交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折并发症的原因分析及防治

[目的] 观察交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的并发症的原因及防治措施。[方法]1999年1月～2004年12月用交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折120例。男76例，女44例；Gustilo Ⅰ型67例，Ⅱ型47例，Ⅲa型6例；左侧39例，右侧81例；年龄15～78岁，平均34．5岁；Gustilo Ⅰ，Ⅱ型均采用扩髓及静力型固定，Ⅲa型6例均未扩髓。[结果] 120例均得到随访，平均30个月（2个月～5年）。愈合时间12～56周，平均27．4周。术中并发症有髓内钉开口错误3例，术中再骨折4例，小腿软组织损伤4例，锁钉误穿7例，大隐静脉和腓总神经损伤各1例；术后并发症主要有感染8例，膝关节疼痛3例，锁钉断裂4例：主钉断裂1例，骨折迟缓愈合12例，肢体短缩和膝关节内翻各1例。疗效根据Johner-Wruhs标准进行评分，优102例，良16例，差2例，优良率98.3％。[结论] 交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨开放性骨折存在一定的并发症，在临床使用中必须引起高度重视；Gustilo Ⅱ以上骨折以不扩髓为宜。     

超远端胫骨髓内钉治疗胫骨远端干骺端骨折的疗效分析

目的 评价超远端胫骨髓内钉治疗开放性或潜在开放性(Tscherne分型为2度、3度)的胫骨远端干骺端骨折的安全性与有效性.方法 2007年3月至2008年4月共收治15例胫骨远端骨折患者,男9例,女6例;年龄21～53岁,平均34.3岁.对于Gustilo Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型开放性骨折患者,于伤后6～48 h采用超远端胫骨髓内钉治疗;对于Gustilo Ⅲ型开放性骨折患者,将该髓内钉作为分期治疗策略中的最终治疗.对于闭合性骨折患者,先予消肿抗炎等对症处理,待肢体皮肤褶皱出现、局部软组织无红肿渗液时手术.通过随访患者影像学资料及术后1年Johner-Wruhs评分标准评估其临床疗效.结果 15例患者术后获12～18个月(平均14个月)随访;骨折愈合时间为18～25周(平均21.1周),所有患者均获解剖或功能复位.术后1年根据Johner-Wruhs评分标准评价疗效:优11例,良3例,可1例,优良率为93.3%.并发症:伤口浅层感染3例,皮肤局部坏死2例,经清创换药后愈合.未发生深部及髓内感染,无畸形愈合或不愈合发生.结论 对于开放性及潜在开放性胫骨远端干骺端骨折,超远端胫骨髓内钉是一种安全、有效的选择.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of extra-distal tibial intramedullary nailing for open and potentially open fractures of distal metaphyseal tibia.Methods Between March 2007 and April 2008, 15 patients (9 men and 6 women), with a mean age of 34.3 (from 21 to 53) years, were admitted to this study.For Gustilo Ⅰ and Ⅱ fractures, extra-distal tibial intramedullary nailing was performed 6 to 48 hours after injury; for Gustilo Ⅲ fractures, the intramedullary nailing was conducted as the definitive procedure of a staged strategy; for closed fractures, the operation was not performed until swelling subsided and exudation stopped following symptomatic treatments.All the patients were followed up by periodic X-ray examination.Functional outcomes were evaluated according to Johner-Wruhs criteria one year after surgery.Results The patients obtained a mean follow-up of 14 months (range, 12 to 18) after surgery.Anatomic or functional reduction was achieved and maintained in all the cases.The fractures healed 21.1 weeks (range,18 to 25) after surgery.By Johner-Wruhs criteria, the final outcomes were excellent in 11 cases (73.3%),good in 3 (20%), and fair in one(6.7% ).Complications included 3 cases of superficial infection and 2 cases of local skin necrosis, all responding to debridement and dressing.No deep infection, malunion or nonunion occurred.Conclusion Extra-distal tibial nail is a safe and effective alterative solution for open and potentially open fractures of distal metaphyseal tibia.     

