疾病以及配伍对人参皂苷在大鼠体内的药动学影响

目的 建立SD大鼠血浆中人参皂苷Rb1、Rb2和Rg1的HPLC分析方法,对比分析配伍白术挥发油前后,人参皂苷在慢性萎缩性胃炎模型大鼠体内药动学特征。方法 SD大鼠分为4组,其中单用正常组和单用模型组均给药人参总皂苷292 mg·kg^-1,配伍正常组和配伍模型组均给药人参总皂苷292 mg·kg^-1和白术挥发油0.1 mL·kg^-1。于给药前和给药后不同时间点进行眼眶取血,采用HPLC测定各成分的血药浓度,并采用Winnolin 6.3软件计算其药动学参数。结果 与单用正常大鼠比较,单用模型组大鼠体内人参皂苷Rb1的C_max和AUC值降低,T_max、T_1/2以及MRT增加,人参皂苷Rb2和Rg1则呈现出AUC增加的变化;而配伍正常组大鼠体内人参皂苷Rb1、Rb2和Rg1的C_max和AUC值均增加,T_max、T_1/2以及MRT值均缩短。与单用模型组大鼠比较,配伍模型组大鼠体内人参皂苷Rb1和Rg1的C_max和AUC值均增加,T_max、T_1/2以及MRT值均降低。结论 在相同给药剂量下,疾病状态机体对人参皂苷的吸收和代谢呈现缓慢趋势,而配伍后能促进皂苷成分在体内的吸收,同时加快代谢消除,为人参的临床用药提供参考依据。     

HPLC-PAD法测定西洋参类保健食品中10种皂苷的含量

目的 建立同时测定西洋参类保健食品中人参皂苷Rg1、Rg2、Rg3、Rb1、Rb2、Rb3、Rc、Rd、Re、Rf含量的高效液相色谱­二极管阵列检测法（HPLC­PAD）。方法 采用Kromasil C₁₈ (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) 色谱柱;以乙腈（A）­水（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱;流速1.0 mL·min^-1;检测波长203 nm;柱温35 ℃。结果 10种人参皂苷的浓度在其各自线性范围内,与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r值均≥0.99。该方法平均回收率为93.0%~101.8%,RSD均小于4.0%（n=6）。结论 本法准确可靠、灵敏度高、重现性好,可作为西洋参类保健食品的质量控制方法。     

中和抗体检测应用于新型冠状病毒mRNA疫苗效力分析

目的 通过对新型冠状病毒（2019 novel coronavirus,2019-nCoV）mRNA疫苗（简称新冠mRNA疫苗）免疫小鼠后产生的中和抗体进行检测，探索中和抗体检测法应用于mRNA疫苗体内效力评价的可行性。方法 采用6～8周BALB/c小鼠进行后肢肌肉免疫，检测不同免疫剂量和不同免疫程序的中和抗体滴度。并对8家企业生产的新冠mRNA疫苗免疫的小鼠血清进行中和抗体和IgG抗体检测。结果 2 µg、5 µg、10 µg不同剂量mRNA疫苗按照不同免疫程序免疫小鼠后中和抗体检测结果显示，抗体阳转率均为100%，中和抗体反应有明显的剂量-效应关系。2针间隔14 d加强免疫组抗体滴度显著高于间隔7d加强免疫组及一针组（F=57.13, P<0.001）。2 µg剂量间隔7 d加强免疫和间隔14 d加强免疫产生的中和抗体几何平均滴度（geometric mean titer,GMT）分别为218和468，差异有统计学意义（t=3.40， P=0.003）；5 µg剂量间隔7 d加强免疫和间隔14 d加强免疫产生的中和抗体GMT分别为499和1 436，差异有统计学意义（t=3.62，P=0.002）；10 µg剂量间隔7 d加强免疫和间隔14 d加强免疫产生的中和抗体GMT分别为608和1 909，差异有统计学意义（t=3.23，P=0.005）。国内8家企业生产的新冠mRNA疫苗免疫小鼠后均可产生高滴度的IgG抗体(104.5～107.5)和中和抗体(102.6～104.8)，效力测定结果均符合企业质量标准。各企业生产的mRNA疫苗的中和抗体滴度结果差异有统计学意义（F=70.03，P＜0.001）。结论 小鼠免疫后中和抗体检测可用于mRNA疫苗的体内效力评价。     

