虎杖降尿酸作用初步研究

目的:研究虎杖醇提液对高尿酸血症小鼠的降尿酸作用,并初步探讨其作用途径。方法:灌胃给予小鼠不同剂量虎杖醇提液,7天后采用腹腔注射黄嘌呤和氧嗪酸钾诱导建立小鼠高尿酸血症模型,并对小鼠血清尿酸(SUA)、尿液尿酸(UUA)及肝脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶活性(XOD)进行检测。结果:虎杖醇提液可显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸水平,促进尿酸排泄,并抑制肝脏中XOD活性。结论:虎杖醇提液可通过抑制肝脏XOD活性而促进尿酸排泄,从而发挥降尿酸作用。     

高尿酸血症的中药治疗机制研究进展

高尿酸血症在临床发病率逐年走高,相关中药治疗的研究成为热点。根据尿酸在体内的代谢途径,将中药或方剂治疗高尿酸血症的作用机制途径分为抑制尿酸生成药物和促进尿酸排泄药物或是两者兼有。抑制尿酸生成主要是于从不同途径对黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)的活性产生抑制作用;促进尿酸排泄主要利用下调负责尿酸重吸收的尿酸转运子URAT1、GLU-9的表达或者上调促尿酸排泄的转运子如OAT1、OAT3、ABCG2的表达。本文通过阐述中药单体或方剂降低尿酸的作用及机制的研究进展,分析并拓展临床中药治疗高尿酸血症的思路。     

银杏叶提取物降尿酸及对黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制作用研究

目的：探讨银杏叶提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的影响及对黄嘌呤氧化酶（XOD）的抑制作用。方法：以银杏叶不同剂量提取物灌胃,观察氧嗪酸钾盐诱导的急性高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸及XOD的含量变化,以及提取物对正常小鼠血清尿酸的影响。结果：银杏叶提取物不同剂量给药组小鼠血清尿酸水平和肝脏XOD活性与高尿酸血症组相比均有显著下降。银杏叶提取物对正常小鼠血清尿酸水平没有显著影响。结论：银杏叶提取物能够降低高尿酸血症模型小鼠的血尿酸。,抑制XOD活性是其降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的可能机制。     

绞股蓝提取物的抗痛风活性部位筛选

目的：筛选绞股蓝提取物的抗痛风活性部位。方法：采用腹腔注射尿酸法、小鼠耳廓二甲苯致炎法、小鼠醋酸扭体法观察绞股蓝提取物对高尿酸血症的作用及抗炎镇痛作用。结果：绞股蓝提取物及其4个不同极性部位均对高尿酸血症模型小鼠的血尿酸具有不同程度的抑制作用,还能够抑制二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀,对醋酸引起的小鼠疼痛有显著抑制作用。结论：绞股蓝提取物具有良好的抗痛风作用,其活性成分主要在正丁醇和水溶部位。     

黄柏与苍术提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸的影响

目的 研究黄柏与苍术提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的影响.方法 选择小鼠腹腔注射尿酸生成的前体物质次黄嘌呤(Hypoxanthine)的方法制备高尿酸血症动物模型,给予黄柏、苍术提取物灌胃(含生药18.75 g/kg·d),连续1周,采用改良尿酸酶Trinder's法测定小鼠血清尿酸值.结果 黄柏与苍术提取物组与别嘌呤醇组均能显著地降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平(P＜0.01),二者对正常动物血清尿酸水平仅有一定降低的趋势,但无显著性差异.结论 黄柏与苍术提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠具有明显降低血清尿酸水平作用,是一种有开发前景的降尿酸治疗痛风中药活性成分.     

