超声造影诊断肝内胆管细胞癌的价值研究

目的 探讨肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)的超声造影(CEUS)特征及诊断价值。方法 对病理确诊为ICC 35例患者的42个病灶的常规超声及CEUS进行回顾性分析，探讨常规超声及CEUS特征并评价其诊断准确率。结果 CEUS正确诊断ICC 38个病灶，诊断准确度为90%。(1)18个病灶(43%)常规超声提示周边肝内胆管“蜘蛛征”样增宽。(2)CEUS动脉相表现：a.5个病灶(12%)呈整体均匀性高增强。b.37个病灶(88%)呈整体不均匀性高增强，其中12个病灶(29%)呈环状高增强；6个病灶(14%)呈一过性膨胀性厚环状高增强；19个病灶(45%)呈典型或不典型“鸟巢样”高增强。c.<3 cm的病灶表现多样，其中均匀性高增强、一过性膨胀性厚环状高增强仅见于<3 cm的病灶。d.≥3 cm的病灶呈不均匀高增强，其中典型“鸟巢样”高增强仅见于≥3 cm的病灶。(3)所有病灶均见廓清，<3 cm的病灶多在门脉相廓清而≥3 cm的病灶多在延迟相廓清。结论 CEUS诊断ICC有其特征性表现，具有较高的诊断价值。     

超声造影对多房囊性肾细胞癌的诊断价值

目的：探讨利用超声造影（contrast enhanced ultrasound,CEUS） Bosniak分级诊断多房囊性肾细胞癌（multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma,MCRCC）的可行性及其价值.方法：选取2004年7月-2011年12月在复旦大学附属中山医院行CEUS并最终经手术病理证实为MCRCC的患者14例（共14个病灶）,采用CEUS Bosniak分级分析肿瘤的分隔数目、厚度、实质成分以及血供情况.结果：14例MCRCC患者的病灶常规超声图均表现为“蜂窝状”的多房囊性占位,其中5例可见部分实质成分,9例可检测出彩色多普勒血流信号.CEUS声像图显示,14例病灶均可见皮质期增强,平均增强起始时间（14.57±3.15）s,平均达峰值时间（20.21±4.24）s,平均减退时间（29.28±3.98）s.CEUS声像图显示,10例病灶表现为同步增强快速减退,3例同步增强同步减退,1例缓慢增强快速减退.达峰值强度8例表现为高回声,3例等回声,3例低回声.CEUS声像图Bosniak分级：Ⅰ-Ⅱ级（0例）,ⅡF级（3例）,Ⅲ级（6例）,Ⅳ级（5例）.CEUS声像图显示,6例（6/14,42.86％）病灶较常规超声显示分隔数目更多,3例（3/14,21.43％）病灶较常规超声显示分隔厚度更厚.结论：CEUS较常规超声更能清晰显示MCRCC的血供和内部结构,有助于MCRCC的诊断.     

胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤CEUS表现与病理学分级的相关性研究

目的:探讨胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm,pNEN)的超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)图像特征与病理学分级的相关性。方法:回顾并分析49例经穿刺或手术后病理学检查证实的pNEN的术前CEUS图像,观察并记录超声声像图表现及CEUS增强—消退改变,并将CEUS表现与病理学分级作相关性分析。结果:最终病理学检查结果显示15例病灶为神经内分泌瘤(neuroendocrine tumor,NET)G1,23例病灶为NET G2,11例病灶为NET G3或神经内分泌癌(neuroendocrine carcinoma,NEC)。所有病灶在常规灰阶超声检查时都表现为低回声实质团块。动脉期NET G1病灶以整体均匀增强为主(11/15,73.3%),NET G3/NEC以不均匀增强为主(8/11,72.7%;P0.05)。从增强程度来看,NET G1、NET G2、NET G3/NEC病灶在CEUS动脉期多数表现为高或等增强(93.3%、82.6%及72.7%);在CEUS静脉期,NET G1病灶以高增强或等增强为主(14/15,93.3%),而44.1%的NET G2和NET G3/NEC病灶呈低增强改变(P0.05)。CEUS延迟期,NET G1病灶以高增强或者等增强为主(13/15,86.7%),而67.6%(23/34)的NET G2和NET G3/NEC病灶呈低增强表现(P0.05)。结论:pNEN的CEUS表现与其病理学分级具有一定的关联。CEUS静脉期或延迟期始终呈整体均匀高增强或等增强的病灶提示为NET G1。     

