集束化护理干预用于手术室骨科无菌手术切口感染的效果评价

目的探讨集束化护理干预对手术室骨科无菌手术切口术后感染的应用价值。方法 2015年1~12月本院骨科共收治患者90例,按照随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,每组45例。对照组围手术期给予常规性护理,观察组围手术应用集束化护理干预,对比分析两组患者术后切口感染情况及预后情况。结果观察组患者术后切口感染率、多重耐药菌感染、并发症发生率、护理风险事件发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05),而患者切口感染知识掌握率高于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者抗生素应用时间、切口愈合时间、总住院时间短于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者满意度评分高于对照组(P0.05)。结论集束化护理干预能有效降低骨科无菌手术切口感染率及多重耐药菌感染率,可减少护理风险事件发生,提高护理质量,促进患者预后,提高患者满意度。     

集束化护理在预防老年患者术后肺部感染中的应用

目的探讨集束化护理在预防老年患者术后肺部感染中的作用。方法选取2014年1月~2016年1月入住本科的60岁的老年胃癌患者80例。运用随机取样法进行分组,分为观察组和对照组,各40例。其中观察组给予集束化护理干预,对照组给予外科常规护理,比较2组患者术后肺部感染发生率,住院天数以及患者的护理满意度。结果观察组肺部感染的发生率与对照组比较明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组患者住院天数明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),观察组患者的满意度与对照组比较明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论集束化护理干预能有效降低老年胃癌患者术后肺部感染的发生率,有助于促进患者的早日康复,提高患者及家属的满意度,值得在临床上推广应用。     

集束化护理在老年髋部手术患者围手术期中的应用

目的:探讨集束化护理在老年髋部手术患者中的应用。方法:将我院2014年1~12月收治的25例老年髋部手术患者为对照组,采用常规围手术期护理;2015年1~12月收治的25例老年髋部手术患者为观察组,采用集束化护理,比较两组患者术后并发症发生情况、术后第4天屈髋达70°人数、屈髋达70°时间和住院时间。结果:观察组术后便秘、肺部感染、泌尿系感染发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后第4天屈髋70°人数多于对照组(P0.05),且患者屈髋达70°时间和住院时间均短于对照组(P0.05)。结论:集束化护理能减少老年髋部手术患者术后并发症发生风险,缩短康复时间。     

集束化护理干预对ICU重型颅脑损伤患者感染的影响

目的探讨集束化护理干预对重症监护病房(ICU)重型颅脑损伤患者感染及预后的影响。方法 2012年6月至2014年6月选取本院ICU收治的92例重型颅脑损伤患者为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将患者分为观察组及对照组各46例,对照组实施常规性护理,观察组实施集束化护理,对比分析2组患者感染的发生率及预后情况。结果观察组肺部感染、泌尿感染、颅内感染、静脉导管感染发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组机械通气时间、入住ICU时间、住院时间短于对照组(P0.05),而医疗费用少于对照组(P0.05),患者满意度评分高于对照组(P0.05)。结论集束化护理干预能有有效降低ICU重型颅脑损伤患者感染的发生率,缩短住院时间,减少医疗费用,提高患者满意度。     

神经外科气管切开患者应用集束化护理方案的效果观察

目的探究集束化护理方案应用于神经外科重症病房气管切开术后的效果。方法选取自2014年5月~2015年5月于本院神经外科重症病房进行诊疗的60例气管切开患者为研究对象,并随机分为对照组(n=30)与观察组(n=30),对两组患者分别采用传统常规气管切开护理与集束化护理方案,观察比较两组患者的各项临床指标。结果观察组患者气管切开导管留置时间以及肺部感染持续时间明显短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组气管切开并发症发生率为6.7%,对照组并发症发生率26.7%,观察组并发症发生率明显小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论集束化护理方案在神经外科重症病房气管切开患者气道护理中具有显著的效果,值得在临床工作中推广应用。     