二妙丸水提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠尿酸失衡及其相关基因和蛋白水平的影响

目的研究二妙丸水提取物对高尿酸血症小鼠尿酸失衡及其相关基因和蛋白水平的影响。方法用氧嗪酸钾盐诱导小鼠以建立高尿酸血症模型。二妙丸(3.9、7.8g/kg)、黄柏(1.95、3.9g/kg)和苍术(1.95、3.9g/kg)各水提取物分别连续ig给予小鼠1周,末次给药1h后,分别测定小鼠血清、肝脏和尿液中尿酸水平,测定血肌酐(SCr)和尿肌酐(UCr)水平及肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性;采用RT-PCR方法测定小鼠肝脏XOD和肾脏尿酸盐重吸收转运子mURAT1 mRNA表达水平;利用Western Blotting方法测定小鼠肝脏XOD和肾脏mURAT1蛋白水平。结果与模型组比较,二妙丸水提取物低、高剂量和黄柏水提取物高剂量均显著降低血清和肝脏尿酸水平,及SCr水平,增加尿液中尿酸水平和UCr水平。二妙丸和黄柏水提取物2个剂量均显著抑制肝脏XOD活性,下调XOD mRNA和蛋白表达,降低肾脏mURAT1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平。而苍术水提取物2个剂量对上述指标均无显著影响。结论二妙丸水提取物具有抑制高尿酸血症小鼠尿酸生成和促进尿酸排泄的双重调节作用,以降低血清尿酸水平,其机制可能与抑制XOD与mURAT1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平有关。     

降尿酸药物筛选方法学研究进展

降尿酸药物的筛选方法分为体内和体外筛选两种。体内筛选方法是建立高尿酸血症动物模型,体外筛选方法是建立肾小管上皮细胞模型和体外筛选黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂。目前体内动物模型筛选方法研究比较成熟,已有诸多文献报道,体外酶抑制剂和细胞水平筛选尚需进一步探索研究。总结降尿酸药物体内外筛选方法,为新药开发利用提供参考依据。     

痛风颗粒对高尿酸血症大鼠血清BUN、Cr、UA及XOD的影响

目的：观察痛风颗粒对高尿酸血症大鼠血清BUN、Cr、UA及XOD的水平变化的影响。方法：参照文献方法建立高尿酸血症的动物模型,随机分成模型组、苯溴马隆对照组、痛风颗粒大、小、中剂量组,并设立正常对照组,给予相应药物处理,共21天。检测大鼠血清BUN、Cr、UA、XOD。结果：模型在实验第7天出现血尿酸升高,第14天血尿酸下降,第21天血尿酸再次升高;实验第14和21天血尿素氮、肌酐升高,各治疗组血清尿酸水平有所下降,对血清肌酐、尿素氮无明显影响;血清中的XOD,模型组小剂量组比正常对照组、各治疗组显著升高。结论：痛风颗粒具有利尿和促进尿酸的排泄,改善肾功能,抑制XOD酶的活性,可能是降低血清中尿酸的作用机制之一。     

单味中药降尿酸作用机制概述※

降尿酸是治疗痛风和高尿酸血症的基本方法，目前降尿酸作用途径主要是通过抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶、腺苷脱氨酶等合成酶的活性，或（且）影响肾脏尿酸转运蛋白（OAT1、OAT3、URAT1、GLUT9）等的表达，进而降低尿酸的水平。由于中药治疗高尿酸血症及痛风的作用机制尚不明确，因此本文通过检索中国知网、维普、万方、pubMed、Embase等数据库，对相关文献进行筛选，总结了具有明确降尿酸作用机制的单味中药，并进行功效归类，有助于对其作用机制进一步研究，为防治痛风和高尿酸血症提供更可靠、更安全的中医治疗依据。     

虎杖对实验性高尿酸血症小鼠降尿酸有效部位的研究

目的考察虎杖降尿酸作用的有效部位及可能有效物质。方法制造小鼠高尿酸血症模型,观察虎杖不同提取部位的降尿酸作用并研究各部位活性与所含成分的相关性。结果虎杖不同提取部位均能抑制氧嗪酸钾盐所致高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸,其降尿酸作用与大黄素含量的相关系数为0.7335;与虎杖苷含量的相关系数0.4186。结论虎杖有降尿酸作用,活性部位三氯甲烷部位,降尿酸活性成分为大黄素等。     

