德昌县新河村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的掌握德昌县血吸虫病监测点2005年疫情,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》在德昌县六所乡新河村选择1个国家级监测点,并开展2005年监测工作。结果监测点的钉螺面积为16440m2,平均活螺密度0·63只/框(每框=0·11m2);发现感染螺12只,钉螺感染率0·21%。检查725人,血吸虫血清阳性率22·34%,血吸虫感染率2·20%,患者克粪虫卵数几何均数17·87。耕牛感染率为2·56%(2/78)。结论德昌县血吸虫病已控制在一定水平,应加强耕牛防治力度和重点人群的治疗,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

蒲江县古佛村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的了解蒲江县长秋乡古佛村2005年血吸虫病监测点疫情动态情况,为血吸虫病防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,开展2005年监测工作。结果钉螺面积147958m2,活螺平均密度0·28只/框(每框=0·11m2),未发现阳性钉螺,人群血吸虫感染率2·16%,耕牛血吸虫感染率为4·35%。结论蒲江县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平,应继续加强耕牛粪便管理和人畜同步治疗,巩固已取得的防治成果,防止疫情反弹。     

2005-2009年广汉市联江村血吸虫病疫情监测

目的掌握平坝地区血吸虫病监测点的疫情情况,为血吸虫病防治提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,对广汉市联江村监测点的血吸虫病疫情进行调查。结果 2005-2009年钉螺总面积从10 710 m2下降到7 870 m2,活螺密度前4年比较稳定,但2009年回升较多为1.17只/框(每框=0.11m2),5年来未发现感染性钉螺,钉螺主要分布在沟渠和稻田等环境。2005-2009年人群血清阳性率从7.44%下降到3.73%,人群血吸虫感染率从0.52%下降到0。2005-2009年家畜耕牛除2006年查出3头病牛,阳性率30%以外,其余年份均未查出阳性病牛。结论 2005-2009年广汉市人群血吸虫病感染率、家畜血吸虫感染率、钉螺总面积均下降,血吸虫病疫情得到较好控制。     

眉山市东坡区一里村2006年血吸虫病监测结果分析

目的为及时掌握血吸虫病的流行动态及趋势,科学制定血吸虫病防治措施。方法按《全国血吸虫病监测方案》要求,对眉山市东坡区一里村进行了血吸虫病疫情监测。结果现有钉螺面积28950m^2,平均钉螺密度3.26只/框,发现1只阳性钉螺;检查511人,血阳率11.74%,未发现血吸虫病患者;耕牛感染率3.94%。结论眉山市东坡区血吸虫病疫情已明显下降,但仍有病牛和感染螺存在,应进一步做好血吸虫病综合治理,防止疫情回升。     

2005~2014年江西省血吸虫病国家监测点疫情分析

目的  通过国家疫情监测点监测数据,了解江西省近10年血吸虫病疫情变化趋势,为全省血吸虫病防治工作提供科学依据。 方法  2005~2014年全省设立了12个国家监测点,并按照《全国血吸虫病疫情监测方案》开展了人群及家畜病情、螺情和相关因素调查。收集上述监测数据,对血吸虫病疫情动态规律进行分析。 结果  监测期间,湖沼型疫区居民血吸虫病感染率均较山丘型疫区明显高,其中感染高峰主要为20岁以上人群,职业以渔民感染率最高;人、畜感染率及螺情显著下降,居民血检阳性率、粪检阳性率和血吸虫感染率分别由2005年的32.50%、15.47%和5.03%下降至2014年的7.75%、0.57%和0.04%;耕牛感染率由2005年7.36%下降到2014年的0; 钉螺面积、活螺平均密度和感染性钉螺平均密度分别由731.27hm2、1.441 1只/0.1m2和0.003 6只/0.1m2下降到316.88hm2、0.471 3只/0.1m2、0。 结论  截至2014年,江西省血吸虫病国家监测点人群、家畜和钉螺疫情均降至历史较低水平,渔民、农民等重点传染源监测是今后防控的重点。     

