人工智能实时辅助消化内镜检出消化道隆起型病变的设备研发和临床评价

目的研发消化道隆起型病变人工智能实时辅助消化内镜影像诊断设备(简称内镜人工智能设备), 并评价其性能和安全性。方法收集2017年1至12月于四川大学华西医院内镜中心常规行胃镜和肠镜检查患者的内镜图像, 基于深度卷积神经网络建立模型, 研发内镜人工智能设备。2019年6至12月采用前瞻性、单中心、盲法、平行对照研究设计, 比较内镜医师和内镜人工智能设备同时评估同一例患者胃镜和肠镜下隆起型病变的差异性, 评估内镜下病变大小(病变长径<5 mm和≥5 mm)对内镜人工智能设备检出的影响。主要评价指标为内镜医师和内镜人工智能设备报告隆起型病变的时间差值, 次要评价指标为内镜人工智能设备报告隆起型病变的准确度。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验和卡方检验进行统计学分析。结果共71 582张白光内镜图像用于内镜人工智能设备训练, 其中隆起型病变图像41 376张, 内镜人工智能设备研制成功, 已获中华人民共和国医疗器械注册证(川械注准20202060049)。内镜人工智能设备判断隆起型病变的准确度为96.4%, 灵敏度为95.1%, 特异度为92.8%。内镜人工智能设备每个胃镜下隆起型病变的检出时...     

溃疡性结肠炎临床严重度分型与内镜、病理分级的关系

目的研究溃疡性结肠炎（UC）的临床严重度分型与病变范围及内镜、病理分级的关系。方法收集本院1998年1月至2007年10月住院确诊的UC患者，采用分级的方法描述UC的临床严重程度及内镜、病理组织学特点。运用Spearman等级相关系数进行相关分析。结果轻度UC（112例）病变范围多见于直肠及左侧结肠，中度UC（56例）以左侧结肠炎及广泛性结肠炎为主，重度UC（18例）以广泛性结肠炎为主（X^2=26．079，P〈0．01）；患者临床严重度分级与病理组织学分级（r=0．520，P=0．000）、内镜分级（r=0．169，P=0．012）均呈正相关性；在临床完全缓解的88例中，肠镜及组织学分级为0级分别仅有21、24例，临床完全缓解和结肠镜分级为0级的21例中，10例组织学仍有Ⅰ级的改变。结论UC患者病变范围、内镜分级及活检黏膜的病理组织学分级能反映UC的活动性和严重性．在疗效评价中．组织学分级优于肠镜分级．肠镜分级优于临床分级。     

内镜人工智能诊断辅助系统对胃局灶性病变检出的应用(含视频)

目的构建一个基于YOLO v3算法的实时人工智能诊断辅助系统, 并评估其在胃镜检查中对胃局灶性病变检出的能力。方法回顾性收集武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心2019年6—11月胃镜检查的白光内镜图像5 488张(有、无胃局灶性病变的图像分别为2 733张、2 755张)及2020年5—6月期间92例行胃镜检查的受试者视频资料中288 168个清晰胃帧用于人工智能辅助系统测试;前瞻性收集2020年7月6日—11月27日及2021年5月6日—8月2日于武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心接受胃镜检查的3 997例受检者的视频资料用于评估人工智能辅助系统在实际临床应用中的性能。当人工智能辅助系统识别到异常病灶时, 以蓝色方框圈出病灶进行提示。对人工智能辅助系统识别胃局灶性病变的能力及其出现假阳性和假阴性的频率和原因进行统计分析。结果图像测试集中, 人工智能辅助系统"提示病灶"的准确率、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为92.3%(5 064/5 488)、95.0%(2 597/2 733)、89.5%(2 467/2 755)、90.0%(2 597/2 885)和94.8%(2 467/2...     

新型人工智能辅助结肠镜诊断复合模型对结肠常见病变诊断价值的临床研究

目的 研究新型人工智能辅助结肠镜诊断复合模型对常见结肠病变的诊断价值。方法 前瞻性地收集大量高质量结肠镜内镜下检测的完整视频，作为分析验证数据，以模拟临床实时使用人工智能辅助结肠镜诊断复合模型行结肠镜检查的环境，评价该复合模型在结肠常见病变中的诊断效能。结果 将模型测试结果与病理结果对比，该模型对病变整体诊断的准确度、特异度、灵敏度分别为95.5%、90.6%和96.8%。在不同病变类型中，对腺瘤性息肉诊断的准确度、敏感度、特异度分别为95.9%、90.4%和98.4%;非腺瘤性息肉诊断的准确度、敏感度和特异度分别为97.9%、90.5%、99.4%;对结直肠癌的准确度、敏感度、特异度分别为94.0%、94.4%、92.6%;对结肠憩室诊断的准确度、敏感度、特异度分别为97.2%、91.8%、98.7%;对溃疡性结肠炎的准确度、敏感度和特异度分别为93.7%、87.7%和94.5%;对结直肠黏膜下肿物诊断的准确性相对较低为91.8%,敏感度和特异度分别为84.0%、93.4%。结论 本团队研发的新型人工智能辅助结肠镜诊断复合模型可准确快速识别包括腺瘤性息肉、非腺瘤性息肉、结直肠癌、结肠...     

