Combination of erythritol and fructose increases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults

Consumption of a large amount of dietary fructose induces gastrointestinal intolerance, and glucose has been known as an enhancer of fructose absorption. Erythritol is a nonglycemic sugar alcohol, and it has been suggested that erythritol is absorbed paracellularly. It was hypothesized that paracellular absorption of erythritol could also enhance paracellular absorption of fructose in healthy adults. This is one of the proposed pathways for how additional glucose enhances the absorption of fructose. Thirty-seven nondiabetic, healthy adults participated in a randomized, double-masked, controlled crossover study. After an overnight fast, participants consumed beverages containing either 50 g fructose and 50 g glucose, 50 g fructose and 33.3 g erythritol (an equimolar concentration of fructose), or 50 g fructose alone. Breath hydrogen response was determined for 8 hours postprandially. Gastrointestinal intolerance symptoms and the number and consistency of bowel movements were recorded for 24 hours postprandially. The breath hydrogen area under the curve (AUC) of the fructose and erythritol beverage was 2 times the AUC of the fructose beverage and 8.75 times the AUC of the fructose and glucose beverage (P < .001, respectively). Compared with fructose and glucose beverage and fructose alone, frequency of watery stools increased (P < .05) and gastrointestinal tolerance worsened (P < .05) when participants consumed fructose and erythritol. These data suggest that coingestion of equimolar concentrations of fructose and erythritol increased carbohydrate malabsorption.     

Mothers of young children cluster into 4 groups based on psychographic food decision influencers

This study explored how mothers grouped into clusters according to multiple psychographic food decision influencers and how the clusters differed in nutrient intake and nutrient content of their household food supply. Mothers (n = 201) completed a survey assessing basic demographic characteristics, food shopping and meal preparation activities, self and spouse employment, exposure to formal food or nutrition education, education level and occupation, weight status, nutrition and food preparation knowledge and skill, family member health and nutrition status, food decision influencer constructs, and dietary intake. In addition, an in-home inventory of 100 participants' household food supplies was conducted. Four distinct clusters presented when 26 psychographic food choice influencers were evaluated. These clusters appear to be valid and robust classifications of mothers in that they discriminated well on the psychographic variables used to construct the clusters as well as numerous other variables not used in the cluster analysis. In addition, the clusters appear to transcend demographic variables that often segment audiences (eg, race, mother's age, socioeconomic status), thereby adding a new dimension to the way in which this audience can be characterized. Furthermore, psychographically defined clusters predicted dietary quality. This study demonstrates that mothers are not a homogenous group and need to have their unique characteristics taken into consideration when designing strategies to promote health. These results can help health practitioners better understand factors affecting food decisions and tailor interventions to better meet the needs of mothers.     

Athletes' dietary intake was closer to French RDA's than those of young sedentary counterparts

It has been demonstrated that athletes' dietary intake was relatively well-balanced according to the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). In contrast, other studies have shown that athletes may have low energy intake or imbalance of protein and fat and insufficient minerals and vitamins. Nonetheless, we hypothesized that practicing a sport may allow young adults to have a nutritional status closer to recommended values. The purpose of this experiment was to study the nutritional status of young French adults, particularly to compare the nutritional status of trained young male and female athletes to those of young sedentary control subjects, and to national RDAs. A total of 85 young adults were recruited and filled a 4-day food and physical activity record. Dietary intake, energy expenditure, energy balance, carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, vitamins, and minerals were recorded. Data were analyzed with a software Nutrilog and statistics with Sigma Stat. Energy intake values were 9874 ± 3050 kJ for the athletes and 7506 ± 1845 kJ for control subjects. Athletes' nutritional status was closer to French RDAs than those of sedentary subjects who present a lower energy intake, a greater percentage of the energy intake from fat and lower values for minerals and vitamins. In conclusion, practicing a sport may allow athletes to balance their energy intake and expenditure and could be a good way to have a nutritional status closer to RDAs. Educational programs for students on proper food selection, eating habits and physical activity are needed to improve the nutritional status of these young French adults, particularly in sedentary students.     