重组人干扰素α2β治疗后HR HPV DNA负荷量、HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C表达水平对宫颈鳞癌的预测价值研究

目的 研究重组人干扰素α₂β治疗后高危（high risk,HR） HPV DNA负荷量、HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C表达水平变化及其对宫颈鳞癌的预测价值。方法 选取35例慢性宫颈炎、25例宫颈鳞癌前病变以及30例宫颈鳞癌患者作为研究对象,患者均接受重组人干扰素α₂β治疗。分别于治疗前后,应用第2代杂交捕获法测定HR HPV DNA负荷量,应用SP免疫组化法测定HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C表达水平。应用SPSS软件分析HR HPV DNA负荷量、HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C对于宫颈鳞癌的预测价值。结果 治疗后,宫颈鳞癌组HR HPV DNA负荷量显著高于癌前病变组（P<0.05）,癌前病变组显著高于慢性宫颈炎组（P<0.05）。与治疗前比较,各组的HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C表达水平未显著降低,宫颈鳞癌前病变组显著高于慢性宫颈炎组（P<0.05）,宫颈鳞癌组显著高于宫颈鳞癌前病变组（P<0.05）。多元逐步logistic回归分析显示：宫颈鳞癌=-2.763+0.275 HR HPV DNA负荷量+1.581 HPV16-E7蛋白+1.216 VEGF_C（c²=36.781,P<0.001）,经hosmer-leme-show检验显示,观测数据与预测数据无显著性差异。ROC曲线显示,HR HPV DNA负荷量、HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C联合用于宫颈鳞癌的预测的AUC最大（0.91）。结论 重组人干扰素α₂β治疗后,HR HPV DNA负荷量联合HPV16-E7蛋白和VEGF_C对宫颈鳞癌的预测效果较好。     

人参皂苷Rb1巴布剂对微血管舒缩活动振幅影响的研究

目的： 探究人参皂苷Rb1巴布剂对微血管舒缩活动的影响。方法：运用智能透皮仪进行人参皂苷Rb1巴布剂体外透皮,收集接受液并用高效液相色谱分析。将巴布剂贴敷在志愿者的穴位区皮肤上,利用激光多普勒血流仪测定,并记录贴敷含药巴布剂前后穴位区皮内微血管的舒缩运动振幅。结果：随着透皮时间的延长,人参皂苷Rb1的累积透过率增多。人参皂苷Rb1巴布剂穴位贴敷引起微血管舒缩活动振幅均有显著提高（P<0.01）。结论：人参皂苷Rb1巴布剂给药系统可释放药物进入穴位区,提高穴位区皮内微血管舒缩运动振幅,达到针灸的效果,因此人参皂苷Rb1可以在临床上代替针灸,治疗疾病。     

重组人干扰素α-1b对反复呼吸道感染患儿免疫及炎症状态的影响

目的： 探究重组人干扰素α-1b对反复呼吸道感染患儿免疫及炎症状态的影响。方法： 选取166例反复呼吸道感染患儿作为研究对象，随机分为研究组和对照组各83例，其中对照组采用常规治疗方法进行治疗，研究组在其基础上采用重组人干扰素α-1b进行治疗，一个疗程后，比较两组患者治疗效果、治疗前后免疫球蛋白指标水平及T淋巴细胞群检查指标水平。结果： 研究组治疗总有效率（86.75%）显著高于对照组（61.45%），两组数据的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001，x²=13.841）。治疗前，两组患者IgA、IgM、IgG的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）；治疗后，研究组IgM水平高于对照组（P=0.092，t=1.332），IgA、IgG水平显著高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001，t=93.047；P<0.001，t=8.037）。治疗前，两组患者CD₄⁺、CD₃⁺、CD₄⁺/CD₈⁺三项指标水平无明显差异（P>0.05）；治疗后，两组患者三项指标水平均明显升高，且研究组三项指标水平均显著高于对照组，差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001，t=15.515；P<0.001，t=7.346；P<0.001，t=5.462）。通过6个月的随访，研究组复发率（50.60%）明显低于对照组（69.88%），两组数据的差异具有统计学意义（P=0.011，t=6.439）。研究组患者发作次数明显少于对照组，病程显著短于对照组，两组数据的差异具有统计学意义（P<0.001，t=6.386；P<0.001，t=6.306）。研究组发生不良反应17例，占20.48%，对照组发生不良反应24例，占28.91%，两组数据的差异无统计学意义（x²=1.587，P=0.208）。结论： 重组人干扰素α-1b对反复呼吸道感染患儿治疗效果优越，可有效控制患儿病情，改善机体免疫功能，值得临床推广应用。     