基于YOLO算法和ResNet深度卷积神经网络的结直肠息肉检测（含视频）

目的 构建一个基于YOLO算法和ResNet网络的自动检测结直肠息肉的深度卷积神经网络（deep convolutional neural network,DCNN）模型,并测试其功能。 方法 选取武汉大学人民医院消化内镜中心数据库2018年1月—2019年3月的肠镜图像及视频并分为3个数据集（数据集1、3、4）,另以公共数据集CVC-ClinicDB（由西班牙巴塞罗那医院提供的29个结肠镜检查视频中提取的612帧息肉图像组成）作为数据集2。数据集1（2018年1—11月的肠息肉图像3 700张,无息肉图像1 000张）用于DCNN模型构建、训练与验证;数据集2和数据集3（2019年1—3月的肠息肉图像320张,无息肉图像400张）用于DCNN模型在图像中的测试;数据集4（2018年12月肠镜视频15个,包含33个息肉）,用于DCNN模型在视频中的测试。主要观察DCNN模型检测肠息肉的敏感度、特异度、准确率和假阳性率。 结果 DCNN模型在数据集2中检测肠息肉的敏感度为93.19%（602/646）;在数据集3中检测肠息肉的准确率为95.00%（684/720）,敏感度为98.13%（314/320）,特异度为92.50%（370/400）,假阳性率为7.50%（30/400）;在数据集4中检测息肉逐息肉个数的敏感度为100.00%（33/33）,逐帧准确率为96.29%（133 840/138 998）,逐帧敏感度为90.24%（4 066/4 506）,逐帧特异度为96.49%（129 774/134 492）,逐帧假阳性率为3.51%（4 718/134 492）。 结论 构建的DCNN模型可用于自动检测结直肠息肉,在静止肠镜图像及肠镜视频中均具有较高的敏感度与特异度,且在视频中测试的假阳性率低,可用于帮助内镜医师检测结直肠息肉。     

高分辨率显微内镜对溃疡性结肠炎黏膜愈合的评估价值

目的 探讨高分辨率显微内镜（HRME）评估临床缓解期溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者黏膜愈合的诊断价值。 方法 随机选择30例UC患者,采集HRME图像,以病理结果作为金标准制定HRME评估结肠黏膜状态的诊断标准。再对67例患者进行前瞻性研究,先行标准内镜评估结肠黏膜状态并获取活检标本,再对标本采集HRME图像。利用统计学方法比较标准内镜与HRME评估溃疡性结肠黏膜愈合的准确性。 结果 根据腺体形态、腺体排列方式、腺体开口及炎细胞浸润等指标制定HRME评估UC黏膜状态的标准,分为0～3级共4个级别。67例患者113个位点的前瞻性研究结果显示：标准内镜评估UC患者黏膜愈合的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为4468%（21/47）、9091%（60/66）、7778%（21/27）、6977%（60/86）,与病理结果比较,一致性检验的Kappa值为0379（P<005）;HRME成像评估UC患者黏膜愈合的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为8723%（41/47）、9545%（63/66）、9318%（41/44）、9130%（63/69）,与病理结果比较,一致性检验的Kappa值为0835（P<005）。 结论 HRME可对UC患者结肠黏膜实现实时虚拟病理组织成像,评估黏膜愈合的准确性优于标准内镜。     

单中心结肠镜质量控制的回顾性横断面研究

目的　全面评价甘肃省人民医院内镜中心结肠镜检查质量,为评估我国目前消化内镜检查质量提供基线数据和理论依据。方法　依托甘肃省人民医院内镜中心数据库,采用单中心、回顾性、横断面研究方法,收集2021年1月1日—2021年12月31日在甘肃省人民医院消化内镜中心行结肠镜检查的全部患者资料,分析息肉检出率、腺瘤检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率等质控指标,评价本中心结肠镜检查质量。结果　研究共纳入7 562例结肠镜检查患者,年龄（51.61±13.59）岁,其中男4 286例（56.7%）、女3 276例（43.3%）。门诊患者4 924例（65.1%）,住院患者2 638例（34.9%）。由专职内镜医师完成检查患者6 456例（85.4%）,由非专职医师（消化科或肛肠科医师）完成检查患者1 106例（14.6%）。总体腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率分别为11.9%（900/7 562）、32.9%（2 488/7 562）、93.0%（7 030/7 562）、91.3%（6 906/7 562）。男性、高年龄段、住院患者以及由专职内镜医师完成检查患者的腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　甘肃省人民医院结肠镜检查的盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率均能达到现有指南要求,但仍需进一步提高腺瘤检出率。高龄、男性是结肠镜筛查的重点人群。此外,应重视对内镜检查医师规范化培训,以进一步提高结肠镜检查质量。     

