某焦化企业职业病危害因素检测及职业健康监护评价

目的了解某焦化企业作业工人接触职业病危害因素的浓度或强度以及健康状况。方法 2011-2014年对某焦化企业作业工人接触的职业病危害因素检测及职业健康检查。结果 2011-2014年作业工人粉尘、焦炉逸散物、噪声、高温的浓度或强度的总体合格率分别为96.6%、79.1%、70.1%、89.7%,其中2014年粉尘和焦炉逸散物浓度合格率均为100.0%。噪声职业禁忌证检出8人,总体检出率1.1%;粉尘职业禁忌证检出1人,检出率0.1%;噪声观察对象检出15人,检出率2.1%,未检出粉尘观察对象和职业病病人。结论应采取综合噪声控制措施,督促工人佩戴耳塞,以保护听力。     

福州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂噪声及有害化学因素对作业工人职业健康的影响

目的探讨福州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂存在的主要职业病危害因素及其对作业工人职业健康的影响。方法按GBZ 159-2004、GBZ/T 160和GBZ/T 189.8-2007相关规定对福州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂主要作业场所开展职业卫生检测,按GBZ 188-2014相关规定对接触职业病危害因素的作业工人开展职业健康检查。结果福州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂主要作业场所垃圾接收与贮存单元、卸料单元、垃圾焚烧单元、除灰渣单元、汽轮发电单元有害化学因素检测40点,检出存在硫化氢、氨、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、铅和汞,其浓度均低于国家职业接触限值,合格率100%,检测噪声21点,其强度范围为75.5~91.7 d B(A),其中低于国家职业接触限值16点,合格率76.2%。职业健康检查137人,检出噪声作业疑似职业病9人,其听力损伤与作业工人接噪工龄和接触噪声值密切相关。检出氨作业职业禁忌证1人,铅作业职业禁忌证1人,以及其他健康异常改变52人。结论福州市某垃圾焚烧发电厂作业场所存在的职业病危害因素种类多,作业工人职业健康应引起重视。     

粤西地区某市木家具制造业职业卫生检测及职工体检结果分析

目的了解粤西地区某市木家具制造业作业场所中职业病危害因素检测情况及其接害作业人员的健康状况。方法依据国家职业卫生标准所规定的方法对该区2011—2012年23家木家具制造业的作业场所职业病危害因素进行检测,对作业人员进行职业健康检查并对结果进行评价。结果累计检测作业点159个,合格点数73个(45.9%);噪声、粉尘和有机溶剂合格率分别是37.7%,45.6%和53.3%。共检查178名接害作业人员,全部检查项目均无异常者77人,合格率43.3%;未检出职业病患者或疑似职业病患者。结论粤西地区某市木家具制造业普遍存在粉尘、噪声和有机溶剂等职业病危害,职工健康检查合格率低,应加强职业病三级预防和健康监护工作,切实保护工人身体健康。     

成都市某装饰材料公司职业健康检查结果分析

目的了解成都市某装饰材料公司现场职业病危害因素情况及工人身体健康状况,并为该公司提出有效防控措施以保障工人的身心健康。方法到该公司进行现场职业病危害因素检测,组织全体操作工人进行职业健康检查,并对检测和检查结果进行统计分析。结果职业现场卫生学检测结果显示,推台锯、断锯岗位作业操作位和休息位的总粉尘(木尘)检测浓度均合格;推台锯、断锯岗位作业操作位的噪声强度超过国家标准。职业健康检查结果显示,63名工人中,50人检查结果异常,总检出率为79.37%;其中9人的异常检查结果与职业病危害因素相关,检出率为14.29%,女性高于男性。噪声作业工人接害工龄5~9年组的听力损伤检出率高于0~4年组,噪声暴露工人的听力损伤检出率高于非噪声暴露工人。结论该公司操作工人健康状况值得关注,工作环境有待进一步改善。     

某汽车制造公司职业危害现况调查

[目的]了解汽车制造行业职业危害和作业工人健康状况，探讨职业病危害因素的联合作用，提出进一步完善现行职业卫生标准建议。[方法]依据国家职业卫生标准的要求，对作业场所粉尘、各种毒物、噪声、高温等进行检测和评价。采用职业性健康体检等方法对作业工人的健康状况进行调查研究。[结果]工作场所粉尘和毒物浓度均符合国家职业卫生标准的要求。粉尘作业工人检出尘肺病Ⅰ期患者1人；无尘肺0^＋者（即疑似职业病）70人，异常率高达15．05％。噪声强度超标率为45．45％，噪声作业工人检出听力异常者58人，听力异常率高达35．58％。苯作业工人检出白细胞偏低者49人，红细胞、血红蛋白两项偏低者2人。经郑州市职业中毒诊断专家集体会诊，7人被诊断为职业性慢性轻度苯中毒，4人被诊断为苯观察对象。此外，脂肪肝、高血压患病率分别为18．88％、7．35％，占作业工人常见病、多发病的第1、第2位。[结论]作业工人整体健康状况不容乐观。低浓度职业病危害因素对生产工人健康的远期影响及多种有害因素对人体的联合作用应引起关注。     