Associations between obesity and serum lipid-soluble micronutrients among premenopausal women

Elucidating potential pathways that micronutrients may reduce/promote chronic disease may contribute to our understanding of the underlying etiology of disease and their utility as markers of risk. In the current study, we examined associations of serum lipid-soluble micronutrients with body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that obesity may differentially influence serum micronutrient levels, thereby affecting risk for chronic disease incidence and mortality. Baseline serum samples from 180 premenopausal women from a nutritional trial were analyzed for leptin, C-reactive protein, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, carotenoids, and tocopherols. Participants were stratified into normal-weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), and obese (≥30) subgroups by BMI (in kilograms per square meter). Differences in serum biomarkers among BMI subgroups were adjusted for Asian ethnicity and smoking status. As expected, obese individuals had significantly higher serum levels of leptin and C-reactive protein (Ps < .05) compared with normal-weight women. γ-Tocopherol levels were significantly higher in obese individuals (P < .05), whereas α-tocopherol levels did not differ among BMI subgroups. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and carotenoids (except lycopene) were significantly lower in obese than in normal-weight women (Ps < .05). The associations between BMI and carotenoids were independent of dietary intake. The obesity-associated reduction for total provitamin A carotenoids (45%) was approximately 3-fold greater than that observed for non–provitamin A carotenoids (16%). Our results indicate potential influences of obesity on serum levels of lipid-soluble micronutrients and suggest that metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids may contribute to the differences observed.     

The influence of diet and/or exercise and parental compliance on health-related quality of life in obese children

Recent findings of a direct association of obesity and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children suggest a need for early weight-management interventions that address psychosocial issues and lifestyle. Our aim was to compare the effects of exercise, diet, or diet + exercise on HRQOL in obese children. We hypothesized that HRQOL will improve as a result of the weight-loss intervention and will be correlated with the amount of weight loss achieved by each of the intervention groups. A total of 162 children aged 6 to 11 years with a body mass index (BMI) exceeding the 95th percentile were randomly allocated to a 12-week regimens of diet, exercise, or diet + exercise. Weight, height, and percent fat mass were measured, and parents completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) 4.0 at baseline and at the end of the intervention. The reductions in BMI were significantly greater in the diet and diet + exercise groups than in the exercise group. Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory scores improved significantly, with no differences among the groups. A greater reduction in BMI occurred in children whose parents completed the PedsQL at baseline (n = 105) than in children whose parents did not (n = 15) (−1.8 ± 1.3 vs −1.0 ± 1.5; P = .048) and in children whose parents completed the PedsQL at the end of the intervention (n = 73) than in children whose parents did not (n = 47) (−2.0 ± 1.3 vs −1.3 ± 1.3; P = .013). Weight-management programs that promote a healthy eating and physical activity can serve as an effective tool to improve the low HRQOL of obese children. Parental compliance is an important factor and may be assessed by the parents' cooperativeness in completing questionnaires.     

Correlates of antioxidant nutrients and oxidative DNA damage differ by race in a cross-sectional study of healthy African American and white adults

Although antioxidant nutrients and oxidative DNA damage have been associated with carcinogenesis, few studies have investigated the factors that influence antioxidant intake and oxidative DNA damage in racially diverse populations. Demographic, behavioral, and diet-related psychosocial correlates of plasma antioxidant (carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E) concentrations and oxidative DNA damage were examined using data from a cross-sectional study of 147 generally healthy, nonsmoking African American and white adults in North Carolina, aged 20 to 45 years. All participants completed self-administered demographic, diet, and health questionnaires and provided semifasting (≥6 hours) blood samples. Multivariate regression analyses were computed separately for each race to determine associations between the potential correlates with plasma antioxidant concentrations and oxidative DNA damage, separately. Our findings suggest appreciable differences by race. Only a few factors (age, supplement use, and several psychosocial factors) were associated with antioxidant concentrations in African Americans, whereas these and additional factors, including physical activity, waist circumference, and passive smoke exposure, were associated with antioxidant concentrations in whites. For oxidative DNA damage, passive smoke exposure was significantly associated with oxidative DNA damage in African Americans, and age and alcohol were significant in whites. In addition, the regression models generally explained more of the variance in plasma antioxidant concentrations and oxidative DNA damage in whites than in African Americans. Considering the salient correlates differed by race, this work has important implications for the design and implementation of future research studies investigating antioxidant nutrients and/or oxidative stress, especially those in racially diverse populations.     