2017年荆州市血吸虫病监测点疫情分析

目的 掌握荆州市血吸虫病疫情动态,为制订血吸虫病防治策略提供参考依据。方法 按《全国血吸虫病监测方案（2014年版）》、《湖北省血吸虫病监测方案（2015年版）》和《荆州市血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,2017年在荆州市71个血吸虫病监测点开展本地居民、流动人群和家畜血吸虫感染监测,以及螺情和野粪监测。结果 2017年荆州市71个血吸虫病监测点共采用间接血凝试验（IHA）检测本地居民44 118人,发现血检阳性1 925人,总体血检阳性率为4.36%,未发现粪检阳性者;开展流动人群监测2 175人,发现IHA血检阳性93人,血检阳性率为4.28%,未发现粪检阳性者;共对1 937头耕牛进行了粪检,未发现血吸虫感染耕牛。在69个监测点查出有螺环境1 302处,有螺面积1 923.64 hm2;共调查钉螺348 756框,有螺框出现率为17.19%;捕获活螺142 494只,活螺平均密度为0.41只/0.1 m2;未发现血吸虫感染性钉螺。在23个监测点的41处有螺环境检获各类野粪596份,未发现血吸虫感染性野粪。结论 荆州市血吸虫病疫情已处于较低水平,但仍存在疫情回升的潜在因素,需继续加强监测工作,进一步巩固血防成果。     

2009年丹徒区国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情监测结果分析

目的分析丹徒区三洲村国家血吸虫病监测点2009年疫情动态与变化,为评价防治效果和制订防治对策提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病疫情监测方案》开展人畜病情和螺情等疫情监测并对监测数据进行统计分析。结果监测区2009年人群血清学间接血凝试验(IHA)阳性率2.6%(20/768),感染率为0.13%(1/768),未发生血吸虫急性感染病例和新发晚期血吸虫病病例,家畜感染率为0。共查出有螺面积为28.5万m2,其中感染性钉螺面积17万m2、活螺和有螺框出现率分别为1.5只/框和26.24%,感染性钉螺平均密度和钉螺感染率分别为0.002 5只/框和0.17%。结论监测区居民血吸虫病感染率维持在较低水平,家畜已不是监测区内的主要传染源,但江滩有螺面积和感染性钉螺面积仍较大。建议在加大灭螺措施的同时对江滩感染性钉螺形成原因进行调查,明确各类宿主在血吸虫病传播中的作用和地位,采取针对性防治措施。     

中江县大田坝村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的 掌握丘陵地区血吸虫病流行趋势和疫情变化规律，评价防治效果，为科学制订血吸虫病防治策略提供可靠依据。方法 按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求，对中江县大田坝村开展2005年监测工作。结果 监测点钉螺面积18070m^2，平均活螺密度0．064只／框（每框=0．11m^2），感染螺密度0．0001只／框，钉螺感染率0．098％。监测点平均血清学阳性率9．84％，粪检未检出感染者。耕牛感染率5．80％。结论 中江县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平，应加强沟渠灭螺和耕牛防治力度，防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

仁寿县志气村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的及时掌握血吸虫病流行现状,疫情动态变化,为制定血吸虫病防治规划和决策提供科学依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》和《四川省血吸虫病监测实施方案》规定的项目及内容,对全国血吸虫病监测点仁寿县珠加乡志气村开展了2005年监测工作。结果查出有螺面积29 770 m2,活螺密度5.09只/框(每框=0.11 m2),未发现感染螺。人群血吸虫感染率0.53%(3/561)。耕牛感染率2/9。结论仁寿县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平,应加强沟渠灭螺和耕牛治疗,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

2010年湖北省血吸虫病疫情监测

目的掌握2010年湖北省血吸虫病监测点疫情。方法按照《湖北省血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,在全省血吸虫病流行区选择有代表性的207个流行村作为监测点,开展人畜查病和钉螺调查。结果 207个监测点居民血吸虫感染率为1.01%,耕牛感染率为1.14%,活螺平均密度为0.50只/0.1m2,感染螺平均密度为0.0004只/0.1m2,钉螺感染率为0.08%。结论与2009年相比,2010年湖北省血吸虫病疫情出现了明显下降,但疫情仍不稳定且容易反复,需进一步加大传染源控制力度,加强耕牛管理以及查灭螺工作。     

Biodiesel Production on Monometallic Pt,Pd, Ru,and Ag Catalysts Supported on Natural Zeolite

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reaction facilitated by various monometallic catalyst supported on natural zeolite (NZ) was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), temperature-programmed-reduction in hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with EDX detector (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The highest activity and methyl ester yields were obtained for the Pt/NZ catalyst. This catalyst showed the highest triglycerides conversion of 98.9% and fatty acids methyl esters yields of 94.6%. The activity results also confirmed the high activity of the carrier material (NZ) itself in the investigated reaction. Support material exhibited 90.5% of TG conversion and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters yield (FAME) of 67.2%. Introduction of noble metals improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values. Increasing of the metal loading from 0.5 to 2 wt.% improves the reactivity properties of the investigated catalysts.     