车前子醇提物降低急性高尿酸血症小鼠血尿酸水平及机制研究

目的:探讨车前子醇提物对高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的影响及降尿酸作用机制.方法:车前子低、中、高剂量(1.17,2.34,4.68 g·kg-1)和别嘌呤醇(10 mg·kg-1)ig连续7d,建立小鼠高尿酸血症模型,观测对氧嗪酸钾盐诱导的急性高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸与肌酐含量、肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)与腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)的活性、肾脏尿酸转运体(mURAT1)mRNA表达的影响.结果:与正常组比,模型组小鼠血清尿酸与肌酐含量和肝脏XOD与ADA活性显著增高,并上调肾脏尿酸转运体mURAT1 mRNA的表达.提取物低、中、高剂量组血清尿酸分别为(178.32±10.26),(148.77±13.59),(160.28±14.65)μmol·L-1,明显低于模型组(235.65±19.38) μmol·L-1(P ＜0.01).血清肌酐分别为(56.12±4.58),(50.97±3.27),(52.45±4.66) μmol·L-1,明显低于模型组(107.59±8.32) μmol·L-1(P ＜0.01).肝脏XOD活性分别为(23.18±3.72),(16.96±2.45),(14.62±3.43) U·g-1,明显低于模型组(24.39±3.58) U·g-1 (P ＜0.05).ADA活性分别为(4.70±0.44),(3.89±0.24),(4.08±0.58) U·mg-1,明显低于模型组(5.92±0.84) U·mg-1 (P ＜0.05,P＜0.oi).肾尿酸转运体mURAT1 mRNA的表达分别为1.83±0.12,1.52±0.13,1.72±0.11,明显低于模型组2.22 ±0.1(P ＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论:车前子醇提物能够降低高尿酸血症模型小鼠的血尿酸,改善高尿酸血症小鼠肾脏功能.抑制XOD与ADA活性并下调肾脏尿酸转运体mURAT1 mRNA的表达,是其降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的可能机制.     

Effect and mechanism of total saponin of Dioscorea on animal experimental hyperuricemia

In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of Total Saponin of Dioscorea (TSD) on animal experimental hyperuricemia. Mouse and rat hyperuricemic models were made by orally administering yeast extract paste once a day (30 and 20 g/kg, respectively), for 7 days. Yeast would disturb normal purine metabolism by increasing xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity and generating large quantities of uric acid. This model is similar to human hyperuricemia, which is induced by high-protein diets, due to a purine and nucleic acid metabolic disturbance. Another mouse hyperuricemia model was generated by intraperitoneal injection once with uric acid 250 mg/kg or potassium oxonate 300 mg/kg. Potassium oxonate, a urate oxidase inhibitor, can raise the serum uric acid level by inhibiting the decomposition of uric acid. Likewise, injecting uric acid can also increase serum uric acid concentration. The concentration of uric acid in serum or urine was detected by the phosphotungstic acid method, and the activity of XOD was assayed by a test kit. The results showed that TSD (240, 120 and 60 mg/kg, ig) could significantly lower the level of serum uric acid in hyperuricemic mice. TSD (120 and 60 mg/kg, ig) could also lower the level of serum uric acid in hyperuricemic rats, reduce the activity of XOD in the serum and liver of hyperuricemic rats, and increase the level of urine uric acid concentration as well as 24-hour total uric acid excretion. In conclusion, TSD possesses a potent anti-hyperuricemic effect on hyperuricemic animals, and the mechanism may be relevant in accelerating the excretion and decreasing the production of uric acid.     

The dual actions of Sanmiao wan as a hypouricemic agent: Down-regulation of hepatic XOD and renal mURAT1 in hyperuricemic mice

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Sanmiao wan (SMW) is widely used for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia in traditional Chinese medicine.

Aim of the study

The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypouricemic effects of SMW and its possible mechanism in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic mice.

Materials and methods

SMW at 489, 978 and 1956 mg/kg was orally administered to hyperuricemic and normal mice, and standard drug allopurinol (2.5 mg/kg) was served as a positive control. The effects of SMW on serum, urine and liver levels of uric acid, serum levels of creatinine, and activity of hepatic xanthine oxidase (XOD) were measured in mice. Moreover, the effects of SMW on the mRNA and protein levels of hepatic XOD and renal urate transporter 1 (mURAT1) in mice were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting methods, respectively.