Association between household income and overweight of Korean and American children: trends and differences

The prevalence of overweight in children has been dramatically increasing worldwide, and socioeconomic status is an important risk factor. The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that household income is negatively associated with overweight in Korean and American girls and boys. In the study, 2117 children 7 to 12 years of age from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2001 and 2007 and 3016 children from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2001 and 2006 were included. Overweight is defined as the sex- and age-specific body mass index cutoffs recommended by the International Obesity Task Force. Lower household income significantly increased the risk for overweight in Korean boys, irrespective of adjustments. The negative association between household income and overweight of American boys disappeared after adjusting for the frequency of dining out and TV viewing time. There was no significant association between household income and overweight of Korean and American girls. As household income increased, the intake of energy from protein was increased, but energy from carbohydrates was decreased in Korean boys. On the other hand, as household income increased, energy intake from carbohydrates was increased and energy intake from proteins decreased in American boys. In conclusion, positive association between household income and overweight was found in Korean boys, but not in Korean girls and American boys and girls. Effects solely targeting reduction in income disparities cannot effectively reduce sex disparities in overweight of children.     

High l-carnitine concentrations do not prevent late diabetic complications in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients

Increased intake of l-carnitine, a cofactor in cellular energy metabolism, is recommended for diabetic patients with late complications. However, its clinical benefits remain controversial. We hypothesized that patients with low l-carnitine levels would have an increased rate of diabetic complications. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the relationship of l-carnitine concentrations in blood with the prevalence and severity of late diabetic complications in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. Human blood samples were collected from 93 and 87 patients diagnosed as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes, respectively, and 122 nondiabetic individuals. The determination of free l-carnitine concentrations in whole blood lysates was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. In diabetic patients, diabetic complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, or hypertension were recorded. The average l-carnitine concentration in the blood of control subjects was 33 ± 8 nmol/mL, which was not significantly different from subgroups of patients with type 1 (32 ± 10 nmol/mL) or type 2 diabetes (36 ± 11 nmol/mL). Patients with low (<20 nmol/mL) l-carnitine levels did not have increased occurrences of late diabetic complications. In addition, patient subgroups with higher l-carnitine concentrations did not have decreased prevalence of late diabetic complications. Our results provide evidence that higher l-carnitine concentrations do not prevent late diabetic complications in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients.     

Ingestion of potato starch containing esterified phosphorus increases alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestine in rats

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) hydrolyzes a variety of monophosphate esters and plays an important role in phosphorus (P) metabolism. Several nutrients in food have been reported to affect intestinal ALP activity in animal models. Previous reports indicated that high levels of P or phosphate in diets decreased intestinal ALP activity in rats. Because potato starch contains considerable amounts of esterified P, unlike other starch-derived plants, we hypothesized that the feeding of potato starch would decrease ALP activity in the intestinal tract. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were fed 3 different types of diet containing 60% corn starch or 1 of 2 types of potato starch with different esterified P content for 1 or 5 weeks. Body weight and food intake of each rat were measured every day throughout the experimental periods. At the end of the feeding periods, the small intestine was removed to determine ALP activity in the mucosal tissues. Significant differences were observed in ALP activity in the small intestine between the 2 feeding periods, among the 4 segments of the small intestine, and among the 3 diet groups. Significant positive linear correlations between the amount of P derived from the starch and mucosal ALP activity were obtained in the jejunum and jejunoileum in rats after feeding for 5 weeks. We concluded, contrary to our hypotheses, that the ingestion of potato starch adaptively increases ALP activity in the upper part of the small intestine of growing rats in an esterified P content-dependent manner.     

视力障碍青少年身体活动水平和久坐时间调查

目的了解中国视力障碍青少年日常身体活动模式和久坐行为时间,为指导学生科学合理安排作息时间提供参考。方法采用加速度计对中国西部地区某特殊教育学校78名7～23岁视力障碍青少年的身体活动水平和模式进行测量。结果男女生相比,男生身高略高、身体略重(t值分别为2.81,2.46,P值均<0.05)。基于Puyan等加速度计切点值,学生平均每天进行轻度身体活动(light physical activity,LPA)时间为(285.18±47.29) min,中等强度身体活动(moderate physical activity,MPA)时间为(141.92±57.63) min,高强度身体活动(vigorous PA,VPA)时间为(17.66±14.83) min,中高强度身体活动(moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity,MVPA)时间为(159.58±69.83) min,久坐时间为(988.38±110.18)min。98.7%的受试者达到了WHO关于青少年每天应至少进行60 min中等及以上强度的身体活动的推荐量。结论中国...     

