窄带光成像双焦距内镜下JNET分型在结直肠肿瘤性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨窄带光成像双焦距内镜下JNET分型诊断结直肠肿瘤性病变的临床价值。方法运用新型窄带光成像双焦距内镜对181例结肠新生性病变进行窄带光成像近焦放大观察，结合JNET分型判断病灶性质并与病理结果进行比较。结果窄带光成像双焦距内镜下JNET分型诊断结直肠肿瘤性病变的敏感度为94.5%（138/146），特异度为91.4%（32/35），阳性预测值为97.9%（138/141），阴性预测值为80.0%（32/40），准确率为93.9%（170/181）。结论窄带光成像双焦距内镜结合JNET分型能方便准确判断结肠肿瘤及非肿瘤性病变的性质及浸润深度。     

放大内镜窄带光成像联合内镜超声对早期食管癌浸润深度诊断的准确性分析

目的评估放大内镜窄带光成像（ME-NBI）、内镜超声检查术（EUS）及两者联合对早期食管癌浸润深度判断的准确性。方法选取2015年1月至2017年12月厦门大学附属第一医院行普通白光胃镜检查且病理诊断为早期食管癌的105例患者（105处病灶）,通过ME-NBI和EUS评估病灶浸润深度,依据检查结果确定手术方式。以术后病理结果为金标准,分析ME-NBI、EUS及两者联合判断病变浸润深度的准确性。结果ME-NBI判断病变浸润至黏膜上皮层/固有层和≥黏膜肌层的准确率分别为873%（69/79）和846%（22/26）,总体准确率867%（91/105）,灵敏度和特异度分别为945%（69/73）和688%（22/32）。EUS判断同样浸润深度的准确率分别为859%（67/78）和778%（21/27）,总体准确率838%（88/105）,灵敏度和特异度分别为918%（67/73）和656%（21/32）。EUS和ME-NBI二者皆提示病变浸润深度不超过黏膜固有层的准确率为917%（67/73）,而两种方法任一方法判断浸润深度≥黏膜肌层时,只有182%（6/33）的病变位于黏膜上皮层/固有层（Kappa=0978,P=0000）。结论ME-NBI、EUS对于早期食管癌浸润深度都具有较好的诊断准确性,而联合使用可进一步提高准确性,为治疗方案的选择提供较为可靠的依据。     

根治幽门螺杆菌对早期胃癌内镜诊断的影响

目的 探索根治幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,HP）对传统白光内镜、醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜及窄带光成像放大内镜诊断早期胃癌的影响。方法 2013年1月至2018年3月,于武汉大学人民医院鄂州医院消化内科或华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院消化内科拟行内镜检查,HP阴性（于6个月前成功根治）和HP阳性（近6个月未曾行HP根治治疗）者纳入研究,按普通“白光-醋酸靛胭脂染色-窄带光成像放大”流程行内镜检查,在最终经组织学病理确诊为早期胃癌的患者中,连续收集HP阴性（于6个月前成功根治）和HP阳性（近6个月未曾行HP根治治疗）患者各120例,分别纳入HP成功根治组和未行HP根治组。对2组早期胃癌的白光内镜、醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜、窄带光成像放大内镜检出率行统计学分析。结果 2组间病例医院来源构成（χ2=2.637, P=0.104）、患者性别构成（χ2=0.074, P=0.785）、患者平均年龄（t=0.582, P=0.561）、病变形态构成（χ2=0.179, P=0.914）比较,差异均无统计学意义。普通白光内镜、醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜、窄带光成像放大内镜的早期胃癌检出率,HP成功根治组中分别为75.0%（80/120）、57.5%（69/120）、90.0%（108/120）,未行HP根治组中分别为81.7%（98/120）、93.3%（112/120）、98.3%（118/120）。HP成功根治组早期胃癌的普通白光内镜检出率（χ2=7.046, P=0.008）、醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜检出率（χ2=41.554, P＜0.001）、窄带光成像放大内镜检出率（χ2=7.585, P=0.006）均明显低于未行HP根治组。HP成功根治组中,醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜的早期胃癌检出率最低,低于普通白光内镜（χ2=2.142, P=0.143）及窄带光成像放大内镜（χ2=32.736, P＜0.001）,而窄带光成像放大内镜的早期胃癌检出率最高,高于普通白光内镜（χ2=19.247, P＜0.001）。结论 根治HP后早期胃癌的普通白光内镜、醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜和窄带光成像放大内镜诊断变得更加困难,尤其是对醋酸靛胭脂染色内镜的影响更为明显。上述3种内镜检查方法中,窄带光成像放大内镜的诊断效能最高,适合于根治HP后早期胃癌的临床诊断。     