胫骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定和钢板螺钉固定的对比研究

目的：对照回顾性分析带锁髓内钉和钢板内固定两种方法治疗胫骨干骨折的效果。方法：髓内钉组32例（35处骨折）,根据AO分型,42A型11处,42B型18处,42C型6处;钢板组42例（45处骨折）,42A型10处,42B型22处,42C型13处。平均伤后手术时间在髓内钉和钢板组分别为3d和3.5d。随访评估患者手术时间,活动度,愈合时间,术后并发症之间的差别。结果：术后平均随访13个月（8～26个月）。髓内钉组平均手术时间为84min,钢板螺钉组平均为93min。髓内钉组踝关节平均背屈度为13°（0°～20°）,钢板组为11°（0°～20°）;跖屈分别为41°（30°～50°）,47°（30°～50°）。愈合时间髓内钉组平均为3.3个月,钢板螺钉平均为3.5个月。术后X线片显示髓内钉固定有1例出现旋转畸形,钢板组有3例出现成角畸形,均为胫骨远端1/3骨折。结论：在治疗胫骨骨折方面,带锁髓内钉和钢板内固定两种方法都可以取得理想的效果。     

非扩髓凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折

目的 介绍凹槽交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨开放性骨折的手术方法、特点及其适应证。方法 胫骨开放性骨折28例，按Gustilo分型：Ⅰ型18例，Ⅱ型8例，Ⅲa型2例，采用凹槽髓内钉直径8mm26例，直径7mm2例。结果 所有患不需X线透视均精确锁定，骨折复位良好，固定牢固，经平均5．6个月随访，伤口无感染，骨折均骨性愈合，无针、钉断裂发生。结论 凹槽交锁髓内钉具有操作简单，创伤小，适应证范围广，固定牢固以及不扩髓等优点。     

85例下肢长骨干骨折小切口扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗随访

[目的]评价扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗下肢长骨干骨折的临床疗效。[方法]均采用国产带瞄准器交锁髓内钉，股骨干33例，股骨髁上7例，胫骨45例。闭合骨折按AO分型：A型18例，B型38例，C型19例。开放骨折10例（GustiloⅠ型7例，GustiloⅡ型3例）。以小切口开放复位，顺行扩髓并静力锁钉固定。[结果]平均随访时间12个月（8～24个月），骨折均骨性愈合，平均愈合时间为5个月（3～12个月）。术后无急性感染和深部感染发生，无断钉及脂肪栓塞等并发症，邻近关节功能恢复好。[结论]小切口开放复位、扩髓、静力锁钉治疗下肢新鲜长骨干骨折，骨折愈合快，早期活动和功能恢复满意。无断钉、骨折再移位、感染率明显升高等优点，是治疗下肢长骨干骨折较好的方法。     

非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折

目的:评估非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折的疗效。方法:应用非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗21例开放性胫骨干骨折。男18例,女3例,年龄23岁～59岁,平均36.3岁。AO/ASIF分类A型10例,B型9例,C型2例。Gustilo分类Ⅰ型9例,Ⅱ型11例,ⅢA型1例。结果:所有患者得到4～21个月随访(平均14.3个月)。所用髓内钉直径平均8.9mm。骨折平均愈合时间27周(13～34周)。采用Johner-Wruh评分,结果优14例,良6例,差1例,无感染,无断钉和骨不连。结论:非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨干骨折,只要严格掌握适应证和手术时机,彻底清创,熟练掌握操作技术,具有创伤小、能早期活动、骨折愈合率高和感染率低等优点。     