人参皂苷对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的 研究人参皂苷提取物(GE)对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用与作用机制.方法 将ICR雄性小鼠分为正常对照组、阳性对照组(联苯双酯)、模型组及人参皂苷提取物高、中、低剂量组,建立慢性酒精性肝损伤模型,用人参皂苷提取物进行干预,ig给药30 d后,称取肝质量,计算肝脏系数,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活力、三酰甘油(TG)、肝脏内丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,HE染色观察小鼠肝脏病理变化,综合评价人参皂苷提取物对小鼠酒精性肝损伤的保护作用.结果 人参皂苷提取物各剂量组能明显降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脏系数(P <0.05)、血清TG的含量(P <0.01),可降低其血清中ALT、AST活力(P <0.05或P <0.01),但与正常组ALT、AST活力仍有差异(P <0.05);可在一定程度上降低肝组织中MDA含量(P <0.01),增高肝组织中GSH含量(P <0.01),减少肝组织病理损伤.结论 人参皂苷提取物对酒精性肝损伤有一定保护作用,其机制可能与抑制肝内脂肪堆积,抗氧化作用有关.     

子宫动脉栓塞术在子宫瘢痕妊娠患者清宫术中的应用效果

目的 探讨子宫动脉栓塞术（UAE）在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠（CSP）患者清宫中的有效性与安全性。方法 回顾性分析2009年6月至2016年12月安徽医科大学附属巢湖医院收治的确诊瘢痕妊娠患者50例临床资料,将其中30例行"子宫动脉栓塞术+刮宫术"患者作为A组,20例行"药物治疗+刮宫术"患者作为B组,比较两组患者术中出血量、住院时间、术后阴道流血时间以及月经恢复正常时间。结果 A组患者术中中位出血量低于B组（10 mL vs 165 mL）,差异有统计学意义（Z=5.643,P=0.001）。A组患者术后阴道流血时间（5.87±1.57）d短于B组（7.55±1.54）d,差异有统计学意义（t=3.744,P=0.001）。不良反应监测,A组17例患者出现了下腹痛,其中4例低热的症状,予以对症治疗后2~4 d缓解。A组患者住院费用（10 369.50±436.30）元高于B组（5 407.30±365.20）元,差异有统计学意义（t=42.032,P=0.001）。结论 子宫动脉栓塞术在剖宫产瘢痕妊娠患者清宫中安全有效,可缩短患者的住院时间和恢复期时间,但治疗费用较高。     

城市老年人规律体育活动与血压水平关系

目的 探究城市老年人规律体育活动与血压水平关系，为有效提升老年人健康水平提供有益参考。方法 培训医学生为测量员，采用问卷调查法、测量法、数理统计法等方法，对1 555名陕西省城市老年人规律体育活动与血压情况进行调查，分别按照是否参加规律体育活动，规律体育活动不同时长、频次、强度进行分组，对血压情况进行统计学分析。结果 按照是否参加规律体育活动分组，老年人收缩压（t=35.150，P=0.000）、舒张压（t=7.966，P=0.000）组间比较差异有统计学意义；不同活动时长老年人收缩压（F=2.821，P=0.038）、舒张压（F=10.126，P=0.000）组间比较差异有统计学意义；不同活动频次组老年人收缩压（F=13.303，P=0.000）、舒张压（F=9.678，P=0.000）组间比较差异有统计学意义；不同活动强度组间比较，收缩压差异有统计学意义（t=2.078，P=0.038）。结论 规律体育活动有助于控制血压水平，对于改善老年人单纯收缩期高血压更具临床意义。     

