0%,3个亚期5年生存率差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05).结论:第7版TNM分期更加细化,并对患者预后做出科学的评估.对不同分期的患者进行个体化综合治疗,具有临床应用价值.     

Prognostic Significance of Level and Number of Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Gastric Cancer

BACKGROUND: To present data that provide some insight into the appropriateness of a nodal grouping category and its relation to survival in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: We reviewed data of 777 patients with advanced gastric cancer who had undergone curative gastrectomy to investigate the prognostic significance of level and number of lymph node metastases. RESULTS: The prognosis of patients with gastric cancer was well correlated with the level and number of lymph node metastases. Multivariate analysis indicated that the level and number of lymph node metastases were independent prognostic indicators. Moreover, the number of lymph node metastases was an independent prognostic factor in N1, N2, and N3 patients. The most statistically significant difference in disease-specific survival was observed at a threshold of 11 lymph node metastases, yielding a chi2 value of 42.88, a hazard ratio of 2.523, at a 95% confidence interval of 1.913, 3.329 (P < .0001) by Cox proportional hazard model. On the basis of this result, patients were divided into two groups as follows: marked lymph node metastasis group (number of positive nodes > or =11) and slight lymph node metastasis group (number of positive nodes < or =10). The prognosis of patients with marked lymph node metastasis was statistically significantly worse than that with slight lymph node metastasis in N1, N2, and N3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Both level and number were indispensable for evaluating lymph node metastasis. Therefore, addition of the number of positive nodes to the N category defined by the Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma may be a useful strategy in the N staging classification in gastric cancer.     

Revised American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Criteria Accurately Predict Sentinel Lymph Node Positivity in Clinically Node-Negative Melanoma Patients

Background: The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has recently modified staging criteria for primary melanoma patients and recommends sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in many because microscopic nodal metastasis represents the most important factor predicting survival. The purpose of this study was to correlate the incidence of SLN metastasis with revised AJCC staging.Methods: The records of 1375 melanoma patients undergoing SLN biopsy were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of a positive SLN. Patients were stratified by using revised AJCC criteria to determine whether such groups also predicted positive SLNs.Results: A positive SLN was found in 16.9% of patients. By multivariate analysis, tumor thickness (relative risk [RR], 3.4) and ulceration (RR, 2.2) were dominant independent predictors of SLN metastases; age 50 years (RR, 1.8) and axial tumor location (RR, 1.5) were also significant. When patients were stratified by AJCC staging criteria, a significant increase in SLN metastases between successive stages was demonstrated.Conclusions: Stratification of patients by using AJCC classification reveals an increasing risk of SLN metastases with successive stage groups. Given the significant association of SLN status and survival, the ability of the revised AJCC staging system to predict survival is likely due to its ability to predict the risk of occult nodal disease.Presented at the Society of Surgical Oncology Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, March 14–17, 2002.     

胃间质瘤67例预后分析

目的探讨胃间质瘤的预后。方法回顾性分析1994~2004年67例胃间质瘤临床病理资料,以新的间质瘤分级法F lecther分级。采用kap lan-m e ier法绘制生存曲线(log-rank检验)和cox多因素回归分析对该组病例预后分析。结果根据F lecther风险分级,极低风险5例(7.5%),低风险11例(16.4%),中风险29例(43.3%),高风险22例(32.8%),术后生存率随分级依次递减(P=0.0001),比较肿瘤大小,核分裂相(>5,≤5),是否伴发远处转移,是否伴发淋巴结转移差异具有显著性(P<0.05),根治性手术与非根治性手术组比较差异具有显著性(P=0.04)。而肿瘤位置、年龄、性别、免疫组化表达情况、是否联合脏器切除差异无显著性。结论用F lecther分级对胃间质瘤分级评价更为科学合理。根治性手术是治疗胃间质瘤最佳选择,核分裂相是判断预后的独立预后因素。     