重建型交锁髓内钉治疗复杂股骨骨折

目的　探讨重建型交锁髓内钉治疗复杂股骨骨折的临床疗效,掌握手术方法及注意事项。方法　对 18例复杂股骨骨折采用重建型交锁髓内钉固定,闭合或开放穿钉。结果　18例经 6~19个月的随访,愈合时间4 5~10个月,平均 6 5个月,优良率达 94%,无相关并发症。结论　颈干交锁,将整个固定系统与股骨头颈干构成一相对完整牢固的整体,可早期负重,功能锻炼,有利骨折愈合,重建型交锁髓内钉是治疗复杂股骨骨折的理想方法。     

Acute unreamed intramedullary nailing and soft tissue reconstruction with muscle flaps for the treatment of severe open tibial shaft fractures

BACKGROUND: The treatment of open tibial shaft fractures remains controversial. Important considerations in surgical management include surgical timing, fixation technique and soft tissue coverage. This study was performed to evaluate the results of acute surgical debridement, unreamed nailing and soft tissue reconstruction in the treatment of severe open tibial shaft fractures. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 10-year period between January 1993 and July 2002, 927 tibial shaft fractures were treated with interlocking intramedullary nails. Among them, there were 19 consecutive patients with Gustilo type IIIB to IIIC open tibial shaft fractures with extensive soft tissue injury needing a muscle flap coverage and being suitable for intramedullary nailing. All 19 patients were called for a late follow-up which was conducted with a physical examination and a radiographic and functional outcome assessment. The radiographs were reviewed to determine the fracture healing time and the final alignment. RESULTS: All 19 open fractures with severe soft tissue injury healed without any infection complications. The fractures united in a mean of 8 months. Nine patients had delayed fracture healing (union time over 24 weeks). One of these patients needed exchange nailing, one patient autogenous bone grafting and dynamisation on the nail and seven patients needed dynamisation of the nail before the final fracture healing. In all patients, the alignment was well maintained. However, seven patients had shortening of the tibia by 1-2 cm and two of them also external rotation of 10 degrees . The functional outcome was good in 18/19 patients. INTERPRETATION: Acute surgical debridement, unreamed interlocking intramedullary nailing and soft tissue reconstruction with a muscle flap appear to be a safe and effective method of treatment for Gustilo type IIIB open tibial shaft fractures.     

Unreamed interlocking nailing in open fractures of tibia

PURPOSE: To assess the clinical outcome of unreamed intramedullary interlocking nailing in open fractures of tibia, and to evaluate the incidence of complications in these open fractures as a result of the unreamed intramedullary nailing. METHODS: Between June 1999 and May 2000, a total of 60 cases of open tibial shaft fractures were operated on with unreamed interlocking nails at Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India. Records of 56 patients (4 women and 52 men) were available for study. Only injuries associated with the tibial shaft were included. Traffic accidents were the cause of fractures in all patients. All fractures were classified according to Gustilo and Anderson system for open fractures. There were 30 (53.6%) type-I, 18 (32.1%) type-II, 4 (7.1%) type-IIIA, and 4 (7.1%) type-IIIB fractures. After thorough debridement under anaesthesia, an unreamed interlocking nail was inserted with assistance by an image intensifier. All nails were statically locked with one screw each proximally and distally. RESULTS: The patients were followed up for a mean period of 20 months (range, 18-24 months) and were evaluated according to the modified Ketenjian's criteria. Results were good to excellent in 85.8% cases, and poor in 10.7% cases. Only 2 of 8 patients with type-III fractures had good results. Two of 4 type-IIIA and all 4 type-IIIB fractures had chronic osteomyelitis. Of 56 patients, 6 had early infection, 6 had delayed union, 6 had infected non-union, 2 had nail breakage, 8 had screw breakage, and 10 had anterior knee pain. CONCLUSION: Unreamed interlocking tibial nailing can be safely used for type-I and type-II open injuries even with delayed presentation. Use of unreamed nailing in those type-III fractures with delayed presentation was not recommended, because of high incidence of complications.     

闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折

目的：探讨闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折的临床疗效.方法：自2006年3月至2011年12月采用闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗103例股骨干骨折患者,其中男76例,女27例;年龄19～55岁,平均36岁.按照AO分型：A型64例,B型27例,C型12例;开放性骨折13例（Gustilo Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型8例）.观察术后患者骨折愈合时间,并采用膝关节HSS评分标准对术后1年膝关节功能恢复情况进行评价.结果：术中发生股骨颈骨折1例,股骨近端骨折1例,均于术中更换重建钉固定,术后骨折愈合.术中发生腓总神经损伤1例,营养神经治疗4个月后恢复.103例患者全部获得随访,时间12～28个月,平均22个月.全部患者获得骨性愈合,愈合时间3～9个月,平均5个月.髋关节功能全部恢复正常,术后1年膝关节行HSS评分平均90.89±5.06.结论：注重手术操作,力求闭合复位,减少并发症,带锁髓内钉是治疗股骨干骨折的首选方法.     

带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折(附76例报告)

目的 总结带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的经验。方法 采用带锁髓内钉内固定的不同类型的胫骨骨折76例。其中闭合骨折55例，开放骨折21例。76例平均随访时间17．9个月(4～31个月)。疗效评定采用Johner-wruh评分标准。结果 在55例闭合骨折中，优49例，良5例，中1例；21例开放骨折，优17例，良3例。差1例。术后均无继发性骨筋膜室综合征，无神经损伤、钉体断裂和感染。结论 带锁髓内钉适用于治疗胫骨骨折，非扩髓带锁髓内钉适于开放骨折和多发伤；早期手术并不影响预后。且可减少并发症。     

Incidence of infection after early intramedullary nailing of open tibial shaft fractures stabilized with pinless external fixators

Background:

A major drawback of conventional fixator system is the penetration of fixator pins into the medullary canal. The pins create a direct link between the medullary cavity and outer environment, leading to higher infection rates on conversion to intramedullary nailing. This disadvantage is overcome by the AO pinless fixator, in which the trocar points are clamped onto the outer cortex without penetrating it. This study was designed to evaluate the role of AO pinless fixators in primary stabilization of open diaphyseal tibial fractures that received staged treatment because of delayed presentation or poor general condition. We also analyzed the rate of infection on early conversion to intramedullary nail.

Materials and Methods:

This study is a retrospective review of 30 open diaphyseal fractures of tibia, which were managed with primary stabilization with pinless fixator and early exchange nailing. Outcome was evaluated in terms of fracture union and rate of residual infection. The data were compared with that available in the literature.

Results:

All the cases were followed up for a period of 2 years. The study includes Gustilo type 1 (n=10), 14 Gustilo type 2 (n=14), and type3 (n=6) cases. 6 cases (20%) had clamp site infection, 2 cases (6.7%) had deep infection, and in 28 cases (93%) the fracture healed and consolidated well.

Conclusion:

This study has highlighted the valuable role of pinless external fixator in the management of open tibial fractures in terms of safety and ease of application as well as the advantage of early conversion to intramedullary implant without the risk of deep infection.     

带锁髓内钉治疗新鲜四肢长骨干骨折1224例疗效分析

目的总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干、股骨干、股骨髁上、胫骨干和转子间骨折的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2004年6月间使用带锁髓内钉治疗的有完整资料的新鲜四肢骨折1224例,男778例,女446例;平均年龄39岁(16￣92岁)。骨折位于肱骨干92例,股骨转子间210例,股骨干488例,股骨髁上92例,胫骨342例。闭合骨折按AO分型:A型642例;B型364例;C型218例。开放骨折15例(GustiloⅠ型8例,GustiloⅡ型7例)。受伤至手术时间平均为8d(3h￣33d)。闭合复位1203例,切开复位23例;扩髓409例,非扩髓815例。结果平均随访时间为24个月(6￣70个月)。1204例骨折愈合,愈合率为98.2%,平均愈合时间为5个月(3￣12个月)。骨折不愈合22例,其中肱骨4例,股骨8例,股骨髁上4例,胫骨6例,总不愈合率为1.8%。术后无急性感染发生,3例发生晚期深部感染,总感染率为0.2%。术中16例发生严重骨折劈裂,4例为肱骨逆行髓内钉固定,4例Gamma钉固定,9例为股骨逆行髓内钉固定,占1.3%。6例发生医原性神经损伤,占0.4%。股骨髓内钉主钉断裂1例,锁钉断裂9例(0.6%)。晚期髓内钉末端骨折3例,占0.2%。53例主诉髓内钉尾端部位不适,占4.3%。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗骨干骨折在骨折愈合率、感染率、出血量、功能恢复情况和早期活动方面均较满意,是治疗骨干骨折较好的方法,但     

