复方电解质注射液对术中回收红细胞回输后患者Hb及RBC的影响

目的了解复方电解质注射液洗涤的术中回收(IBS)红细胞回输患者时间3 d血浆Hb及RBC的变化情况。方法选择46名择期行骨科手术且做IBS的患者,分别以生理盐水(NS组,n=24)和复方电解质液(MEI组,n=22)洗涤IBS红细胞,于术前、术(输)后即刻、术(输)后1—3 d取2组患者静脉血2 mL/人(份),检测Hb、RBC并记录术中2组失血量、回收红细胞净输入量和术后引流量等。结果 2组患者术前一般情况、手术时间、回收红细胞离体时间、术中失血量、回收红细胞净输入量相近(P0.05)。术前、术(输)后即刻及术(输)后1—3 d Hb(g/L),组内比较:NS组术前vs术(输)后即刻为121.4±14.5 vs 109.0±18.3、术(输)后1 d vs术(输)后2 d为110.0±16.7 vs 102.8±17.7、术(输)后2—3 d vs术(输)后即刻为102.8±17.7 vs 101.7±15.6 vs 109.0±18.3(P0.01);术(输)后即刻vs术(输)后1 d为109.0±18.3 vs 110.0±16.7、术(输)后2 d vs术(输)后3 d为102.8±17.7 vs 101.7±15.6(P0.05),MEI组术前vs术(输)后即刻为127.3±14.0 vs 112.0±14.4、术后(输)即刻vs术(输)后1 d为112.0±14.4 vs 119.8±15.7、术(输)后1 d vs术(输)后2 d为119.8±15.7 vs 106.6±16.3(P0.01);术(输)后2 d vs术(输)后3 d为106.6±16.3 vs 107.3±15.0、术(输)后2—3 d vs术(输)后即刻为106.6±16.3 vs 107.3±15.0 vs 112.0±14.4(P0.05);组间比较:NS与MEI组术(输)后1 d为110.0±16.7 vs 119.8±15.7(P0.05)、其余时间的检测值2组相近(P0.05)。术前、术(输)后即刻、术(输)后1—3 d RBC(×10~9/L),组内比较:NS组分别为术前vs术(输)后即刻为3.91±0.49 vs 3.52±0.63、术(输)1 d vs术(输)2 d为3.56±0.59 vs 3.31±0.56、术(输)后2—3 d vs术(输)后即刻为3.31±0.56 vs 3.30±0.53 vs 3.52±0.63(P0.01);术(输)后即刻vs术(输)后1 d为3.52±0.63 vs 3.56±0.59、术(输)后2 d vs术(输)后3 d为3.31±0.56 vs 3.30±0.53(P0.05),MEI组分别为术前vs术(输)后即刻为4.13±0.43 vs 3.67±0.47、术(输)后即刻vs术(输)1 d为3.67±0.47 vs 3.92±0.55、术(输)后1 d vs术(输)2 d后为3.92±0.55 vs 3.53±0.55(P0.01),术(输)后2 d vs术(输)后3 d为3.53±0.55 vs 3.56±0.50、术(输)后2—3 d vs术(输)后即刻为3.53±0.55 vs 3.56±0.50 vs 3.67±0.47(P0.05),组间比较:NS与MEI组术(输)后1 d为3.56±0.59 vs 3.92±0.55(P0.05),其余时间的检测值2组相近(P0.05)。结论复方电解质注射液可以延缓IBS红细胞回输体内后患者Hb和RBC下降速度。     

不同方法治疗迟发性血气胸的比较

目的:比较电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracic surgery,VATS)、开胸术以及单纯胸腔闭式引流治疗迟发性血气胸的效果.方法:选取我院2001年10月至2009年1月迟发性血气胸患者71例,按治疗方法分成3组,分剐采用VATS治疗(n=26)、开胸手术治疗(n=27)和单纯胸腔闲式引流治疗(n=18),比较3组住院时间、带管时间、出血量及痛苦度(以患者用止痛药时间表示),VATS组及开胸组手术时间.结果:VATS组住院时间[(8.5±1.6)d vs(13.5±1.5)d、(16.4±2.7)d,P＜0.05],带管时间[(2.5±0.5)d vs(4.8±0.6)d、(12.6±1.4)d,P＜0.05]和止痛药应用时间[(4.5±0.8)d vs(8.5±1.5)d、(7.6±2.2)d,P＜0.05]均较开胸组和单纯胸腔闭式引流组明显缩短,VATS组出血量[(342.7±36.2)mL vs(758.8±86.5)mL、(712.6±62.8)mL,P＜0.05]明显少于开胸组和单纯胸腔闭式引流组,VATS组手术时间[(71.0±14.5)min vs(115.3±18.6)min,P＜0.05]明显少于开胸组,71例患者全部治愈出院,术后随访2～8个月,3组均无严重并发症及死亡发生.结论:VATS能有效治疗迟发性血气胸,具有痛苦小、手术时间短、恢复快及出血少等优点.     