第8版国际抗癌联盟和美国癌症联合委员会胃癌TNM分期系统简介及解读

目前胃癌的TNM分期已经成为临床胃癌诊疗的首选参考依据。在国际抗癌联盟(UICC)、国际胃癌协会(IGCA)和美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)的共同协作推动下,通过对全世界范围内胃癌大数据的收集与分析,于2016年10月颁布了第8版胃癌TNM分期系统。第8版TNM分期系统对食管-胃结合部及贲门癌分期标准的选择做出了明确的定义;同时还在单一分期系统的基础上新增了临床TNM分期(cTNM)和新辅助治疗后分期(ypTNM)。此外,新版的分期系统将N3的两个亚组N3a和N3b作为独立组别纳入到分期系统,还对组织学分级进行了一些调整。总的来说,相比第7版胃癌TNM分期系统,新版的分期系统可以指导临床医生更加合理地制定治疗方案,更加科学地评价治疗效果,更加准确地评估预后。然而,随着临床广泛应用和进一步验证,以及新的预测因子的发现,必将会有新的分期系统替代和完善旧的分期系统。     

The New American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer Staging System for Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach: Increased Complexity without Clear Improvement in Predictive Accuracy

Purpose

To evaluate the changes in the 7th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for stomach cancer compared to the 6th edition; to compare the predictive accuracy of the two staging systems.

Methods

In a combined database containing 2,196 patients who underwent an R0 resection for gastric adenocarcinoma, differences between the two staging systems were evaluated and stage-specific survival estimates compared. Concordance probability and Brier scores were estimated for both systems to examine the predictive accuracy.

Results

Nodal status cutoff values were changed, leading to a more even distribution for the redefined N1, N2, and N3 group. AJCC 6th edition stage II reflected a highly heterogeneous population, which is now adequately subdivided in the AJCC 7th edition into stages IIA, IIB, and IIIA. The predictive accuracy of N classification improved significantly as measured by concordance. Despite increased complexity, the predictive accuracy of AJCC 7th stage grouping was significantly worse than that of the AJCC 6th edition.

Discussion

The increased complexity of the 7th edition staging system is accompanied by improvements in the predictive value of nodal staging as compared to the 6th edition, but it was no better in overall stage-specific predictive accuracy. Future refinements of the tumor, node, metastasis staging system should consider whether increased complexity is balanced by improved prognostic accuracy.     

残胃癌淋巴结转移的相关研究

目的探讨残胃癌淋巴结转移的特点,为残胃癌术中合理的淋巴结清扫提供依据。方法回顾性分析广西壮族自治区人民医院普外-儿外科2004年6月至2012年6月期间由同一手术者进行残胃癌根治术的22例患者的临床资料,并用等距随机抽样法随机抽取同期原发性胃癌患者50例作为对照,比较2组患者的临床病理资料及术中所清扫淋巴结的转移情况。结果与原发性胃癌患者相比,残胃癌患者联合脏器切除率较高〔54.55%（12/22）比14.00%（7/50）〕,差异有统计学意义（χ2=12.929,P=0.000）。在淋巴结转移方面,残胃癌患者淋巴结总转移阳性率明显高于原发性胃癌患者〔30.56%（103/337）比22.13%（208/940）〕,差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.583,P=0.002）;微转移方面,残胃癌患者淋巴结微转移阳性率高于原发性胃癌〔2.97%（10/337）比1.49%（14/940）〕,但差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.939,P=0.086）。残胃癌患者No.10淋巴结总转移阳性率较原发性胃癌患者高〔52.17%（12/23）比17.39%（4/23）〕,差异有统计学意义（χ2=6.133,P=0.013）;残胃癌患者No.10的12个转移淋巴结中有4个微转移,原发性胃癌中未检出微转移淋巴结。残胃癌空肠系膜淋巴结转移阳性率为35.71%（5/14）。结论残胃癌有其独特的淋巴结转移规律,术中应行D2淋巴结廓清术和空肠系膜淋巴结清扫术,同时应重点对No.10淋巴结进行清扫,必要时行联合脏器切除。     

Morphological Distribution of Metastatic Foci in Sentinel Lymph Nodes with Gastric Cancer