交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的并发症及其防治

目的观察交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的并发症及防治。方法自2000年10月～2003年8月用交锁髓内钉共治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折58例。均采用不扩髓开放复位及静力型固定，6～8周后改动力型固定30例。结果58例均得到随访，平均16个月(6个月～2年)。愈合时间为16～40周，平均22周。伤口浅层感染5例，延期愈合8例，大隐静脉损伤2例。结论交锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫腓骨骨折的一些并发症必须引起重视，并尽力预以防治。严格掌握手术适应证和早期彻底清创是防止肢体深部感染的关键。     

Comminuted femoral-shaft fractures: treatment by roller traction, cerclage wires and an intramedullary nail, or an interlocking intramedullary nail

In a retrospective study, we attempted to assess progress in the treatment of comminuted fractures of the femoral shaft at Parkland Memorial Hospital from 1978 to 1983. Seventy-nine comminuted femoral-shaft fractures were available for follow-up: thirty-two treated by roller traction, twenty-three treated by cerclage wires and an intramedullary nail, and twenty-four treated by an interlocking intramedullary nail. Using the classification of Winquist and Hansen, Grade-III and IV comminuted fractures accounted for 69 per cent of those treated by roller traction, 68 per cent of those treated by nailing and cerclage wires, and 96 per cent of those treated by an interlocking nail. The frequency of multiple injuries was 38 per cent in the patients treated by roller traction, 39 per cent in those treated by nailing and cerclage wires, and 58 per cent in those treated by an interlocking nail. The average hospitalization times were thirty-one days for roller traction, sixteen days for cerclage wires and an intramedullary nail, and 19.5 days for an interlocking nail. The average length of follow-up was 132 weeks after roller traction, 115 weeks after cerclage wiring and an intramedullary nail, and sixty weeks after insertion of an interlocking nail. All fractures were followed until after union; the average times to union were 18.4 weeks after roller traction, thirty-four weeks after open reduction and intramedullary nailing with cerclage wires, and 13.8 weeks after insertion of an interlocking nail. For the purposes of this study, treatment was assumed to have failed if a change in treatment was necessary, an unplanned reoperation was performed, femoral shortening exceeded 2.5 centimeters, angulation was more than 15 degrees, non-union or a deep infection developed, motion of the knee was less than 70 degrees of flexion, or a refracture occurred. By these criteria, the frequency of failure after roller traction was 66 per cent (secondary to malalignment and shortening); after insertion of an intramedullary nail with cerclage wires, 39 per cent (secondary to unplanned surgery, non-union, shortening, and infection); and after use of an interlocking nail, 4 per cent (secondary to shortening). Currently, at our institution, an interlocking intramedullary nail is the treatment of choice for comminuted femoral-shaft fractures because it encourages early union with maintenance of length and alignment and the results are predictable.     