窄带光成像内镜下JNET分型对大肠侧向发育型肿瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨采用窄带光成像内镜下分型系统（JNET分型）在诊断大肠侧向发育型肿瘤（laterally spreading tumor,LST）中的应用前景。方法回顾已采用窄带光成像及染色技术诊治的170例结直肠LST患者的检查图像,根据窄带光成像下病灶表面结构及微血管结构以JNET分型进行重新诊断,再以染色下观察到的腺管开口（pit pattern,PP）并用PP分型重新诊断,最后与内镜或外科手术切除后标本的病理结果进行对比分析。结果窄带光成像内镜下JNET分型和染色PP分型诊断LST的灵敏度分别为922%和703%,特异度分别为823%和850%,阳性预测值分别为747%和726%,阴性预测值分别为949%和835%,准确率分别为859%和797%（P=0159）。在LST深度的预测上,JNET分型和PP分型预测浅层癌的符合率分别为61%和83%,预测深层癌的符合率分别为308%和48%。结论依据窄带光成像下JNET分型能有效、简便地诊断LST的恶性潜能,但深度预测效果不理想,对诊断困难的可联合染色PP分型以提高诊断准确率。     

非放大内镜下NICE分型判断结直肠肿瘤性息肉的临床应用价值

目的 评估非放大内镜下窄带成像技术（NBI）国际结直肠内镜分型（NICE分型）系统判断结直肠肿瘤的临床实际应用价值。方法 回顾性纳入普通内镜医师行白光结肠镜检查检出、并行NBI观察及NICE分型的224处结直肠息肉资料,对NICE分型结果和内镜或外科手术切除标本的病理结果进行对比分析。结果 224处息肉中NICE 1型59处,2型159处,3型6处;病理诊断非肿瘤性息肉58处,肿瘤性息肉166处。依据NICE分型诊断肿瘤性息肉的总体敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率分别为91.6%、77.6%、92.1%、76.2%和87.9%。NICE分型预测大息肉（直径≥10mm）、小息肉（直径6~9mm）和微小息肉（直径≤5mm）肿瘤性与否的敏感度和准确率分别为100.0%、97.0%、80.9%和95.7%、87.8%、83.3%,诊断准确率随病变直径变小而下降,但差异无统计学意义（P=0.694）。结论 临床实际工作中,普通内镜医师利用非放大内镜下NICE分型判断结直肠肿瘤总体准确率较高,具有一定临床推广应用价值。     

