内镜全层切除术与外科手术切除胃巨大 间质瘤的对照性分析（含视频）

目的评价内镜全层切除术治疗长径5～7 cm胃巨大间质瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2018年10月,于郑州大学第一附属医院接受内镜全层切除术或外科手术（包括腹腔镜及开腹手术）治疗,长径5～7 cm且经术后病理确诊为胃间质瘤的36例病例,按照手术方式分为内镜组9例和外科组27例,对比分析2组围术期指标和并发症总体发生率。结果围术期指标方面,内镜组中位手术时间明显长于外科组（40 h比20 h,P＜001）,术后禁食时间明显短于外科组[（455±088）d比（622±224）d,t=-215,P=003],术后住院时间明显短于外科组[（688±126）d比（1003±290）d,t=-313,P＜001],术后第1天腹痛视觉模拟评分中位评分明显低于外科组（3分比6分,P＜001）,术后第3天腹痛视觉模拟评分中位评分亦明显低于外科组（1分比3分, P＜001）,住院费用明显少于外科组[（55±147）万元比（73±243）万元,t=-211,P=004]。总体并发症发生率方面,内镜组为111%（1/9）,高于外科手术组的74%（2/27）,但差异无统计学意义（P=100）。结论内镜全层切除术治疗长径5～7 cm胃巨大间质瘤是安全和有效的,且具有创伤小、术后恢复快、住院费用低等优势,但如何缩短手术时间是亟待解决的问题。     

链霉蛋白酶与二甲硅油对胃镜检查微小病变检出率影响的比较

探讨链霉蛋白酶与二甲硅油对胃镜检查微小病变检出率影响，统计353例接受无痛胃镜检查的患者，分为试验组（予链霉蛋白酶联合碳酸氢钠）176例和对照组（予二甲硅油联合碳酸氢钠）177例。记录两组胃镜检查时视野清晰度、检查时长、冲洗次数、微小病灶检出率、早期癌检出率及不良反应发生率等临床指标。试验组和对照组比较视野清晰度［（1.84±0.51）分比（2.15±0.48）分，t=-5.900］、胃底黏液性状［（1.04±0.43）分比（1.46±0.76）分，t=-6.347］和冲洗次数［（0.76±0.66）次比（1.18±0.72）次，t=-5.628］等方面，差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。试验组检查时长略高于对照组［（10.01±4.40）min比（8.98±4.22）min，t=2.239，P=0.026］。试验组微小病变检出率显著高于对照组］［97.73%（172/176）比91.53%（162/177），χ2=6.665，P=0.010］。在炎性增生、息肉、癌前病变和癌的检出率方面，试验组与对照组差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者均无术前喝药不适，试验组和对照组各有4例发生术中呛咳，术中呛咳发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.999），术后均无不良反应。术前服用链霉蛋白酶可显著提高胃镜下视野清晰度并提高微小病变检出率，有助于发现胃内早期病变。     

无肌松药维持下全麻经口双气囊小肠镜检查的随机对照研究

目的评估无肌松药维持下全麻经口双气囊小肠镜（DBE）检查的效果和安全性。方法拟行经口DBE检查的120例气管插管全麻患者,按照随机数字表法随机分为2组,观察组无肌松剂维持,对照组按时追加肌松剂。监测患者麻醉诱导前(T0)、插管后即刻(T1)、置内镜时(T2)、退镜完毕(T3)、苏醒时(T4)的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、气道压（Ppeak）、呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）,记录检查结束前自主呼吸恢复例数,检查结束后苏醒时间、拔管时间、PACU停留时间,不良反应发生情况及操作者对麻醉效果的满意率。结果经剔除标准剔除12例,剩余108例完成研究,其中观察组56例、对照组52例,2组全麻诱导气管插管的一次成功率均为100%。MAP、HR、Ppeak、PETCO2,各观察时间点2组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P均＞005）,且组内与T0比较差异亦均无统计学意义（P均＞005）。观察组的自主呼吸恢复率明显高于对照组[100%（56/56）比42%（22/52）,χ2=4473,P＜0001]。呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间以及PACU停留时间观察组分别为（6±2）min、（10±3）min、（11±4）min,对照组分别为（15±5）min（t=-1264,P＜0001）、（17±5）min（t=-890,P＜0001）、（17±7）min（t=-573,P＜0001）,2组间差异均有统计学意义。拔管后,2组均未出现需要持续加压辅助通气的病例,对照组出现低氧血症2例、恶心3例,观察组出现恶心1例,2组总体不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞005)。2组内镜操作者对麻醉效果的满意率均为100%。结论无肌松药维持下全麻经口DBE检查安全、可行,具有患者自主呼吸恢复快、清醒快、拔管早、费用少等优势。     