预见性护理干预在老年胃癌患者腹腔镜手术后肺部感染预防中的应用

目的:探讨预见性护理干预在老年胃癌患者腹腔镜手术后肺部感染预防中的应用效果。方法:将158例老年胃癌根治性切除手术患者随机分为干预组83例和对照组75例,两组患者均按照腹部外科护理常规进行护理,干预组在此基础上实施围术期预见性护理干预措施。比较两组术后干预效果。结果:干预组术后肺部感染发生率低于对照组,住院时间短于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:预见性护理应用于老年胃癌患者,可有效预防其肺部并发症的发生,改善患者预后,缩短住院时间。     

集束化护理策略对老年妇科全麻手术患者复苏期的效果

目的 探讨集束化护理策略对老年妇科全麻手术患者复苏期的效果。方法 选取 2020 年 1 月至 2021 年 12 月老年妇科全 麻手术患者 80 例。随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各 40 例。对照组予以系统的围手术期护理,观察组予以集束化护理策略。 比较两组的复苏期间并发症、护理满意率和苏醒时间、拔管时间、住院时间。结果 对照组总并发症率为 20.00%高于观察组的 5.00%（P<0.05）。对照组护理满意率为 85.00%低于观察组的 100.00%（P<0.05）。对照组苏醒时间、拔管时间和住院时间均高 于观察组（P<0.05）。结论 集束化护理策略可以缩短老年妇科全麻术后恢复时间,提高护理满意度,减少并发症的发生。     

胃癌围手术期应用快速康复外科护理措施的疗效探讨

目的探讨胃癌手术患者围手术期采用快速康复外科(FTS)护理措施的疗效。方法选取2016年1-12月本院收治的164例胃癌手术患者,按随机数字表法分为FTS组和对照组,对照组采用常规围手术期护理进行干预,观察组采用快速康复外科护理措施。比较两组患者术后肠鸣音恢复时间、首次排气及排便时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症的发生情况。结果 FTS组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、首次排气及排便时间、术后住院时间与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意(P0.05)。FTS组术后尿路感染、肺部感染、伤口感染、肠梗阻例数及并发症总发生率均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与传统围手术期护理干预相比,快速康复外科护理措施可以更好地改善胃癌根治术患者术后的胃肠功能,降低术后并发症的发生率,值得在临床推广运用。     

28例老年梗阻性结肠癌合并心血管疾病患者的围术期护理探讨

目的探讨老年梗阻性结肠癌合并心血管疾病患者的围术期护理措施及效果。方法选择56例老年梗阻性结肠癌合并心血管疾病患者为研究对象,所有患者均行外科手术治疗,根据入院时间先后顺序分为对照组和观察组各28例。对照组给予结肠癌手术常规护理,观察组实施围术期针对性干预护理。结果手术情况:观察组肛门自动排气时间、早期进食时间、平均住院时间均明显低于对照组(P0.05);并发症:观察组术后发生切口感染、肺部感染、深静脉血栓、肠粘连等并发症发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05);胃肠疾病生活质量指数(GIQLI):术后1、2、4周时,观察组GIQLI评分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论加强围术期护理干预,可有效减少术后并发症,促进患者康复,提高老年梗阻性结肠癌合并心血管疾病患者的生活质量。     

集束干预策略预防胃癌术后肺部感染的临床研究

目的探讨多准则决策分析法构建的集束干预策略对预防胃癌术后肺部感染发生率的影响。方法 2009年1月至2010年12月在本院肿瘤外科行胃癌手术治疗的240例患者设为对照组,2011年1月至2012年12月在本院肿瘤外科行胃癌手术治疗的患者242例患者设为观察组,对照组实施常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上实施集束干预策略。比较两组肺部感染发生率和术后平均住院天数。结果观察组242例发生肺部感染26例,发生率为10.7%;术后平均住院天数为(9.8182±1.2085)d。对照组240例发生肺部感染50例,发生率为20.8%;术后平均住院天数为(13.5750±1.4901)d。两组肺部感染发生率比较,x2=9.2358,P=0.0024;两组术后平均住院天数t’检验,P0.05。结论实施集束干预策略能降低胃癌术后患者肺部感染的发生率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.