卵巢甲状腺肿的常规超声及CEUS表现

目的 探讨卵巢甲状腺肿的常规超声及CEUS表现。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的65例卵巢甲状腺肿患者的常规超声表现,并探讨其中5例CEUS表现特点。结果 65例患者中,14例（14/65,21.54%）常规超声表现为多房囊性占位,49例（49/65,75.34%）表现为囊实性占位,2例（2/65,3.08%）为实性占位。39例（39/65,60.00%）病灶内见密集网格状回声,18例（18/65,27.69%）病灶内探及较丰富血流信号。对5例行CEUS检查,包括2例多房囊性病灶,3例囊实性病灶,均表现为囊壁及分隔呈较均匀中度增强;3例囊实性病灶中1例实性成分无增强,2例实性成分呈不均匀的中—高度增强,部分实性成分内可见造影剂充盈缺损。所有病灶的囊性部分均无增强。结论 卵巢甲状腺肿以多房囊性或囊实性成分多见,由于卵巢甲状腺肿特殊的病理构成,其常规超声及CEUS的表现均不典型,术前诊断困难。     

原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤多种模式超声表现特征

目的总结原发性甲状腺淋巴瘤(PTLs)多种模式超声表现特征,探讨其诊断及鉴别诊断要点。方法回顾性分析2011年10月至2016年2月第二军医大学长征医院收治的6例PTLs患者常规二维超声、彩色多普勒血流成像(CDFI)、超声造影(CEUS)、三维超声重建、弹性超声(EI)等多种模式超声表现。所有患者均经超声引导下穿刺活检病理证实。结果 (1)常规二维超声:6例PTLs病灶呈弥漫肿大型2例,左侧单发结节型1例,双侧多结节型3例,均无包膜,多发结节者边界不清,部分相互融合成团;呈不均匀(极)低回声型4例,混合回声型2例,内部均可见粗细不等的条索状及网格状高回声,仅1例后方回声轻度增强。除1例患者颈部淋巴结无异常,余5例PTLs同时伴双侧颈部Ⅱ~Ⅴ区不同程度的多发淋巴结异常肿大;(2)CDFI及CEUS:CDFI显示PTLs结节周边及内部血流信号多较丰富,PTLs病灶内可见点条状血流,为动静脉血流频谱,肿大淋巴结内亦可见丰富血管树。CEUS成像模式下,6例PTLs造影剂均显著增强,均为弥漫非均匀充盈型,其中2例肿块内可见少许小片状坏死组织未充盈区域;(3)三维超声重建:6例PTLs结节表面均清晰可见粗细不等的条索状及网格状高回声;(4)EI:6例病灶质地均较软,弹性应变率比值为1.28~1.96,平均(1.82±0.29)。结论 PTLs的超声表现具有一定特征性,多种模式超声检查有助于全面把握PTLs影像学信息,对PTLs的早发现、早诊断、早治疗具有积极意义。     

原发性睾丸淋巴瘤超声表现及误诊分析

目的探讨原发性睾丸淋巴瘤的超声表现特征。方法回顾性分析21例经病理证实为睾丸淋巴瘤的常规超声及超声造影表现,分析其超声表现特点,并对相关病例的误诊情况进行探讨。结果 21例行常规超声检查的病灶中,有13例(61.9%)为弥漫型,8例(38.1%)为结节型,病灶最大径线6~60mm,平均约(40.8±15.0)mm;病灶边界清楚的有18例(85.7%),边界不清楚的有3例(14.3%);12例(57.1%)病灶形态规则,9例(42.9%)病灶形态不规则;病灶呈均匀性低弱回声的有14例(66.7%),呈不均匀性低弱回声的有7例(33.3%);所有病灶血流信号均呈Ⅲ级。11例行超声造影检查的病灶均呈快进高增强,病灶呈均匀性增强的有9例(81.8%),呈不均匀性增强的有2例(18.2%);造影剂消退时间24~51s,平均约(38.1±6.1)s;术前超声检查对本研究睾丸疾病诊断准确率为81.0%(17/21),误诊为精原细胞瘤3例(14.2%),误诊为炎性病变1例(4.8%)。结论睾丸淋巴瘤常规超声及超声造影具有一定特征,学习及掌握其特点可以更好的提高睾丸淋巴瘤诊断准确率,为临床进一步诊疗提供更多、更可靠的信息。     