Satiereal,a Crocus sativus L extract,reduces snacking and increases satiety in a randomized placebo-controlled study of mildly overweight,healthy women

Snacking is an uncontrolled eating behavior, predisposing weight gain and obesity. It primarily affects the female population and is frequently associated with stress. We hypothesized that oral supplementation with Satiereal (Inoreal Ltd, Plerin, France), a novel extract of saffron stigma, may reduce snacking and enhance satiety through its suggested mood-improving effect, and thus contribute to weight loss. Healthy, mildly overweight women (N = 60) participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study that evaluated the efficacy of Satiereal supplementation on body weight changes over an 8-week period. Snacking frequency, the main secondary variable, was assessed by daily self-recording of episodes by the subjects in a nutrition diary. Twice a day, enrolled subjects consumed 1 capsule of Satiereal (176.5 mg extract per day (n = 31) or a matching placebo (n = 29). Caloric intake was left unrestricted during the study. At baseline, both groups were homogeneous for age, body weight, and snacking frequency. Satiereal caused a significantly greater body weight reduction than placebo after 8 weeks (P < .01). The mean snacking frequency was significantly decreased in the Satiereal group as compared with the placebo group (P < .05). Other anthropometric dimensions and vital signs remained almost unchanged in both groups. No subject withdrawal attributable to a product effect was reported throughout the trial, suggesting a good tolerability to Satiereal. Our results indicate that Satiereal consumption produces a reduction of snacking and creates a satiating effect that could contribute to body weight loss. The combination of an adequate diet with Satiereal supplementation might help subjects engaged in a weight loss program in achieving their objective.     

Rapid body weight gain increases the risk of UV radiation–induced skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice

Although it is well known that caloric restriction reduces the risk of chronic diseases including cancer, the role of weight gain in the development of UV light–induced tumors has not, to our knowledge, been investigated. In view of the increase in obesity worldwide, we asked the question whether there is any relationship between body weight gain and skin tumor development. We subjected 3 groups, each composed of 30 SKH-1 hairless female mice, to UV radiation (30 mJ/cm², twice weekly for 17 weeks) and observed tumor formation over the ensuing 8 to 13 weeks: group 1 received pelleted diet; group 2 received pellets during the irradiation period and was then switched to powder; and group 3 received powder exclusively. At the end of the experiment, the mean body weight of group 1 was 32.1 ± 0.5 g, whereas that of groups 2 and 3 was 39.0 ± 1.5 and 39.5 ± 1.4 g, respectively. Tumor incidence reached 90% at 8 weeks after completion of irradiation for the animals in group 3 and at 13 weeks for the animals in group 2. Similarly, at 8 weeks after irradiation when all animals of group 3 were euthanized, tumor multiplicity was 0.8, 1.2, and 3.2 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Thus, in comparison with the mice consuming pellets, the powder-fed mice gained weight more rapidly and developed tumors much faster. Considering the escalating numbers of individuals worldwide who are overweight or obese, our findings provide further impetus for advocating healthier diets and maintenance of constant body weight in adults.     

武汉市成年人群健康检查结果

目的了解武汉市健康检查人群中超重-肥胖的发生率及其与高脂血症、脂肪肝、糖调节受损、糖尿病的关系,为慢性病的预防及健康管理提供基础资料。方法以2012年1月1日—12月31日在武汉大学人民医院检查的成年人群为对象,对检查人群的年龄、性别分布特点进行描述,根据体重指数将检查人群分为非超重-肥胖组和超重-肥胖组,并对各组高脂血症、脂肪肝、糖调节受损、糖尿病的检出率进行比较分析。结果共计23 548人,男性14 757人,女性8 791人。其中超重-肥胖组共11 119例,男性超重-肥胖者8 666例[超重6 515例（27.67%）,肥胖2 151例（9.13%）],女性超重-肥胖者2 453例[（超重1 957例（8.31%）,肥胖496例（2.10%）],男性受检者中超重-肥胖的检出率显著高于女性。超重-肥胖与高脂血症、脂肪肝、糖调节受损、糖尿病的发生率明显相关。结论该市应高度重视成年人群超重肥胖问题,这对预防心血管、代谢性疾病的发生有重要意义。     