Background The TNM classification defines micrometastasis (MM) and isolated tumor cells (ITC) in lymph nodes (LN). Sentinel node (SN) navigation surgery has been introduced in gastrointestinal cancer. Few reports have examined the morphological distribution of MM and ITC of SN in gastric cancer. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical significance of the morphological distribution of cancer cells in SNs according to metastasis (MA), MM, and ITC. Methods All dissected LNs obtained from 160 consecutive patients with mapped SNs arising from cT1–2 N0 tumors were examined. Metastasis in these LNs was examined by histology and cytokeratin staining. The distribution of MA, MM, and ITC was classified as marginal sinus (MS), intermediate sinus (IS), parenchymal (PA), and diffuse types (DF). Results Nodal metastases were detected in 65 SNs from 30 patients and MA, MM, and ITC accounted for 53.9%, 21.5%, and 24.6%, respectively. MS, IS, PA, and DF accounted for 57%, 6%, 17%, and 20.0%, respectively. Patients with metastasis of non-MS had more nodal metastasis in non-SNs (P = .025) and had nodal metastasis in second tier (P = .009), compared with the patients with metastasis of MS. The incidence of metastasis in non-MS was higher in tumors larger than 40 mm than those smaller than 40 mm (P = .011). Conclusion When performing SN navigation surgery in gastric cancer, we should keep in mind that the patients with tumor larger than 40 mm in size and nodal metastasis of non-MS may have non-SN metastasis and nodal metastasis in second tier.     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹胃癌D2根治术的对比研究

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术的可行性及近期疗效。方法2010年3月～2012年12月,施行361例胃癌D2根治术,2组医生分别手术,腹腔镜组166例,开腹组195例。对2组术中及术后情况、淋巴结清扫数目、并发症及病死率等进行比较。结果腹腔镜组手术时间[（241±55）min]、淋巴结清扫数[（29．8±6．5）个]与开腹组[（237±53）min、（30．5±7．0）个]差异无显著性（t=0．702、-0．978,P=0．438、0．329）,而腹腔镜组术中出血少[（115±59）ml vs．（259±121）ml,t=-13．981,P=0．000],术中输血例数少（7例 vs．19例,=4．098,P=0．043）,术后排气时间早[（3．6±0．9）dV8．（5．1±1．5）d,t=-11．271,P=0．000],首次进流质时间早[（6．1±1．3）dVS．（8．1±1．4）d,t=-13．977,P=0．000],术后住院时间短[（11．9±2．5）d VS．（14．3±3．2）d,t=-7．838,P=0．000]。腹腔镜组并发症发生率低[12．7％（21／166）VS．24．6％（48／195）,X^2=8．303,P=0．004],其中肺部感染的发生率明显低于开腹组[3．0％（5／166）vs．8．7％（17／195）,X^2=5．101,P=0．024]。结论腹腔镜辅助胃癌D2根治术具有安全可行、术后恢复快和并发症少等优点,同时在淋巴结清扫及近期预后方面能达到与开腹手术相同的效果。     

Evaluation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Proposal of a New Staging System

Purpose. To identify and propose corrections for deficiencies in the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) system for staging cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC).
Materials and Methods. Prognostic factors for CSCC were identified by retrospective analysis of the published literature. Limitations and deficiencies in the current AJCC staging system for CSCC were then determined using these prognostic factors.
Results. Size, histologic differentiation, location, previous treatment, depth of invasion, tumor thickness, histologic subtype, perineural spread, and scar etiology are the most powerful tumor prognostic indicators in patients with localized disease. The most important prognostic factors for patients with nodal metastases are the location, number, and size of the positive lymph nodes. Proposed changes for the T classification include increased stratification of tumor size, identification of patients with perineural invasion, and the addition of tumor thickness or depth of invasion. The N classification has been expanded to include the number and size of nodal metastases.
Conclusion. The current AJCC staging system for carcinoma of the skin has deficiencies that limit its use for CSCC. The proposed TMN staging system for CSCC more accurately reflects the prognosis and natural history of CSCC.
SCOTT M. DINEHART, MD, AND STEVEN PETERSON, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.     