莫沙必利改善夜间消化不良症状的随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照研究

功能性消化不良（FD）的发病机制尚未完全明了。夜间上腹部症状是影响FD患者生活质量的重要因素。促动力药对夜间FD症状的治疗作用和机制不详。目的：探讨莫沙必利对FD患者夜间消化不良症状的治疗作用。方法：采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的前瞻性设计，连续选取主诉有夜间FD症状（上腹部疼痛、饱胀、嗳气）的患者，经一周安慰剂治疗筛选，无安慰剂治疗反应者分别给予莫沙必利（5mgtid）和安慰剂治疗。治疗前后分别行夜间症状评估以及夜间胃内DH值和胆红素联合检测。结果：共纳入43例有夜间FD症状的患者，28例对安慰剂治疗无反应。治疗后，莫沙必利组夜间上腹部疼痛、饱胀、暖气的症状积分均明显降低（R0．05），夜间胃内pH值和胆红素吸收值〉0．14的时间百分比均明显降低（P〈O．05）；而安慰剂组上述指标无明显差异（P〉O．05）。莫沙必利组夜间症状积分改善程度与夜间胃内pH值和胆红素吸收值〉O．14的时间百分比降低程度有明显相关性（P〈O．05）。结论：莫沙必利能显著改善夜间FD症状．其机制可能与减轻夜间胃十二指肠胆汁反流有关。     

Insights on linking forests, trees, and people from the air, on the ground, and in the laboratory

Governing natural resources sustainably is a continuing struggle. Major debates occur over what types of policy "interventions" best protect forests, with choices of property and land tenure systems being central issues. Herein, we provide an overview of findings from a long-term interdisciplinary, multiscale, international research program that analyzes the institutional factors affecting forests managed under a variety of tenure arrangements. This program analyzes satellite images, conducts social-ecological measurements on the ground, and tests the impact of structural variables on human decisions in experimental laboratories. Satellite images track the landscape dimensions of forest-cover change within different management regimes over time. On-the-ground social-ecological studies examine relationships between forest conditions and types of institutions. Behavioral studies under controlled laboratory conditions enhance our understanding of explicit changes in structure that affect relevant human decisions. Evidence from all three research methods challenges the presumption that a single governance arrangement will control overharvesting in all settings. When users are genuinely engaged in decisions regarding rules affecting their use, the likelihood of them following the rules and monitoring others is much greater than when an authority simply imposes rules. Our results support a frontier of research on the most effective institutional and tenure arrangements for protecting forests. They move the debate beyond the boundaries of protected areas into larger landscapes where government, community, and comanaged protected areas are embedded and help us understand when and why deforestation and regrowth occur in specific regions within these larger landscapes.     

Update on antiplatelet agents, including MATCH, CHARISMA, and ESPRIT

Despite recent advances in the acute treatment of stroke, prevention and risk factor modification remain the mainstays of management for patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. The majority of noncardioembolic ischemic strokes are atherothrombotic, presumed to be associated with the activation and aggregation of platelets. Antiplatelet medications have been shown to be effective in the secondary prevention of stroke of presumed arterial origin, both as monotherapy and in combination. Among combination of antiplatelet agents, aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole has demonstrated statistically significant additive benefit over monotherapy with each agent. Clopidogrel plus aspirin does not prevent recurrent ischemic stroke over each component individually, and the combination increases the risk of hemorrhagic side effects. This article reviews the most recent studies on antiplatelet medications, including the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel or extended-release dipyridamole, and discusses some of the controversies that still exist with the use of antiplatelet agents.     

Culture,caregiving, and the frail elderly on malo,vanuatu

This paper addresses the indigenous meaning of old age and frailty on Malo Island (Natamambo), Vanuatu, (the South Pacific). While local meanings are of course germane to the sense of personhood, they have also been affected by cultural, demographic and social change that has occurred in recent decades. The paper presents discussion of the effects of these changes on old age and aging. Finally, the paper examines family caregiving by middle-aged adults for frail elders, in the context of social change. It is clear that the ideology of caregiving is under negotiation at the present time.