基于深度学习的内镜超声胆管扫查辅助分站系统构建

目的　构建基于深度学习的人工智能内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasonography， EUS）胆管扫查辅助分站系统，以期辅助医师学习多站成像技术，提高操作水平。方法　回顾性收集武汉大学人民医院和武汉协和医院2016年5月—2020年10月522例EUS视频资料，基于视频截取图像，获得来自武汉大学人民医院的3 000张白光胃镜、31 003张超声胃镜图像和来自武汉协和医院的799张超声胃镜图像，用于EUS胆管扫查系统的模型训练和模型测试。模型包括：白光胃镜图像过滤模型，标准站图像与非标准站图像区分模型和EUS胆管扫查标准图像分站模型，用以将标准图像分为肝窗、胃窗、球窗、降窗。然后从测试集中随机抽取110张图像进行人机大赛，比较专家、高级内镜医师与人工智能模型对胆管扫查多站成像每个站点识别的准确度。结果　白光胃镜图像过滤模型准确率为100.00%（1 200/1 200），标准站图像与非标准站图像区分模型准确率为93.36%（2 938/3 147），EUS胆管扫查标准图像分站模型在内部测试集中各分类的准确率分别为肝窗97.23%（1 687/1 735），胃窗96.89%（1 681/1 735），球窗98.73%（1 713/1 735），降窗97.18%（1 686/1 735）；外部测试集中准确率分别为肝窗89.61%（716/799），胃窗92.74%（741/799），球窗90.11%（720/799），降窗92.24%（737/799）。人机大赛中，模型分站的正确率为89.09%（98/110），高于内镜医师［85.45%（94/110），74.55%（82/110），85.45%（94/110）］，接近专家水平［92.73%（102/110），90.00%（99/110）］。结论　本研究构建了一种基于深度学习的EUS胆管扫查系统，可以较为准确地实时辅助内镜医师进行标准多站扫查，提高EUS完整性及操作质量。     

胶囊结肠镜对结肠黏膜炎症性改变的诊断价值初探

目的 探讨胶囊结肠镜下结肠黏膜损伤的内镜影像学特点对诊断溃疡性结肠炎的临床价值.方法 连续收集2009年7月至2010年6月间19例患者,其中男12例、女7例,平均年龄（44.2±14.6）岁,入组者以血便、腹泻、腹痛为主要临床表现,具备溃疡性结肠炎相关诊断依据.研究中将胶囊结肠镜和传统结肠镜下结肠黏膜病变严重程度分为轻、中、重三级,以传统结肠镜诊断为金标准,统计胶囊结肠镜与传统结肠镜下黏膜分级的一致性（Kappa值和P值）,并同时观察胶囊结肠镜检查过程中肠道清洁度、全结肠检查完成率、患者不良反应等情况.结果 胶囊结肠镜下黏膜轻度病变2例,中度8例,重度9例 而传统结肠镜下则轻度3例,中度8例,重度8例.经统计Kappa=0.826,确切概率计算P＜0.001,提示一致性良好.胶囊内镜全结肠检查完成率达100%（19/19）,肠道清洁度优良率达79%（15/19）,检查全过程中未出现明显不良反应.结论 胶囊结肠镜能客观反映溃疡性结肠炎患者黏膜病变程度,具有部分替代传统结肠镜进行结肠病变监测的价值.     

普通人群与高危人群结肠息肉检出率的对比研究

目的探讨高危人群与普通人群进行结肠镜常规体检的最佳年龄及结肠镜体检的必要性。 方法收集2015年3月至2019年8月经山西医科大学附属肿瘤医院内镜中心行结肠镜检查的5 213例体检者的内镜诊断报告,回顾性分析不同人群结肠息肉的检出率及其检出率在不同性别和不同年龄段的差异性。 结果5 213例受检者中高危人群772例,普通人群4 441例,其中,男3 469例、女1 744例,发现结肠息肉2 735例(占52.46%)。高危人群中59.33%受检者内镜下诊断为结肠息肉。普通人群中51.27%受检者内镜下诊断为结肠息肉。40岁及以上的普通人群与高危人群的检出率两者比较差异无统计学意义。不论普通人群还是高危人群,男性的结肠息肉检出率高于女性,而且随着年龄的增加,结肠息肉检出率呈上升趋势。 结论40岁及以上要定期做结肠镜常规体检检查,而不是仅限于高危人群才进行常规结肠镜体检,特别是男性。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.