无痛胃镜与常规胃镜检查的前瞻性对照研究

目的探讨临床上无痛胃镜和常规胃镜检查的取舍原则。方法连续选择自愿接受无痛胃镜检查（无痛胃镜组）和常规胃镜检查（普通胃镜组）的患者各400例,检查结束后完成f可卷调查,统计分析2组检查完成情况、操作时间、检查费用以及问卷调查结果。结果无痛胃镜组和普通胃镜组检查完成率分别为100．0％（400／400）和98．0％（392／400）（P=0．004）,操作时间分别为（257．7-I-133．5）S和（214．2±121．3）S（P〈0．001）,平均检查费用分别为人民币574．23形人和268．00形人（P〈0．001）,患者满意度评分分别为4（3～4）分和3（2～3）分（Z=一18．98,P〈0．001）,操作者满意度评分均为4（4～4）分（Z=一2．645,P=0．008）,胃镜检查摄片质量评分分别为（3．13±0．39）分和（3．18±0．50）分（P=0．153）。无痛胃镜组术中有20例（5．0％）发生SpO：下降,既往心血管疾病病史（OR=2．410,95％CI：0．924—6．287,P=0．004）和患者年龄（OR=1．039,95％CI：1．002一I．077,P=0．002）与发生Sp02下降存在关联。无痛胃镜组和普通胃镜组分别有381例（95．2％）和145例（36．4％）（P〈0．001）愿意再次接受相同检查方式检查,其中普通胃镜组男性（P=0．007）、年龄1〉60岁者（P=0．031）、体质量指数≤24kg／m2者（P=0．039）更愿意再次接受常规胃镜检查。结论在中国目前,由于完成率高、检查时间短、费用低,常规胃镜检查仍是上消化道疾病检查不可欠缺的重要方法。内镜医师在建议患者选择胃镜检查方式时,不仅要考虑减轻患者检查中的不适程度,更要根据患者的实际情况,严格把握适应证,在充分利用医疗资源的前提下使患者得到及时的诊治。     

胃镜检查中应用异丙酚的临床观察

胃镜检查时患者因有明显的咽部不适、屏气、呛咳、恶心、呕吐等,往往难以配合,给胃镜检查带来困难,甚至造成机械性创伤。为此,我们应用异丙酚进行镇静镇痛,效果良好,现报告如下。 一、资料和方法 1 临床资料:将胃镜检查患者（行镜下治疗者除外）共1357例,分成常规检查组（A组）和异丙酚镇静组（B组）。A组672例,男 401例,女 271例,年龄为（48.68±17.52）岁,体重（60.81±9.31）kg。B组685例,男418例,女267例,年龄为（46.97±18.40）岁,体重（61.62±7.82）kg。两组患者的男女比例、年龄结构和体重情况无差异（性别X2=0.25,年龄t=1.76,体重t=1.72,P均>0.05）。     

全景胃镜对十二指肠主乳头观察的随机对照研究

目的 探讨全景胃镜对十二指肠主乳头观察的效果和安全性。 方法 2017年3月至2017年12月在解放军总医院消化内镜中心接受无痛胃镜检查的患者按照随机化分组、自身对照原则，将符合入选标准的研究对象按就诊顺序编号，采用随机数字表法随机分为两组，分别进行普通胃镜检查（A组）或者全景胃镜检查（B组）。以十二指肠主乳头的观察情况作为主要评价指标，比较两组对十二指肠主乳头的观察率。 结果 根据入组标准共纳入100例患者，其中A组51例、B组49例。B组十二指肠主乳头全部观察率优于A组[7959%(39/49)比4118%(21/51),χ2=15366，P=0000]，而对十二指肠主乳头的总体观察率（全部、部分观察率之和）与A组比较差异无统计学意义[10000%(49/49)比9216%(47/51),χ2=2221，P=0136]。 所有患者顺利完成检查，无出血、穿孔、死亡等并发症发生。 结论 全景胃镜广阔的视野有效提高了十二指肠主乳头观察的有效性和安全性。     