Results

SMW significantly reduced uric acid levels in serum and liver, inhibited hepatic XOD activity, mRNA and protein levels in hyperuricemic mice. Furthermore, SMW could effectively down-regulate renal mURAT1 mRNA and protein levels of hyperuricemic mice. And it reversed oxonate-induced elevation in serum creatinine levels of mice. However, SMW did not show any effects in normal mice.

Conclusion

These findings suggested that SMW produced dual hypouricemic actions by suppressing hepatic XOD to reduce uric acid production and down-regulating renal mURAT1 to decrease urate reabsorption and enhance urate excretion in hyperuricemic mice.     

萆薢总皂苷对大鼠慢性高尿酸血症和肾小管尿酸转运体1表达的影响

目的: 研究萆薢总皂苷对大鼠慢性高尿酸血症的防治作用及对肾脏尿酸转运体1(urate transporter 1,URAT1)表达的影响。 方法: 90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、萆薢总皂苷(total saponin of Dioscorea,TSD)高、中、低剂量组(300,100,30 mg·kg^-1)、苯溴马隆(10 mg·kg^-1)组。以氧嗪酸钾联合乙胺丁醇复制大鼠慢性高尿酸血症模型,第3周开始灌胃给药,每天1次,连续4周,测定血尿酸、尿尿酸、尿酸排泄量、黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性;RT-PCR法、免疫组化法分别测定大鼠肾小管细胞URAT1 mRNA和URAT1蛋白的表达。 结果: 模型组大鼠血尿酸水平显著升高,尿尿酸排泄减少,肾脏URAT1 mRNA和URAT1蛋白高表达。TSD能剂量依赖性地降低高尿酸血症大鼠的血清尿酸水平,增加尿尿酸浓度和尿酸排泄量,降低肾脏URAT1 mRNA和URAT1蛋白的高表达,其作用与苯溴马隆相近;对高尿酸血症大鼠XOD、尿量无明显影响。 结论: TSD有明显的抗高尿酸血症作用,可能是通过抑制大鼠肾脏URAT1的高表达而减少尿酸的重吸收。     

痹清胶囊对鸡高尿酸血症模型尿酸代谢的影响

目的:建立与人类代谢相似的高尿酸血症动物模型,观察中药复方制剂痹清胶囊对其血尿酸代谢的影响并探讨机理.方法:选用鸡为模型动物,以高蛋白,高钙饲料制备造模剂,塑造高尿酸血症模型,于造模第七天选取血尿酸水平大于80mg/L的蛋鸡,分组给药,观察痹清胶囊3个剂量组连续灌胃给药2周后,检测血尿酸和XOD活力的变化.结果:模型组用药后,模型鸡的血尿酸值显著下降,粪便尿酸排泄量增加,血清XOD活性降低.结论:痹清胶囊有明显的降尿酸作用,其机制可能是既抑制尿酸生成又促进尿酸排泄.     

基于“肠-肾”途径的健脾祛湿中药抗痛风病研究

目的:从“肠-肾”途径探讨健脾祛湿中药防治痛风病作用。方法:10%果糖塑造大鼠高血尿酸模型,高钙高嘌呤食饵并限水诱导鹌鹑尿酸盐沉积模型,以菊苣、参苓白术散为示例药。生化检测大鼠血清尿酸(SUA)、粪便尿酸(FUA)水平,计算肾脏尿酸清除率(RCUA);检测鹌鹑粪尿中尿酸含量,计算尿酸排泄量。免疫组化分析大鼠肠道ABCG2、肾脏URAT1、OAT1,及鹌鹑肠道Occludin、肾脏p-p65表达。六胺银染色分析尿酸盐沉积。结果:1)菊苣可显著降低模型大鼠SUA、增加FUA、RCUA,促进肠道ABCG2表达,减少肾脏URAT1表达。2)参苓白术散可显著减少模型鹌鹑肾脏尿酸盐沉积,增加尿酸排泄量,增加肠道Occludin表达,减少肾脏p-p65表达。结论:痛风病发生发展中存在“肠-肾”途径的病理改变,健脾祛湿中药通过调节“肠-肾”尿酸转运促尿酸排泄、改善肠道屏障功能及肾脏炎症状态以祛除尿酸盐沉积,共同发挥防治痛风病作用。     