白光内镜与放大内镜联合窄带成像技术对良性病变中肠型胃腺瘤的诊断作用比较

目的：比较常规白光内镜与放大内镜联合窄带成像技术在良性病变中诊断肠型胃腺瘤的准确性。方法：连续收集2016年1月至2017年12月在上海仁济医院消化内镜中心经白光内镜检查怀疑胃早期肿瘤性病变的患者,择期再次行白光内镜及放大窄带光成像内镜检查,分别记录其内镜诊断结果,并取活检,以活检或术后病理诊断为评判标准,除外癌变病灶,比较白光内镜和放大窄带光成像内镜在良性病灶中区分肠型胃腺瘤和其他非腺瘤病变的诊断准确性。结果：共纳入232例患者（232个病灶）,其中肠型胃腺瘤124例,其他非腺瘤性良性病灶108例（萎缩、溃疡、增生、非肠型胃腺瘤相关低级别上皮内瘤变等）,放大窄带光成像内镜区分肠型胃腺瘤与非腺瘤性良性病变的灵敏度、阴性预测值、准确度均显著高于白光内镜（分别为92.7%比71.8%,91.6%比73.7%,91.8%比80.6%;P均<0.01）,特异性一致（均为90.7%）,阳性预测值和白光内镜相比（92%比89.9%）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论：放大窄带光成像内镜鉴别肠型胃腺瘤与非腺瘤性良性病变的准确性显著高于白光内镜。     

不同内镜方式判断早期食管癌浸润深度准确性的对比研究

目的 评价不同内镜方法在判断早期食管癌浸润深度方面的临床价值。 方法 2013年8月至2016年2月,在四川省人民医院消化内科行白光内镜检查拟诊早期食管癌的患者,依次采用窄带成像（NBI）放大内镜（分别使用IPCL分型和B分型方法）、超声内镜判断浸润深度,随后碘染取活检,其中活检病理提示中-重度异型增生、高级别上皮内瘤变及早期食管癌的患者,以及虽然活检病理提示低级别上皮内瘤变但白光或者NBI内镜高度提示食管癌的患者接受内镜或外科手术切除治疗,最终病理（活检及手术病理的最高诊断）确诊为早期食管癌的患者共54例,针对这部分患者使用Kappa值统计上述不同内镜方式判断早期食管癌浸润深度的准确性。 结果 NBI放大内镜下B分型与最终病理一致性好（Kappa=0.802）,白光内镜（Kappa=0.596）和NBI放大内镜下IPCL分型（Kappa=0.601）与最终病理具有中等一致性,超声内镜与最终病理的一致性较差（Kappa=0.132）。在判断早期食管癌M1～M2浸润方面,B分型的准确率最高（86.7％,26／30）,其次为白光内镜（76.7％,23／30）和IPCL分型（73.3％,22／30）,超声内镜的准确率最低（30.0％,9／30）,并且其过度判率最高（70.0％,21／30）;在判断早期食管癌M3～SM1浸润方面,B分型的准确率最高（89.5％,17／19）,其次为IPCL分型（78.9％,15／19）和白光内镜（73.7％,14／19）,超声内镜的准确率最低（42.1％,8／19）,并且其过度判率最高（52.6％,10／19）。 结论 白光内镜在判断早期食管癌浸润深度方面仍有较大临床价值;NBI放大内镜下的B分型和IPCL分型较白光内镜更有优势,其中B分型较IPCL分型具有一定的优势,并且对于初学者更简单和易于掌握;超声内镜在判断黏膜及黏膜下各层浸润时的准确性不尽如人意,过度判率高,在单独使用时需谨慎。     

高分辨率显微内镜对溃疡性结肠炎黏膜愈合的评估价值

目的 探讨高分辨率显微内镜（HRME）评估临床缓解期溃疡性结肠炎（UC）患者黏膜愈合的诊断价值。 方法 随机选择30例UC患者,采集HRME图像,以病理结果作为金标准制定HRME评估结肠黏膜状态的诊断标准。再对67例患者进行前瞻性研究,先行标准内镜评估结肠黏膜状态并获取活检标本,再对标本采集HRME图像。利用统计学方法比较标准内镜与HRME评估溃疡性结肠黏膜愈合的准确性。 结果 根据腺体形态、腺体排列方式、腺体开口及炎细胞浸润等指标制定HRME评估UC黏膜状态的标准,分为0～3级共4个级别。67例患者113个位点的前瞻性研究结果显示：标准内镜评估UC患者黏膜愈合的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为4468%（21/47）、9091%（60/66）、7778%（21/27）、6977%（60/86）,与病理结果比较,一致性检验的Kappa值为0379（P<005）;HRME成像评估UC患者黏膜愈合的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为8723%（41/47）、9545%（63/66）、9318%（41/44）、9130%（63/69）,与病理结果比较,一致性检验的Kappa值为0835（P<005）。 结论 HRME可对UC患者结肠黏膜实现实时虚拟病理组织成像,评估黏膜愈合的准确性优于标准内镜。     