鱼精蛋白半量负荷剂量加半量微泵输注法中和肝素的效果

目的 观察体外循环（CPB）结束后鱼精蛋白半量负荷剂量加半量微泵输注法中和肝素的临床效果。方法 选取2016年7月至2018年7月在河南科技大学第一附属医院行心脏二尖瓣置换术患者68例,ASA Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组,每组34例。Ⅰ组：半量负荷剂量+半量微量泵维持,鱼精蛋白总量为6 mg/kg（即1：1.5）,首次负荷量鱼精蛋白为3 mg/kg,微泵速度250 mL/h（10 mg/mL）泵入;剩余半量鱼精蛋白以20 mL/h（10 mg/mL）持续泵入至手术结束;Ⅱ组：首次鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素1：1.3一次性给予,必要时,根据激活凝血时间（ACT）追加鱼精蛋白。分别记录两组患者手术、体外循环及关胸的时间;记录两组患者基础ACT,肝素化后5分钟ACT,中和后5分钟、30分钟、术毕及术后1小时的ACT值;记录首次鱼精蛋白用量、鱼精蛋白拮抗肝素比例;记录术中出血量、回收血量、术后6小时、24小时胸腔引流量及ICU使用红细胞悬液（PRBC）例数、鱼精蛋白拮抗后不良反应情况等。结果 术毕、术后1小时Ⅱ组患者ACT较Ⅰ组延长（F_组间=10.105,P=0.034）;Ⅰ组患者术中出血量、回收血量少于Ⅱ组（t=-3.565,P=0.012;t=-3.162,P=0.016）,术后6小时和24小时胸腔引流量少于Ⅱ组（t=-3.875,P=0.005;t=-2.365,P=0.036）,ICU输注PRBC例数少于Ⅱ组（χ²=4.221,P=0.040）;拮抗后不良反应的发生率低于Ⅱ组（χ²=7.556,P=0.006）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 鱼精蛋白以半量负荷剂量加半量微泵持续输注法拮抗肝素,可减少CPB术中出血量、术后胸腔引流量和输血量,弱化鱼精蛋白不良反应强度。     

A non-pathogenic live vector as an efficient delivery system in vaccine design for the prevention of HPV16 E7-overexpressing cancers

Abstract

The attenuated or non-pathogenic live vectors have been evolved specifically to deliver DNA into cells as efficient delivery tools in gene therapy. Recently, a non-pathogenic protozoan, Leishmania tarentolae (L.tar) has attracted a great attention. In current study, we used Leishmania expression system (LEXSY) for stable expression of HPV16 E7 linked to different mini-chaperones [N-/C-terminal of gp96] and compared their immunogenicity and protective effects in C57BL/6 mice against TC-1 challenge. TC-1 murine model is primary C57BL/6 mice lung epithelial cells co-transformed with HPV16 E6, HPV16 E7 and ras oncogenes. Our results showed that subcutaneous administration of mice with both the recombinant L.tar-E7-NT (gp96) and L.tar-E7-CT (gp96) led to enhance the levels of IFN-γ and also IgG2a before and after challenge with TC-1. Furthermore, L.tar-E7-CT (gp96) live vaccine indicated significant protective effects as compared to control groups as well as group vaccinated with L.tar-E7. Indeed, the recombinant live vector is capable of eliciting effective humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, but however, further studies are required to increase their efficacy.     

The protective effects of ginsenosides on human erythrocytes against hemin-induced hemolysis.

Panax ginseng has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to enhance stamina and capacity to deal with fatigue and physical stress. Many reports have been devoted to the effects of ginsenosides on many in vitro or in vivo experimental systems. The major aim of this work is to investigate the protective effects of 12 individual ginsenosides including Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2, R1 and pseudoginsenoside F11, together with the central structures of aforementioned ginsenosides, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PT), on hemin-induced hemolysis of human erythrocytes. This is because hemin can induce hemolysis by accelerating the potassium leakage, dissociating skeletal proteins and prohibiting some enzymes in the membrane of erythrocyte. Thus, the structure-activity-relationship (SAR) between ginsenosides and protective effects has been screened in this in vitro experimental system. It is found that Rh2 and Rg3 intensify hemolysis in the presence of hemin, and initiate hemolysis even in the absence of hemin. All the other ginsenosides protect human erythrocytes against hemin-induced hemolysis more or less. The overall sequence is Rc>Rd>Re approximately Rb1>Rg1 approximately Rh1>Rb3 approximately Rg2 approximately R1 approximately F11 approximately PT. In addition, the protective effects of PD and PT have been detected, and found that PD promotes hemolysis appreciably, whereas PT protects erythrocytes efficiently. Moreover, the protective effects of PT ginsenosides are similar to PT itself, and the protective effects of PD ginsenosides vary remarkably, demonstrating that the positions of the sugar moieties make the protective activities of ginsenosides complicated. Especially, sugar moiety at 20-position is critical for PD ginsenosides to inhibit hemolysis, whereas hydroxyl group at 3-position is important for PT ginsenosides. The present result may be useful for understanding the SAR of ginsenosides.     