交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折

目的 观察交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折的疗效及并发症防治。方法 用交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折46例,均采用扩髓及静力型固定。结果 46例均得到随访,平均20个月（6个月-3年）,愈合时间为3-12个月,平均4个月,感染4例均为开放性骨折,肢体短缩1例,成角畸形2例,延迟愈合7例,无不愈合。根据Johner-Wruh评分标准,优36例,良7例,中2例,差1例。结论 交锁髓内钉治疗胫腓骨骨折是一种很好的方法。但仍有一些并发症,在应用中必须引起重视;开放性骨折以不扩髓为宜。     

Risk factors for deep infection in secondary intramedullary nailing after external fixation for open tibial fractures

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for deep infection in secondary intramedullary nailing (IMN) after external fixation (EF) for open tibial fractures were investigated by multivariate analysis following univariate analyses. METHODS: Forty-two open tibial fractures were treated with secondary IMN after EF. The open tibial fractures were classified according to the criteria proposed by Gustilo et al.: type II, 11; type IIIA, 8; type IIIB, 22 and type IIIC, 1. Locked IMNs with limited reaming were performed in 27 patients, and locked IMNs without reaming in 15 patients. The following factors contributing to deep infection were selected for analysis: age, gender, Gustilo type (II or III), fracture grade by AO type (A or B+C), fracture site, existence of multiple trauma (Injury Severity Score, ISS<18 or ISS> or = 18), existence of floating knee injury, debridement time (< or = 6 h or > 6 h), reamed (R) versus unreamed (UR) nailing, duration of external fixation (< or = 3 weeks or >3 weeks), interval between removal of EF and IMN (< or = 2 weeks or >2 weeks), skin closure time (< or = 1 week or >1 week), existence of superficial infection (+ or -) and existence of pin tract infection (+ or -). The relationship between deep infection and the above factors was evaluated by univariate analyses. RESULTS: Seven (16.7%) of the 42 open tibia fractures developed deep infections. All deep infections occurred in Gustilo type III (22.6%, 7/31). Only the skin closure time was a significant factor affecting the occurrence of deep infection on the present analysis (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: The present evaluation showed that early skin closure within 1 week is the most important factor in preventing deep infections when treating open tibial fractures with secondary IMN after EF.     

Infection after intramedullary nailing of the tibia. Incidence and protocol for management.

There is concern about the incidence and serious nature of infection after intramedullary nailing of the tibia, especially for open injuries. We have reviewed 459 patients with tibial fractures treated by primary reamed nailing. The incidence of infection was 1.8% in closed and Gustilo type I open fractures, 3.8% in type II, and 9.5% in type III fractures (5.5% in type IIIa, 12.5% in type IIIb). These incidences appear to be acceptable in comparison with other published results. We describe the different modes of presentation of infection in these cases, and suggest a protocol for its management, which has been generally successful in our series.     

AO钢板、矩形髓内钉、带锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的比较

目的探讨胫骨骨折内固定物的临床疗效。方法采用ＡＯ钢板治疗５２例,矩形髓内钉１６例,带锁髓内钉３６例,并进行临床随访分析。结果骨折愈合时间ＡＯ钢板组平均８个月,矩形髓内钉组９个月,带锁髓内钉组６个月。ＡＯ钢板组发生伤口感染３例,延迟感染１例,钢板松动３例;矩形髓内钉组发生畸形愈合２例;带锁髓内钉组发生伤口感染１例,远端锁钉松动１例,膝关痛１例。结论带锁髓内钉为轴性及弹性内固定,内固定坚强,为闭合或半     

应用三角架闭合复位行交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折

目的：探讨应用三角架对胫骨骨折闭合复位交锁髓内钉固定的治疗方法及疗效。方法：胫骨骨折126例,男76例,女50例;年龄25～68岁,平均38岁。闭合性骨折86例,开放性骨折40例（Gustilo分类Ⅰ和Ⅱ型）。AO分型：A型49例,B型41例,C型36例。应用三角架支撑对胫骨骨折闭合复位交锁髓内钉固定治疗。结果：126例随访10～16个月,平均12个月,骨折全部愈合。采用肢体、关节功能恢复Johner-Wruhs法评定疗效：优103例,良18例,可5例。结论：交锁髓内钉是治疗胫骨骨折的理想方法,术中常规静力固定,闭合复位,不剥离骨膜,减少了感染率及并发症。应用三角架减轻手术过程中的劳动强度,并且易于复位。