超声造影对细菌性肝脓肿的诊断价值

目的探讨CEUS对细菌性肝脓肿的诊断价值。方法分析34例肝脓肿的常规超声及CEUS图像,由2名超声科医师对病变的性质进行诊断。结果①常规超声:多数病灶形态规则、边界清楚、内部为混合回声、内部血流贫乏。②CEUS:以不均匀、"网格样"及周边环状或结节样增强多见,61.76%(21/34)病灶动脉相与周围肝组织同时增强。等增强为最常见增强方式。41.18%(14/34)病灶在门脉相及延迟相出现消退,58.82%(20/34)未出现消退。CEUS更准确地评估了病灶内坏死区的面积。③读取造影图像后,医师诊断信心度和诊断结果一致性得到提高。结论细菌性肝脓肿常规超声表现多样,大部分CEUS符合肝脏良性病变特点,少部分与恶性肿瘤相似。CEUS能准确评估病灶内坏死灶范围,提高医师对病变性质诊断的信心度及一致性。     

肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤常规超声及超声造影表现

目的 观察肝内胆管乳头状肿瘤（IPNB）常规超声及超声造影（CEUS）表现。方法 回顾性分析16例接受腹部常规超声及CEUS检查并经手术病理证实的单发IPNB患者，其中9例伴癌变（癌变组），7例伴中重度异型增生或上皮内瘤变（增生或瘤变组）；对比观察2组病灶常规超声及CEUS表现。结果 16个病灶中，11个形态不规则并与肝内胆管相通，10个内部探及点线状血流信号；病灶内部回声可表现为囊性（单房/多房无回声）、囊实性及实性。组间病灶直径、形态、是否与胆管相通及病灶内是否探及血流信号差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05），内部回声特征差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组病灶CEUS多表现为"快进快出"，动脉期均以不均匀增强伴乳头状强化为主，增强模式及动脉期增强形态差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 IPNB常规超声及CEUS表现具有一定特征性。     

肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影表现

目的总结肝内胆管细胞癌的超声造影表现.方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的经手术及穿刺活检病理证实的56例肝内胆管细胞癌患者超声造影表现.结果56例肝内胆管细胞癌患者共70个病灶,所有病灶超声造影均表现为“快进快出”,门脉期及延迟期均呈低回声.肝内胆管细胞癌超声造影开始增强时间、达峰时间、表现为等回声时间、表现为低回声时间分别为(14.50±3.82)s、(22.29±4.97)s、(30.38±7.97)s、(43.54±16.80)s.70个病灶中,42个(60.0%,42/70)表现为动脉期病灶边缘不规则环状增强,28个(40.0%,28/70)表现为整体增强;动脉期增强过程中,49个病灶(70.0%,49/70)表现为“树枝状”由周边向中央延伸的特征性的增强方式.超声造影增强达峰值时,51个病灶(72.9%,51/70)表现为不均匀增强,19个(27.1%,19/70)表现为均匀增强.21个病灶(30.0%,21/70)常规二维超声检查病灶边界显示不清,超声造影病灶边界均清晰.所有病灶在门脉期及延迟期均表现为低回声.56个病灶(80.0%,56/70)超声造影表现为“快进快出”、环状增强和(或)树枝状增强.结论肝内胆管细胞癌的超声造影具有“快进快出”、环状增强和(或)树枝状增强等表现,对其诊断和鉴别诊断具有一定的价值.     

肉芽肿性前列腺炎经直肠常规超声及超声造影特征探讨

目的 肉芽肿性前列腺炎与前列腺癌难以鉴别,本研究分析肉芽肿性前列腺炎的经直肠常规超声(TRUS)和超声造影(CEUS)图像特征,以提高该病的超声诊断水平.方法 在我科行TRUS引导下前列腺穿刺活检的2 215例中经病理确诊为肉芽肿性前列腺炎者37例,分析其TRUS及CEUS特征、临床症状及病理资料.结果 TRUS示25例前列腺有单发或多发低回声结节;8例表现为周围区边界不清的低回声区;1例可见腺体内多发性囊、实性结节,病变累及精囊腺;3例常规超声检查无阳性发现.CEUS者3例.1例病灶为等增强、廓清略早于周围实质;2例病灶无增强,边界清楚.结论 肉芽肿性前列腺炎病灶表现为结节样者超声较难将其与前列腺癌进行区分,CEUS能观察到不增强的坏死区,有助于引导穿刺和明确诊断.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.