钛夹联合尼龙绳牵引辅助技术在内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗早期胃角癌中的临床研究

目的 评估钛夹联合尼龙绳牵引辅助下内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）治疗早期胃角癌及癌前病变的应用价值及安全性。方法 以2018年1—12月在杭州市第一人民医院行ESD治疗的59例早期胃角癌及癌前病变患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法随机分入常规ESD组（对照组,n=28）和钛夹联合尼龙绳牵引组（试验组,n=31）。比较两组患者的黏膜下补充注射次数、ESD手术时间、病灶面积、黏膜剥离时间、单位时间切除率、病灶完整切除率以及手术并发症等情况。结果 试验组黏膜下补充注射次数少于对照组[（2.3±1.1）次比（3.7±1.4）次,t=4.557,P＜0.001];试验组的病灶面积和对照组相比差异无统计学意义 [（12.7±2.6）cm2比（11.7±2.7）cm2,t=1.485,P=0.143];试验组ESD手术时间[（72.4±24.7）min比（93.6±28.9）min,t=3.043,P=0.004]和黏膜剥离时间[（67.7±23.3）min比（88.2±28.3）min,t=3.054,P=0.003]短于对照组,单位时间切除率高于对照组[（20.2±3.2）mm2/min比（14.3±3.4）mm2/min,t=6.879,P＜0.001]。两组患者的一次性完整切除率均为100.0%。两组患者均未出现穿孔及术后出血等,试验组术中出血率低于对照组[19.4%（6/31）比35.7%（10/28）, χ2=1.992,P=0.158]。结论 使用钛夹联合尼龙绳牵引辅助技术可降低胃角ESD的技术难度、缩短操作时间、降低术中出血可能,具有较好的应用价值。     

老年高血压病患者血浆神经肽Y、神经降压素水平变化与心肾功能损害的相关分析

目的观察老年高血压病患者血浆神经肽Y（NPY）、神经降压素（NT）水平变化与心肾功能损害的关系。方法选择符合高血压病诊断标准的解放军总医院第一附属医院住院的老年患者57（男性36，女性21）例，年龄60～88（71．3±6．8）岁，选择23（男16，女7）例老年健康查体者或健康志愿者作为对照组，年龄60～76（65．5±6．6）岁。用彩色超声心动图检查患者心脏结构和功能。测定内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）评价患者肾功能。用放射免疫分析法检测血浆NPY、NT浓度。结果（1）老年高血压病患者血浆NPY水平（159±56）pg／ml高于老年对照组（123±54）pg／ml（t=-2．585，P〈0．05），而NT水平（66±31）pg／ml明显低于对照组（101±19）pg／ml（t=2．617，P〈0．01）。（2）将老年高血压病患者按左室射血分数（LVEF）分为3组（1组：LVEF≥55％，2组：LVEF=41％～54％，3组：LVEF≤40％）。3组间NPY、NT浓度均差异明显（F=12．36，P〈0．01，F=4．92，P〈0．05），随心功能恶化，NPY水平升高，而NT水平降低。伴有左室肥厚[室间隔≥11mm和（或）左室后壁≥11mm为左室肥厚]组血浆NPY水平（177±52）pg／ml高于室间隔和左室后壁正常组（135±47）pg／ml（t=-2．84，P〈0．01），而NT水平则肥厚组（56±25）pg／ml低于正常组（94±31）pg／ml（t=4．74，P〈0．01）。（3）将患者按其肾功能，Ccr≥50ml／min和Ccr≤49ml／min分为两组，Ccr≤49ml／min组血浆NPY水平（187±53）pg／ml高于Ccr≥50ml／min组（148±55）pg／ml（t=-1．978，P〈0．05）。NT水平二组分别为（61±29）pg／ml和（69±33）pg／ml，比较未显示出明显差异（t=0．991，P〉0．05）。结论老年高血压病患者血浆NPY、NT水平变化与患者心肾功能损害程度相关，观察血浆NPY、NT水平变化有助于判断老年高血压病患者的病情和预后。     