预防性输注新鲜冰冻血浆对胰十二指肠切除术患者的近期疗效观察

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术患者术后预防性输注新鲜冰冻血浆的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析中南大学湘雅三医院2015年1月至2018年12月收治的112例接受十二指肠切除术治疗的胰腺恶性肿瘤患者,根据术后6 h是否预防性输注新鲜冰冻血浆(FFP)分为对照组65例和FFP组47例。比较2组患者术后3 d平均生命体征和凝血指标及患者术后肛门排气时间、首次进流食时间、72 h伤口引流量、术后拔除引流管时间、术后住院天数、围手术期费用和术后并发症发生率。结果FFP组患者术后血白蛋白浓度显著高于对照组[(36.7±1.4)g/L vs(33.2±1.0)g/L,t=15.109,P<0.001],术后72 h伤口引流量、术后拔除引流管时间、术后住院天数、围手术期费用、总并发症发生率均小于对照组[(131.1±54.6)ml vs(212.0±67.8)ml,t=-6.749,P<0.001;(6.0±1.3)d vs(9.0±1.6)d,t=-10.81,P<0.001;(14.1±1.8)d vs(18.9±3.6)d,t=-9.334,P<0.001;(89531.0±7789.4)元vs(105743.3±7440.8)元,t=-11.16,P<0.001;10.6%(5/47)vs 36.9%(24/65),χ~2=9.821,P=0.002]。2组患者术后均未出现围手术期死亡,FFP组患者未出现输血相关并发症。结论胰十二指肠切除术患者术后预防性输注FFP,具有使患者术后出血少、恢复快、缩短住院时间、减少住院费用和降低并发症发生率等优点,对患者近期临床效果显著。     

腹腔镜与开腹全胃切除非离断式食道空肠Roux-en-Y吻合的临床疗效

目的:比较腹腔镜与开腹全胃切除非离断式食道空肠Roux-en-Y吻合的疗效。方法:回顾性收集2013年10月至2017年3月武汉市红十字会医院普外科收治的胃体癌患者53例,根据手术方式不同,分为腹腔镜手术组(A组,27例)与开腹手术组(B组,26例),其中A组又分为完全腹腔镜组(totally laparoscopic group,TLG;17例)与腹腔镜辅助组(laparoscopy-assisted group,LAG;1 0例),比较各组的手术时间、消化道重建时间、术中出血量、术后排气时间、住院时间和费用及近期并发症。结果:A组与B组手术时间[(248±83.5)min vs(203.6±69.6)min]、消化道重建时间[(44.2±9.0)min vs(30.2±7.8)min]及术中出血量[(231.8±145.2)m L vs(326.8±182.1)m L],差异均有统计学意义(t=2.098,P=0.040;t=6.041,P0.001;t=-2.103,P=0.040);A组与B组排气时间[(3.1±0.5)d vs(4.6±0.5)d]、住院时间[(9.4±1.5)d vs(14.6±2.0)d]及住院费用[(3.1±0.3)万元vs(4.2±0.2)万元],差异均有统计学意义(t=-10.918,P0.001;t=-10.735,P0.001;t=-15.643,P0.001)。TLG组与LAG组手术时间[(299±88)min vs(232±55)min]、消化道重建时间[(58.2±6.0)min vs(33.2±3.9)min]及术中出血量[(216.1±36)m L vs(281.5±93)m L],差异有统计学意义(t=2.162,P=0.0 4 0;t=1 1.7 4 7,P0.0 0 1;t=-2.6 1 3,P=0.0 1 4);T L G组与L AG组排气时间[(3.6±0.5)d v s(2.8±0.5)d]、住院时间[(9.8±1.2)d vs(9.0±1.8)d]及住院费用[(3.1±0.2)万元vs(3.3±0.4)万元],差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。A组与B组术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:较之开腹手术,腹腔镜全胃切除非离断式食道空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术术中出血少,恢复排气时间快,住院时间短,住院费用低,但手术时间与消化道重建时间长。     