进展期远端胃癌D2根治术No.12b组淋巴结清扫60例分析

目的探讨进展期远端胃癌行D2根治术时No.12b组淋巴结清扫的必要性及可行性,及No.12b组淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系。方法回顾性收集60例进展期远端胃癌患者的病例资料,患者行D2或D2^＋根治术,并均加行No.12b组淋巴结清扫术。分析No.12b组淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系。结果全组无手术死亡病例,无严重并发症发生。60例患者中发现12例有No.12b组淋巴结转移,转移率为20.00%。其中BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ型者No.12b组淋巴结转移率为31.25%（10/32）,淋巴结转移N2～3期者为30.30%（10/33）,肿瘤浸润T3～4期者为29.73%（11/37）,明显高于BorrmannⅠ、Ⅱ型〔7.14%（2/28）〕,N0～1期〔7.41%（2/27）〕及T1～2期者〔4.35%（1/23）〕,P〈0.05;No.12b组淋巴结转移与肿瘤的大小无关（P〉0.05）。结论 No.12b组淋巴结清扫术对于进展期胃远端癌是必要且可行的,其远期效果有待大样本的前瞻性研究进一步证实。     

胃癌的淋巴结转移与清扫研究进展

目的总结并分析目前胃癌外科手术中关于淋巴结转移与清扫的不同观点。方法对当前国内外有关胃癌淋巴结转移与清扫方法的研究报道进行综述和分析。结果胃癌周围淋巴结清扫是根据临床分期和肿瘤的位置整块清除周围淋巴结;腹腔镜下胃癌根治术安全、可行、有效、创伤小且近期、远期效果良好;前哨淋巴结在临床上应用于对早期胃癌的评估是可行的,准确率和敏感性均较高;胃癌周围淋巴结显像是一种有效、易行和安全的方法,对胃癌淋巴结清扫有指导作用;胃癌的循证外科治疗给淋巴结清扫的范围提供了一个新的视角。结论精确评估各种清扫方法是困难和复杂的,需要世界范围内的胃肠外科学者加强合作,互相取长补短,进行深入研究,这样才能得出令人信服的一致结论,并最终形成临床实践的指导原则。     

进展期远端胃癌D_2根治术No.12b组淋巴结清扫60例分析

目的探讨进展期远端胃癌行D2根治术时No.12b组淋巴结清扫的必要性及可行性,及No.12b组淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系。方法回顾性收集60例进展期远端胃癌患者的病例资料,患者行D2或D2+根治术,并均加行No.12b组淋巴结清扫术。分析No.12b组淋巴结转移与临床病理因素的关系。结果全组无手术死亡病例,无严重并发症发生。60例患者中发现12例有No.12b组淋巴结转移,转移率为20.00%。其中BorrmannⅢ、Ⅳ型者No.12b组淋巴结转移率为31.25%(10/32),淋巴结转移N2～3期者为30.30%(10/33),肿瘤浸润T3～4期者为29.73%(11/37),明显高于BorrmannⅠ、Ⅱ型〔7.14%(2/28)〕,N0～1期〔7.41%(2/27)〕及T1～2期者〔4.35%(1/23)〕,P0.05;No.12b组淋巴结转移与肿瘤的大小无关(P0.05)。结论 No.12b组淋巴结清扫术对于进展期胃远端癌是必要且可行的,其远期效果有待大样本的前瞻性研究进一步证实。     

Most Important Lymph Node Information in Gastric Cancer: Multivariate Prognostic Study

Background: In gastric cancer, the level and number of lymph node metastases is useful for predicting survival, and there are several staging systems for lymph node metastasis. The aim of this study was to compare the several lymph node classifications and to clarify the most important lymph node information associated with prognosis using multivariate analysis.Methods: A total of 106 patients with histologically node-positive gastric cancer treated by radical gastrectomy and extended lymph node dissection (D2, D3) were studied. The level of lymph node metastasis was categorized simply as Level I nodes (perigastric, No.1–6), Level II nodes (intermediate, No.7–9), and Level III nodes (distant, No.10–16), irrespective of the tumor location. The Level II nodes included lymph nodes along the left gastric artery, common hepatic artery, and celiac trunk.Results: Overall 5-year survival rate was 51%. Univariate analysis showed that 5-year survival rate was significantly influenced by the level of positive nodes (P < .01), total number of positive nodes (P < .01), number of positive Level I nodes (P < .01), and number of positive Level II nodes (P < .01), in addition to the tumor location (P < .05), tumor size (P < .05), gross type (P < .01), and depth of wall invasion (P < .01). Of these, independent prognostic factors associated with 5-year survival rate were the number of positive Level II nodes (0–1 vs. 2) (62% vs. 19%, P < .01) and the depth of wall invasion (within vs. beyond muscularis) (79% vs. 43%, P < .01).Conclusions: Among several staging systems for lymph node metastases, the number of positive Level II nodes provided the most powerful prognostic information in patients with node-positive gastric cancer. When there were two or more metastases in the Level II nodes, prognosis was poor even after D2 or D3 gastrectomy.     