经内镜胆道内支架放置术在老年急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎中的应用价值

目的　评估经内镜胆道内支架放置术（endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage,ERBD）治疗老年急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎（acute obstructive suppurative cholangitis,AOSC）的安全性和有效性。方法　回顾性分析新疆医科大学第一附属医院2018年1月—2020年1月期间收治的AOSC患者的临床资料。年龄在75岁及以上的患者设为老年组（n=49）,75岁以下的患者设为对照组（n=63）,比较两组患者一般资料、美国麻醉医师协会（American Society of Anesthesiologists, ASA）分级、基础疾病伴随情况、手术相关情况、术后并发症发生率及死亡率等指标。结果　老年组和对照组患者在年龄［（82.6±5.1）岁比 （64.6±4.5）岁,t=19.98, P<0.001］、白蛋白水平［（29.1±5.9）g/L 比 （34.6±8.8）g/L,t=-3.94,P<0.001］、ASA分级（χ²=8.37,P=0.015）方面差异有统计学意义。老年组伴随更多的基础疾病,尤其在高血压［57.1%（28/49）比34.9%（22/63）,χ²=5.51,P=0.019］、冠心病［（55.1%（27/49）比27.0%（17/63）,χ²=9.14,P=0.003］、慢性阻塞性肺疾病/哮喘方面［24.5%（12/49） 比6.3%（4/63）,χ²=7.41,P=0.006］差异有统计学意义。在手术相关指标方面,老年组与对照组手术时间［（31.4±8.1）min 比 （30.4±8.0）min,t=-0.61,P=0.543］、住院时间［（6.1±1.7）d 比（5.7±1.4） d,t=1.35, P=0.182］差异无统计学意义。老年组和对照组并发症发生率分别为14.3％（7/49）和12.7％（8/63）,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.06,P=0.807）。在院期间,两组均无手术相关死亡病例。结论　对于75岁及以上的老年AOSC患者,急诊ERBD可迅速缓解病情,是一种安全有效的治疗措施,高龄不是急诊ERBD的绝对禁忌证。     

鼻胃镜和常规胃镜对经皮内镜胰腺坏死组织清除术的疗效比较

目的：对比鼻胃镜和常规胃镜用于经皮内镜坏死组织清除术(PEN)在治疗感染性胰腺坏死(IPN)的中的疗效。方法：回顾性分析2015年12月至2019年3月,共24例因IPN接受PEN治疗患者的临床资料,分为经常规胃镜治疗组（n=15）和经鼻胃镜治疗组（n=9）。比较两组生命体征、APACHEII评分变化、手术清创次数、手术持续时间、术前术后胰周坏死体积差值、并发症（如出血、胰瘘、感染等）、术后恢复时间、术后均日费用、预后结局等指标。结果：经常规胃镜治疗组和经鼻胃镜治疗组在年龄、性别、病因、引流管数目、PEN手术次数、术前APACHEII评分、术前胰周坏死体积、术后恢复时间、病死率上的差异无显著统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组术后APACHE II评分的变化曲线拟合的差异无显著的统计学意义（t=0.378,P=0.710）。经鼻胃镜治疗组在手术时间上较经常规胃镜治疗组有显著优势（119.7±47.4min vs 172.8±56.2min,P=0.018）。经鼻胃镜治疗组术后较术前胰周坏死体积有明显的减少（468.9±137.37ml vs 404.03±170.73ml,P=0.002）,经常规胃镜治疗组术后较术前胰周坏死体积也有明显的减少（722.50±292.96ml vs 499.44±227.17ml,P<0.001）,两组术前术后胰周坏死体积差值的差异无显著的统计学意义（223.06±212.92ml vs 64.87±54.94ml,P=0.094）。结论：PCD引流效果欠佳情况下施行“升阶梯”的PEN术可取得明显减少坏死病灶范围的疗效。鼻胃镜较常规胃镜具有更短的PEN手术持续时间,且具有进行深部脓腔清理的优势。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.