Iron supplementation decreases plasma zinc but has no effect on plasma fatty acids in non-anemic women

Limited information is available on the role of iron in fatty acid metabolism in humans. We hypothesized that iron supplementation will increase desaturase activity, and so, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of iron supplementation on fatty acid desaturase activity in young women. Participants were randomly assigned to a control group (CG) or supplementation group (SG) who were provided with 37.4 mg of elemental iron daily for 12 weeks. Forty women completed the trial, n = 19 in CG and n = 21 in SG. The mean ages were 25.2 and 24.6 years, and body mass indices were 21.8 and 21.2 (kg/m²) in CG and SG, respectively. Serum ferritin concentrations increased significantly (P < .01) in subjects assigned to SG but were unchanged in CG. Serum iron concentrations were not significantly changed. Plasma zinc concentrations at the end of the intervention were similar to baseline values for individuals in CG but were decreased significantly (P = .004) in SG. Plasma fatty acids, phospholipid fatty acids, and desaturase activities, expressed as precursor-to-product ratios, were not significantly affected by the intervention, although in SG the concentration of serum ferritin was correlated positively (P < .05) with Δ6-desaturase activity. Supplementing non-anemic women with low dose iron improves iron status but has no significant effect on desaturase activity. The lack of a clear effect on an indirect indicator of desaturase activity may be related to the antagonism between iron and zinc, as illustrated by the decrease in plasma zinc concentrations in women who were supplemented with iron.     

Greater weight loss among men participating in a commercial weight loss program: a pooled analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials

Being overweight and obese are significant health concerns for men and women, yet despite comparable needs for effective weight loss and maintenance strategies, little is known about the success of commercial weight loss programs in men. This study tests the hypothesis that men participating in a commercial weight loss program (Weight Watchers) had significantly greater weight loss than men receiving limited support from health professionals for weight loss (controls). A pooled analysis of weight loss and related physiologic parameter data from 2 randomized clinical trials was conducted. After 12 months, analysis of covariance tests showed that men in the commercial program group (n = 85) lost significantly more weight (P < .01) than men in the control group (n = 84); similar significant differences were observed for body mass index and waist circumference. These results suggest that participation in a commercial weight loss program may be a more effective means to lose weight and maintain weight loss.     

Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers

BACKGROUND: Inactivity is a leading contributor to chronic health problems. Here, we examined the effects of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention (Prince Edward Island-First Step Program, PEI-FSP) on activity and specific health indices in 106 sedentary workers. METHODS: Participants were recruited from five workplaces where most jobs were moderately-highly sedentary. Using subjects as their own control, physical activity (pedometer-determined steps per day) was compared before and after a 12-week intervention. Changes in body mass index (BMI), waist girth, resting heart rate, and blood pressure were evaluated. RESULTS: The PEI-FSP was completed by 59% of participants. Steps per day increased from 7,029 +/- 3,100 (SD) at baseline to a plateau of 10,480 +/- 3,224 steps/day by 3.96 +/- 3.28 weeks of the intervention. The amount that participants were able to increase their steps per day was not related to their baseline BMI. On average, participants experienced significant decreases in BMI, waist girth, and resting heart rate. Reductions in waist girth and heart rate were significantly related to the increase in steps per day. In contrast, reductions in BMI were predicted by the initial steps per day. CONCLUSIONS: The PEI-FSP increased physical activity in a sedentary population. Importantly, those with a higher BMI at baseline achieved relatively similar increases in their physical activity as participants with a lower BMI.     