应用EPO对正颌-正畸联合手术患者围术期异体血需求的影响

目的评价重组人促红细胞生成素(rHuEPO)对颌面部正颌-正畸联合手术患者围术期异体血需求的影响。方法 2015年10月—2017年6月选取本院60名口腔颌面外科收治拟进行颌面部矫治的患者,随机分为实验组和对照组各30名。实验组患者于术前7 d(T1)、术前1 d(T2)皮下注射rHuEPO各5 000 U,术前1 d同时静脉注射蔗糖铁溶液100 mg。对照组除了不用rHuEPO和蔗糖铁注射液外,其他治疗同实验组。记录患者术前7d、1d及术后d1(T3)、d3(T4)、d7(T5)、d30(T6)的红细胞计数(RBC)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、血小板计数(Plt)、网织红细胞百分比(RET%),记录实验组患者治疗前、后谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)指标,同时记录手术时间、围术期失血量(术中失血量、术后引流量)、红细胞输入量及相关并发症。结果 T1时间点2组RBC、Hb、Hct、RET%、Plt无统计学差异(P0.05)。与对照组比较,实验组的RBC、Hb、Hct、RET%在T2、T3、T4、T5时间点显著高于对照组(P0.05)。实验组Hb在T5时间点基本恢复正常,而对照组Hb水平显著低于术前基础值,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组相同时间点Plt差异无统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者的GPT、AST、BUN和SCr在治疗前后差异不大,无统计学意义(P0.05)。实验组与对照组围术期失血量无统计学差异(P0.05),实验组异体输血量少于对照组(P0.05),围术期及随访未发现有栓塞等并发症。结论出血量较多的正颌-正畸联合手术应用rHuEPO可有效提高Hb水平,能减少异体血输入的风险,缓解血源紧张,且不会增加术后栓塞等并发症的发生率。     

贮存式自体血输注在普外科择期手术中的临床应用研究

目的:研究贮存式自体血输注(preoperative autologous blood donation,PABD)在普外科择期手术中的临床应用效果。方法:筛选2017年11月-2018年8月本院普外科贮存式自体血输注70例,采用配对研究方法,将未采用贮存式自体血输注且术前基线资料无统计学差异的70例患者,配对作为对照组。比较2组患者异体红细胞和血浆输注量,围术期Hb和Plt变化,住院时间及住院费用的差异。结果:PABD组采血前、后Hb和Plt分别为138.26±14.73 vs 127.52±13.36g/L (P0.05)和(221.67±52.86 vs 198.35±52.65)×10~9/L (P0.05);2组患者围术期异体红细胞和血浆的输注量分别为0.20±0.71 vs 0.89±0.97 U和30.43±100.81 vs 106.52±152.61 ml(P0.05);2组患者术前Hb水平135.65±14.16 vs 134.15±11.98 g/L,术前Plt水平(270.36±58.28 vs 271.67±65.02)×10~9/L;术后1 d Hb水平120.24±14.40 vs 121.20±14.30 g/L,术后1 d Plt水平(241.80±63.58 vs 241.30±69.11)×10~9/L;术后3 d Hb水平123.15±13.80 vs 121.65±14.33 g/L,术后3 d Plt水平(251.26±72.94 vs 255.54±73.85)×10~9/L;出院前Hb水平122.78±13.92 vs 122.00±13.82 g/L,出院前Plt (262.50±80.96 vs 264.56±71.08)×10~9/L(P0.05);2组患者的住院时间14.84±3.37 vs 14.84±2.24(d)(P0.05),住院总费用和输血相关费用分别为50 627.27±9 889.45 vs 50 979.43±8 195.00元和354.39±362.57 vs 684.02±425.53元(P0.05)。结论:择期手术估计术中失血量1000ml的患者,贮存式自体血输注的应用可节约异体血输注,降低费用。     

个体化微创小切口CPB心内直视手术的临床研究

目的通过对南昌大学第二附属医院188例小切口体外循环心内直视手术的疗效观察,探讨微创个体化小切口在体外循环心内直视手术的临床研究。方法南昌大学第二附属医院2014-01—2015-07个体化小切口进行体外循环心内直视手术188例(A组)。根据体质量抽取同期南昌大学第二附属医院收治的传统正中开胸心脏病手术患者187例作为对照组。比较两组术中术后指标、治疗效果和住院费用等。结果A组在体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、呼吸机辅助呼吸时间等指标与B组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);A组术后胸腔引流血量(83.29±15.33)m L、术后输血量(98.92±19.85)m L、术后住院时间(5.85±1.47)d、住院费用(3.52±1.68)万元均明显少于B组(P0.05)。结论微创个体化小切口心脏直视手术是一种安全、有效、美观的手术方式,实用性强。     

吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术与传统痔切除术临床疗效对比分析

目的评价吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除术(PPH)与传统痔切除术(MMH)治疗内痔的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2015年5月至12月我院对232例内痔患者行手术治疗的临床资料,其中105例采用PPH术式(观察组),127例采用MMH术式(对照组)。分析比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛持续时间、住院时间、住院费用、并发症情况及复发情况。结果所有患者均顺利完成手术。观察组与对照组相比,手术时间[(22.6±6.2)min vs.(31.9±7.4)min]、术后疼痛持续时间[(1.8±0.6)d vs.(4.6±1.1)d]、住院时间[(4.5±1.5)d vs.(8.5±1.0)d]均明显缩短,差异存在统计学意义(P<0.05),同时在术中出血量[(15.5±5.0)ml vs.(35.7±4.6)ml]及并发症方面也表现出一定优势,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后随访3~9个月,两组患者均无复发,但采用PPH术式的患者住院费用高于采用MMH术式的患者[(5 820±182)元vs.(3 024±168)元,P<0.05],差异存在统计学意义。结论与MMH术式相比,PPH治疗内痔更加安全可靠,具有临床应用价值。     

输血对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者预后的影响

目的了解冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)围术期输血对术后结果的影响。方法回顾性分析1 420例成人CABG病例,根据围术期是否输注异体红细胞,分为输血组(n=464)和对照组(n=956);对比分析2组围术期输血对CABG后早期死亡率、并发症发生率及其对住院时间和住院费用的影响。通过多因素Logistic回归分析,探讨围术期输血及输血量是否为CABG后死亡及并发症的独立危险因素。结果 CABG后输血组和对照组的死亡率为1.08%(5/464)vs 0.31%(3/956)(P0.05),重大并发症发生率为49.14%(228/464)vs 27.72%(265/956)(P0.05);住院时间(d)为9.24±6.32 vs 7.63±4.38(P0.01),住院费用(万元)为10.23±4.90 vs 8.79±3.21(P0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示异体输血是重大并发症的独立危险因素;而红细胞输血量是增加术后死亡率及并发症的独立危险因素。结论 CABG围术期输异体血会明显增加围术期并发症发生率,增加患者住院时间及住院费用;输血量增加则会增加CABG后患者死亡率及并发症发生率。     

肝细胞癌右半肝切除术围术期异体红细胞输注情况分析

目的探讨有关肝细胞癌(HCC)患者右半肝切除术围术期输血安全的影响因素。方法收集2016—2019年本院肝脏外科肝细胞癌住院患者接受右半肝切除术的215名患者病历信息,根据围术期是否输注输异体红细胞分为输异体红细胞组(n=58)和未输异体红细胞组(n=157),回顾性分析比较2组患者的临床基本资料、实验室检查结果、手术相关信息以及患者术后转归情况,筛选出此类患者围术期异体红细胞输注的相关影响因素。结果本组肝细胞癌右半肝切除术患者的围术期输注异体红细胞比例为26.98%(58/215);输注与未输注异体红细胞患者比较:术前血红蛋白(Hb)(g/L)为124.72±24.50 vs 131.35±19.08(P0.01),术前凝血酶原时间(PT)(s)为12.55 (11.80,14.03)vs 12.60 (11.80,13.55):术前AFP(μg/L)≥400者为29.3%(17/58)vs 23.6%(37/157)、400者为70.7%(41/58)vs 76.4%(120/157)(P0.01),手术时间(h)为5.71±1.16 vs 5.07±1.22(P0.01),术中出血量(mL)600.00(437.50,1050.00)vs 300.00 (200.00,550.00)(P0.01),住院时间(d)为23.50(19.00,29.00)vs 20.00(16.00,24.00))(P0.01)。结论通过术前Hb、PT、AFP检测及术中出血量、手术时间可预估HCC右半肝切除术患者围术期是否需要输注异体红细胞及其输注量;患者住院时间可体现输注异体红细胞对患者转归的影响。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.