襄阳市某汽车制造企业职业健康检查结果分析

目的了解汽车制造企业生产过程中分布较广泛的危害因素对作业工人健康的影响,为本区域职业病防控提供参考。方法选取该企业2012年接触粉尘、噪声、苯系物的作业工人2 025人体检资料进行统计分析。结果检出听力受损95人,占噪声作业人员的6.65%,其中,疑似职业性噪声聋5人,噪声职业禁忌症6人;疑似慢性职业性苯中毒1人,未检出尘肺或疑似尘肺病患者。其他异常检出率分别为高血压11.75%,心电图异常5.7%,X线检查肺部异常1.01%,血常规异常5.3%,肝功能异常18.38%,B超检出异常35.7%,其中脂肪肝22.95%,胆囊疾患6%。结论噪声是汽车制造作业工人最严重的职业危害因素,应引起企业高度重视。     

十堰市某汽车制造企业主要职业病危害因素及职业健康现状

目的了解某汽车制造企业存在的主要职业病危害因素以及接触有害因素工人的健康状况。方法对某汽车制造企业进行作业场所职业卫生学调查并对职业病危害因素进行现场检测,对接触职业有害因素的在岗职工进行职业健康检查。结果该企业现场环境噪声的检测合格率为53.3%,接触噪声作业人员共721人,听力异常检出率37.2%,噪声作业人员听力受损检出率明显高于非噪声作业人员(P0.05),且噪声作业人员听力异常检出率随着工龄的延长而增加(P0.05);现场环境粉尘检测合格率87.5%,181名粉尘作业工人胸片检查未检出疑似尘肺病改变,肺功能异常检出率6.1%,与非粉尘作业工人肺功能异常率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);毒物检测合格率为100%,31名苯作业工人血常规检查未发现白细胞、血小板或中性细胞数降低。结论该企业目前最主要和最严重的职业危害因素是噪声,且噪声作业人员听力受损严重,应加强对噪声危害的控制和噪声作业人员的健康监护。     

2016年天津市武清区重点职业病监测结果

目的分析天津市武清区2016年重点职业病监测结果,为职业病防治和健康风险评估提供依据。方法通过对多部门多途径收集、整理重点职业病相关信息,按照统一要求录入资料,运用SPSS统计软件进行分析。结果 2016年武清区存在重点职业病危害企业372家,以小型、制造业为主;风险分类为"严重"的企业占17.2%。共检测矽尘岗位13个,超标9个,超标率69.2%;检测噪声岗位978个,超标118个,超标率12.1%。6 660名接触重点职业病危害因素劳动者在岗期间检查资料显示,高血压检出率12.4%,心电图异常检出率12.0%,专项指标异常检出率9.0%,均为苯和噪声的专项指标异常,检出噪声作业职业禁忌证劳动者11人(0.17%),检出苯作业疑似职业病1人。收集新发职业病1例(矽肺)。结论武清区重点职业病危害的防治过程中应重点关注噪声、矽尘、苯职业病危害因素,防治工作应提高技术措施,同时还应加强管理。     

2006—2010年厦门市机械制造企业电焊工职业病危害调查

收集2006—2010年厦门市机械制造企业职业卫生现场监测资料及电焊工职业健康检查资料。对224个电焊作业点进行检测,其中电焊烟尘检测114个点,超标率10.53%;噪声检测84个点,超标率41.67%;MnO2、NO、NO2共检测24个作业点,各检测点空气中浓度均未超标。770名电焊工岗前体检,粉尘作业职业禁忌证检出率3.42%,噪声作业职业禁忌证检出率17.66%;2 886名电焊工岗中体检,主要临床表现为肺纹理增多和心电图异常;5年内检出42例疑似尘肺病例,确诊15例,检出率0.54%,尘肺发病工龄多集中在5～10年。提示电焊作业场所主要职业病危害因素是粉尘和噪声,电焊作业工人体检应按照粉尘+噪声混岗作业进行。     

某纺织企业噪声的职业病危害调查

目的了解噪声对纺织企业工人听力的影响,为制定职业病防控措施提供依据。方法依据相关规范标准对某纺织企业进行噪声强度测定,并对接触噪声的189名作业工人进行职业健康检查。结果参加检测的189名工人按照《职业性噪声聋诊断标准》检出1人为中度噪声聋,3人为轻度噪声聋,检出率为分别为0.53%、1.59%。结论该企业应改善工作条件,加强个体防护,并注意做好健康监护工作以保障工人的身心健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.