Associations between multiple indicators of objectively-measured and self-reported sedentary behaviour and cardiometabolic risk in older adults

Objective

To examine the associations between sedentary behaviour (SB) measured objectively and by self-report and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Method

Cross-sectional analyses of adults ≥ 60 years who participated in the 2008 Health Survey for England. Main exposures were self-reported leisure-time SB consisting of TV/DVD viewing, non-TV leisure-time sitting, and accelerometry-measured SB. Outcomes included body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, cholesterol ratio (total/HDL), Hb1Ac and prevalent diabetes.

Results

2765 participants (1256 men) had valid self-reported SB and outcomes/confounding variables data, of whom 649 (292 men) had accelerometer data. Total self-reported leisure-time SB showed multivariable-adjusted (including for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity) associations with BMI (beta for mean difference in BMI per 30 min/day extra SB: 0.088 kg/m², 95% CI 0.047 to 0.130); waist circumference (0.234, 0.129 to 0.339 cm); cholesterol ratio (0.018, 0.005 to 0.032) and diabetes (odds ratio per 30 min/day extra SB: 1.059, 1.030 to 1.089). Similar associations were observed for TV time while non-TV self-reported SB showed associations only with diabetes (1.057, 1.017 to 1.099). Accelerometry SB was associated with waist circumference only (0.633, 0.173 to 1.093).

Conclusion

In older adults SB is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, but the associations are more consistent when is measured by self-report that includes TV viewing.     

Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and type 2 diabetes in Korean adults: A population-based cross-sectional study

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic phenolic compound to which the general public may be exposed via consumer products and environmental contamination. We assessed the association between urinary BPA concentration and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. This cross-sectional study included Korean adult participants (n = 1210) aged 40–69 years and was based on the 2009 Korean National Human Biomonitoring Survey. Demographic characteristics and medical history of type 2 diabetes were collected from the participants by questionnaire, and BPA levels were determined by analysis of urine samples. The mean age of the participants was 53.4 years and 41.6% were men; the prevalence of type 2 diabetes differed according to demographic characteristics. The geometric mean urinary BPA levels of participants with and without type 2 diabetes were 2.03 and 2.40 ng/mL, respectively. Among BPA quartiles, no clear association was found between BPA levels and type 2 diabetes. Although the adjusted odds ratio of type 2 diabetes was slightly increased for participants in the upper BPA quartile, the association was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that a high body BPA burden may not be associated with an increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Korean adults.     

安徽省学生血压现况与形态发育指标关系

目的了解安徽省学生血压现况,并分析血压偏高与形态发育指标的关系,为开展成年期心血管疾病早期预防提供科学依据。方法利用2005年安徽省学生体质与健康调研资料进行分析。结果安徽省学生血压偏高发生率为13.2%。7岁~,9岁~,11岁~,13岁~,14岁~,19岁~组血压偏高发生率低于其余年龄组,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）。10岁~,17岁~组男生血压偏高发生率高于女生,12岁~及20岁~组女生血压偏高发生率高于男生,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.001）。宿州市儿童血压偏高发生率高于合肥市和黄山市,其中8~10岁,15~18岁组差异有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）。与收缩压及舒张压相关程度高的形态发育指标为体重、身高、体质指数以及胸围和腰围等。结论儿童青少年血压水平与性别、年龄及地区有关,而且和体重、身高等多项形态发育指标呈高度相关。应针对不同人口学特点,在儿童青少年高危人群中开展预防高血压的健康教育和行为干预。     

Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults

Mounting evidence suggests that vitamin D deficiency could be linked to several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its correlates to test the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency was common in the US population, especially in certain minority groups. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2006 data were analyzed for vitamin D levels in adult participants (N = 4495). Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations ≤20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L). The overall prevalence rate of vitamin D deficiency was 41.6%, with the highest rate seen in blacks (82.1%), followed by Hispanics (69.2%). Vitamin D deficiency was significantly more common among those who had no college education, were obese, with a poor health status, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, or not consuming milk daily (all P < .001). Multivariate analyses showed that being from a non-white race, not college educated, obese, having low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, poor health, and no daily milk consumption were all significantly, independently associated with vitamin D deficiency (all P < .05). In summary, vitamin D deficiency was common in the US population, especially among blacks and Hispanics. Given that vitamin D deficiency is linked to some of the important risk factors of leading causes of death in the United States, it is important that health professionals are aware of this connection and offer dietary and other intervention strategies to correct vitamin D deficiency, especially in minority groups.