三种模式内镜检查诊断早期食管癌及癌前病变的对比研究

目的通过白光模式、窄带成像技术（NBI）及卢戈染色方法对食管病变进行内镜观察,比较这3种模式诊断早期食管癌及癌前病变的临床应用价值。方法 2010年1月至2013年1月在南京医科大学第一附属医院消化内科均行白光模式、NBI模式及卢戈染色内镜检查共103例患者125个病灶,包括食管炎症病灶16个,轻、中、重度不典型增生病灶44、25、22个,早期食管癌病灶18个。对所有NBI阳性及卢戈染色阳性部位均取活检。以手术病理结果作为诊断金标准,3种模式对病变的检出率比较应用χ^2检验,病变NBI分级及卢戈染色分级与病理结果比较应用χ^2检验。结果 （1）103例患者内镜检查共发现125个病灶,其中白光模式下、NBI模式下及卢戈染色后分别发现早期食管癌及癌前病变85个（68.0%）、105个（84.0%）、109个（87.2%）;NBI模式下和卢戈染色对于早期食管癌及癌前病变的检出率差异无统计学意义,白光模式下早期食管癌及癌前病变的检出率均低于NBI模式下和卢戈染色后,且差异有统计学意义（χ^2=8.772,P=0.003;χ2=13.255,P=0.000）。（2）NBI模式下及卢戈染色诊断重度不典型增生和早期食管癌的敏感度均为100%（40/40）,均高于白光模式下的85.0%（34/40）,且差异均有统计学意义（χ2均=4.505,P均=0.026）;NBI模式下及卢戈染色诊断轻-中度不典型增生的敏感度分别为94.2%（65/69）、100%（69/69）,两者之间比较差异无统计学意义,但两者均高于白光模式下诊断轻-中度不典型增生的敏感度73.9%（51/69）,且差异均有统计学意义（χ2=10.599,P=0.001;χ^2=20.700,P=0.000）。重度不典型增生和早期食管癌病灶NBI分级、卢戈染色分级均多为Ⅰ级[90.0%（36/40）、95.0%（38/40）],轻-中度不典型增生病灶NBI分级、卢戈染色分级均多为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级[均为94.2%（65/69）],且差异均有统计学意义（χ^2=18.373、23.736、39.371、39.371,均P=0.000）。结论 NBI模式和卢戈染色均能够更清晰地显示早期食管癌及癌前病变的范围和大小,有助于更精确的活检,从而提高病变的检出率,且两者对于早期食管癌及癌前病变的诊断效能相似,均明显优于白光模式。NBI模式和卢戈染色可作为诊断早期食管癌的互补手段。     

窄带成像技术与碘染色诊断老年早期食管癌的差异

目的比较窄带成像技术(NBI)和碘染色两种方法对食管癌早期诊断的差异。方法 2008年12月至2010年12月,共351例年龄在60岁以上的患者进行了胃镜检查,分别采用常规内镜方法、碘染色法及NBI模式观察,其中发现早期癌160例,全由病理证实。结果 160例早期癌患者中,常规内镜检查发现病变为81.9%(131/160),NBI发现病变为98.6%(158/160),碘染色发现病变为100%(160/160),NBI与常规内镜比较差异有统计学意义,而与碘染色法差异无统计学意义,且无不良反应。结论 NBI与碘染色法在老年早期食管癌的检出率无统计学差异,且无不良反应,值得在临床上推广。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.