重组4-1BB配体对治疗性重组人乳头瘤病毒16型蛋白疫苗的佐剂作用

目的 研究重组4-1BB配体(recombinant 4-1BB ligand,r4-1BBL)作为佐剂对治疗性重组人乳头瘤病毒16型(human papillomavirus-16,HPV16)蛋白疫苗(HPV16蛋白疫苗)免疫效果的影响.方法 对4-1BBL胞外功能区进行密码子优化,并通过NdeⅠ和XhoⅠ酶切位点定向插入pET28a表达载体.将获得的重组表达载体转化至大肠埃希菌BL21 (DE3),并用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷诱导重组蛋白表达.用蛋白质印迹法对重组蛋白进行鉴定,并用非还原性十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和电子显微镜分析重组蛋白结构.用CCK-8试剂盒检测纯化r4-1BBL对小鼠T细胞体外增殖的影响.同时将r4-1BBL与HPV16蛋白疫苗联合免疫C57BL/6小鼠,用酶联免疫斑点试验检测小鼠的细胞免疫应答水平,观察r4-1BBL对HPV16蛋白疫苗抑制肿瘤生长的影响.结果 密码子优化的4-1BBL胞外功能区能在重组表达载体中表达,且表达产物同时以包涵体和可溶性形式存在.可溶性产物的结构主要为二聚体,电子显微镜下可以观察到类似亚单位的结构.纯化r4-1BBL可促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞的体外增殖.与单纯HPV16蛋白疫苗相比,r4-1BBL联合HPV16蛋白疫苗能诱导更强的特异性细胞免疫应答(t=3.525,P=0.024)和产生更明显的肿瘤生长抑制作用(t=2.534,P=0.021).结论 r4-1BBL能在小鼠中提高HPV16蛋白疫苗的免疫效果,具有作为HPV16蛋白疫苗佐剂的潜力.     

Transformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenoside rh<Subscript>2</Subscript> by acids and human intestinal bacteria and biological activities of their transformants

When ginseng water extract was incubated at 60 degrees C in acidic conditions, its protopanaxadiol ginsenosides were transformed to ginsenoside Rg3 and delta20-ginsenoside Rg3. However, protopanaxadiol glycoside ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2 and Rc isolated from ginseng were mostly not transformed to ginsenoside Rg3 by the incubation in neutral condition. The transformation of these ginsenosides to ginsenoside Rg3 and delta20-ginsenoside Rg3 was increased by increasing incubation temperature and time in acidic condition: the optimal incubation time and temperature for this transformation was 5 h and 60 degrees C resepectively. The transformed ginsenoside Rg3 and delta20-ginsenoside Rg3 were metabolized to ginsenoside Rh2 and delta20-ginsenoside Rh2, respectively, by human fecal microflora. Among the bacteria isolated from human fecal microflora, Bacteroides sp., Bifidobacterium sp. and Fusobacterium sp. potently transformed ginsenoside Rg3 to ginsenoside Rh2. Acid-treated ginseng (AG) extract, fermented AG extract, ginsenoside Rh2 and protopanaxadiol showed potent cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. AG extract, fermented AG extract and protopanaxadiol potently inhibited the growth of Helicobacter pylori.     