益母草提取物对大鼠高尿酸血症的调控作用

该研究采用灌胃给予SD大鼠氧嗪酸钾(300 mg·kg·d)制备高尿酸血症模型, 并将其分为正常组、模型组、别嘌醇组、益母草提取物高、中、低剂量组(200, 100, 50 mg·kg·d), 给予氧嗪酸钾1 h后给药, 连续给药7 d。分别测定血清尿酸(serum uric acid, SUA), 肌酐(serum creatinine, SCre), 尿中尿酸(uric acid, UA)及肾脏中相关转运体的表达水平, 研究益母草提取物对高尿酸血症大鼠血尿酸、肾功能的影响及肾脏相关转运体的mRNA的调节作用。结果显示与模型组相比, 益母草提取物可以显著性降低高尿酸血症大鼠血清尿酸, 肌酐的水平, 升高尿尿酸水平;同时, 益母草提取物可以显著性下调肾脏尿酸盐转运体(urate transporter 1, URAT1), 葡萄糖转运蛋白9(glucose transporter 9, GLUT9) mRNA 的表达, 上调有机阳离子转运体(organic cation transportanter, OCT), 肉毒碱转运体(carnitine transporter, OCTN)mRNA的表达, 具有促进肾脏尿酸排泄的作用。     

Longan seed extract reduces hyperuricemia via modulating urate transporters and suppressing xanthine oxidase activity

Hyperuricemia causes gouty arthritis, kidney disease, heart disease, and other diseases. Xanthine oxidase (XOD) and urate transporters play important roles in urate homeostasis. Numerous plants have been identified as XOD inhibitors. Longan seeds are known to contain high levels of polyphenols such as corilagin, gallic acid and ellagic acid. We examined the effect of longan seed extract on XOD inhibition and urate transporters GLUT1 and GLUT9 using both in vitro and in vivo assays. The results showed that dried longan seed extract (LSE) and its active components inhibited XOD dose-dependently in vitro. LSE inhibited uric acid production and XOD activity in normal liver cells (clone-9 cells) and was not cytotoxic under the concentration of 200 μg/ml. For the in vivo study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given intraperitoneally for thirty minutes with or without allopurinol (a XOD inhibitor, 3.5 mg/kg) or LSE (80 mg/kg) and then injected intraperitioneally with 250 mg/kg of oxonic acid and 300 mg/kg of hypoxanthine intragastrically. LSE was able to reduce serum uric acid level and XOD activity in hyperuricemic rats. However, LSE or allopurinol did not inhibit the liver XOD activities. On the other hand, GLUT1 protein was suppressed in kidney and GLUT9 was induced in liver from experimental rats and LSE or allopurinol decreased GLUT9 but increased GLUT1 protein level in the liver and kidney, respectively. These results confirmed the claimed effect of longan seeds on gout and other complications and suggested that its urate reducing effect might be due to modulation of urate transporters and inhibition of circulating xanthine oxidase.     

从《金匮要略》探讨痛风“代谢-炎症-免疫”发病机制

痛风是一种单钠尿酸盐沉积所致的晶体相关性关节病,与嘌呤代谢紊乱及(或)尿酸排泄减少所致的高尿酸血症直接相关,属于代谢性风湿病范畴。然近几年研究显示痛风的发病同时与炎症和免疫相关。笔者主要从中医经典——《金匮要略》对痛风的辨证治疗来探讨其对痛风"代谢-炎症-免疫"发病机制的指导作用,以此发挥中西交融的优势,最终为痛风的治疗提供新的思路。     

栀子苷降尿酸作用研究

目的：探讨栀子苷对高尿酸血症小鼠的影响。方法：用氧嗪酸钾连续7 天灌胃造成小鼠高尿酸血症模型,同时每天灌胃栀子苷（50、100、200 mg?kg-1）,检测小鼠血清尿酸（SUA）、尿尿酸（UUA）、肝脏黄嘌呤氧化酶活性（XOD）。结果：栀子苷中、高剂量能显著降低高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平（P<0.01）。结论：栀子苷可通过促进尿酸排泄降低高尿酸血症小鼠的血清尿酸水平。