Inadequacy of Lymph Node Staging in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Population-Based Study

Background In 1997, examination of at least 15 lymph nodes was recommended for adequate gastric cancer staging. However, the proportion of patients undergoing an adequate lymph node examination (LNE) has not been studied in a population-based manner. Methods We used Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry data to assess LNE adequacy in adults with nonmetastatic gastric adenocarcinoma. We selected patients aged 18 through 80 years whose disease was diagnosed from 1998 through 2001 and who underwent at least partial gastrectomy. We evaluated the overall number of nodes, estimated the likelihood of adequate LNE (i.e., ≥15 nodes examined), and determined the influence of selected tumor and patient characteristics on LNE. Results In this 4-year period, 3593 patients met our study’s selection criteria. The median number of nodes examined was 10: 32% of patients underwent adequate LNE, and 9% of patients had no nodes examined. Node-positive patients were more likely to have undergone an adequate LNE than node-negative patients (42% vs. 23%; P < .0001). Younger age, female sex, and more radical surgery were associated with adequate LNE in both univariate and multivariate analysis (P < .0001). Geographical site was an important predictor; patients from one registry (Hawaii) were significantly more likely to have undergone adequate LNE than patients from all other registries (56% vs. 30%; P < .0001). Conclusions Our 4-year review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database revealed that only a third of patients with gastric cancer underwent adequate LNE, i.e., had the recommended minimum of 15 nodes examined for gastric cancer staging. Better results at one registry (Hawaii) indicate that substantial improvements could be made.     

The Prognosis of Patients Operated on for Gastric Cancer in Relation to the Percentage of Lymph Nodes Invaded by Tumour

Introduction : In evaluating the type of gastrectomy and lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer, adequate prognosis has been dependant on the retrieval of at least 15 lymph nodes. We propose an alternative method in which the prognostic value is evaluated, according to whether or not more than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes are invaded by tumour.

Materials & Methods : Sixty-five patients (36 men, 29 women) with a median age of 69 years (mean age 68.9 ± 12.1 years) were evaluated, who were operated upon between 1985 and 1999 for gastric cancer by gastrectomy with either D1 or D2 lymphadenectomy.

Results : The average number of retrieved lymph nodes was 10.4 ± 8.6. In 51 patients (78.5%) less than 15 and in 14 patients (21.5%) 15 or more lymph nodes were retrieved, according to the TNM guidelines. In our study, there is a statistically significant difference in prognosis between patients with less than 20% and those with more than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes invaded by tumour, irrespective of the total number of lymph nodes resected. Conclusion : Gastric cancer patients in whom less than 20% of the retrieved lymph nodes are invaded, have a significantly better prognosis compared with patients in whom 20% or more of the lymph nodes retrieved are invaded by tumour, irrespective of the total number of retrieved lymph nodes.     

胃癌组织中CD133蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的研究胃腺癌组织中CD133蛋白表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学染色方法检测99例胃癌患者手术切除的原发灶及正常胃黏膜组织中CD133蛋白的表达,分析其与临床病理特征和预后的关系。结果 29例(29.29%)患者肿瘤组织中CD133蛋白表达阳性,正常胃黏膜组织中均为阴性(P=0.000)。肿瘤直径>5 cm者CD133蛋白表达阳性率显著高于≤5 cm者(P=0.041);CD133蛋白表达与TNM分期有关(P=0.044);有淋巴结转移(P=0.017)、淋巴管浸润(P=0.000)和血管浸润(P=0.000)者,CD133蛋白表达显著增高。logistic回归分析显示:肿瘤浸润深度(P=0.011)、淋巴结转移(P=0.043)和TNM分期(P=0.049)分别是CD133蛋白表达阳性的独立危险因素。CD133蛋白表达阳性患者的术后生存时间短于表达阴性患者(P=0.046)。Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,有淋巴结转移(P=0.042)、TNM分期(P=0.046)及CD133蛋白表达阳性(P=0.046)分别是胃癌患者预后的独立危险因素。结论胃癌组织中CD133蛋白的表达与胃癌的发展、转移及预后密切相关。