Investigation on the mechanism of ginsenoside Rg3 in treating murine primary mammary tumor

A murine primary mammary tumor model was established to investigate the treatment with ginsenosides Rg3. The relationship between ginsenosides Rg3 and primary mammary tumor was explored. Mammary tumor was induced by using the 7,12-dimethybenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Ginsenoside Rg3 was employed for treatment. The incidence of mammary tumor in every group was compared, and the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) were detected by immunohistochemical method. The cell cycle and apoptosis percentage were determined by means of flow cytometry. The incidence of tumor in treatment group was significantly lower than that in control group (60.00% vs 33.33%, P < 0.05). The average diameter of mammary tumor was (0.86±0.27) cm in control group and (0.39±0.09) cm in treatment group, with the difference being significant between control and treatment groups (P < 0.01). The MVD value was (31.9±5.3) in control group and (20.1±4.9) in treatment group, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The apoptosis percentage in control group was significant lower than that in treatment group [(2.47±0.69)% vs (5.67±0.99)%, P < 0.05]. Ginsenoside Rg3 can play an antitumor role in primary mammary tumor model by inhibiting angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, and promoting cell apoptosis.     

The antistress effect of ginseng total saponin and ginsenoside Rg3 and Rb1 evaluated by brain polyamine level under immobilization stress.

The present study aims to demonstrate the ability of ginseng total saponin (GTS), ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb1 to reduce brain polyamine levels in immobilization-stressed gerbil mice. A previous study reported that ginsenosides had an anti-stress property. So, we tested the anti-stress effect of ginseng by investigating the brain level of polyamine, a well-known stress stimuli marker. We determined the brain polyamine levels under 30-min immobilization stress in pretreating GTS (100 mgkg(-1), oral), ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb1 (10 mgkg(-1), oral, respectively). Then, we compared polyamine levels between the non-stressed mouse and the stressed mouse which had taken saline orally to check the placebo effect. Putrescine (PUT) levels were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the stressed condition, but it was reduced in pretreatment of GTS, ginsenosides Rg3 (P < 0.01, respectively) and Rb1 (P < 0.001) under 30-min immobilization stressed-mouse. However, other polyamine levels did not change regardless of stressed condition or GTS-, ginsenosides Rg3- and Rb1-treated stressed condition. These results mean that only PUT could be a marker for stress and GTS, ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb1 administration lead to an anti-stress effect. Thus, our studies indicate that GTS, ginsenosides Rg3 and Rb1 may play a neuroprotective role in the immobilization-stressed brain.     

Simultaneous quantification of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng) by HPLC-ELSD and its application to quality control

A new method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 14 major ginsenosides, which are the marker compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng). Various types of ginseng samples were extracted, and the amounts of the 14 ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rf, Rh1, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, and Rh2) were determined by reverse-phase HPLC-ELSD using digoxin as an internal standard. The mobile phase consisted of a programmed gradient of aqueous acetonitrile. Calibration curves for each ginsenoside were determined for the quantification. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. This quantification method was applied to several finished ginseng products including white ginseng, red ginseng powder, and red ginseng concentrate. The amounts of the 14 ginsenosides in the various ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously. This validated HPLC method is expected to provide a new basis for the quality assessment of ginseng products.     

Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium

Medical application of Panax ginseng was first found in "Shen-Nong Herbal Classic"around 200 AD Panax quinquefolium was first introduced in "Essential of Materia Medica" in 1694 in China. The most important bioactive components contained in P ginseng and P quinquefolium are ginseng saponins (GS). The contents of ginsenoside Rb1, Re, and Rd in P quinquefolium are higher than they are in P ginseng. In P ginseng, the contents of Rg1,Rb2, and Rc are higher than they are in P quinquefolium. P ginseng had a higher ratio of Rg1: Rb1, and which was lower in P quinquefolium. After steaming for several hours, the total GS will decrease. However, some ginsenosides (Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2) increase, while others (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) decrease. However, variation, especially in P quinquefolium, is high. P ginseng and P quinquefolium are general tonics and adaptogens. Rg1 and Rb1 enhance central nervous system (CNS) activities, but the effect of the latter is weaker. Thus, for the higher contents of Rg1, P ginseng is a stimulant, whereas the Rb1 contents of P quinquefolium are mainly calming to the CNS. Re, Rg1, panaxan A and B from P ginseng are good for diabetes. Re and Rg1 enhance angiogenesis, whereas Rb1, Rg3 and Rh2 inhibit it. Rh2, an antitumor agent, can be obtained from Rb1 by steaming. The content of Re in P quinquefolium are higher than in P ginseng by 3-4 times. The vasorelax, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and angiogenic effects of Re are reported. Thus, for the CNS "hot," wound healing and hypoglycemic effects, P ginseng is better than P quinquefolium. For anticancer effects, P quinquefolium is better.