苯丙酮尿症儿童脑部磁共振成像与临床生化的相关性

目的探讨苯丙酮尿症（PKU）患儿临床及生化与MRI异常改变的关系,评价常规MRI在PKU脑部病变中的价值。方法经临床生化证实为PKU患儿12例。其中4例为新生儿筛查证实,其后接受正规低苯丙氨酸（Phe）饮食治疗;8例未经任何治疗。12例均接受1.5TMRI扫描仪头部检查,应用T2WI、T1WI序列,且对T2WI上异常高信号进行分级,与智商（IQ）、血Phe质量浓度进行相关分析。结果未经治疗的PKU患儿均表现为脑白质T2WI异常高信号,呈斑片状、对称性分布,见于顶枕部脑室周白质。代表白质病变严重程度的MRI分级与血Phe质量浓度（r=-0.537 P〉0.05）及IQ（r=-0.279 P〉0.05）无相关性;血Phe质量浓度与IQ值亦无相关性（r=0.412 P〉0.05）。结论PKU患儿IQ低或血Phe高与常规T2WI上的异常范围并不成正比;常规MRI可很好显示PKU脑部病变,能为临床诊断及监控治疗提供帮助。     

治疗延迟的苯丙酮尿症患儿脑髓鞘发育延迟与智力发育的研究

目的　应用磁共振成像(MRI)观察苯丙酮尿症(PKU)治疗延迟患儿治疗前后脑髓鞘发育延迟与智商的关系。方法　2 0 0 2～2 0 0 3年中日友好医院确诊经典型治疗延迟PKU患儿1 7例,治疗前后分别进行头颅MRI及智商检查,脑髓鞘发育按Staudt标准对不同年龄阶段患儿1 0个脑区域进行量化评估。智商检测采用Gesell发育量表测定。结果　治疗前所有病例存在脑髓鞘发育延迟,在1 0个脑区域脑髓鞘发育延迟平均发生率为44 . 7% ,主要部位在脑叶和胼胝体,并存在不同程度的智力发育落后,平均智商为44 .2 ;经低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗1年后,1 0个脑区域髓鞘发育延迟平均发生率为3 0 . 6% ,平均智商为60 . 6;治疗前、后脑髓鞘延迟改善有显著性(P <0. 0 1 ) ,平均智商改善有统计学意义(P <0. 0 5) ,且智商改善率与髓鞘延迟改善率间可见部分相关性。结论　治疗延迟的PKU患儿的脑髓鞘发育延迟及智力发育落后发生率较高,经低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗可使其在一定程度有所改善,但不能达到完全正常,提示脑髓鞘发育延迟可能是导致PKU患儿智力发育落后的原因之一。     

四氢生物喋呤缺乏症治疗前后神经系统表现及其脑白质病变分析

目的 对比治疗前后四氢生物喋呤缺乏症(tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency,BH4D)的神经系统表现,并观察其治疗前后脑白质的病变,为判断治疗效果提供客观的临床和影象学依据。方法 BH4D患儿11例,男9例,女2例;年龄17周～4岁。给予四氢生物喋呤,美多巴,5-羟色胺口服治疗1年,行头颅MRI检查,采用staudt评估标准,对其脑白质病变进行治疗前后的观察评定,其中8例以Gesell发育量表测量进行量化比较。结果 ①治疗后8例Gesell发育量表发育指数较治疗前改善。②治疗前1l例患儿(100％)均有髓鞘发育延迟,其中额叶11例(100％,),枕叶8例(72．7％),颞叶4例(36．4％),顶叶3例(27．3％),胼胝体发育不良6例(54．5％),1例小脑发育不良,全部病例在双侧侧脑室周围T2加权像(T2WI)上均有弥漫性高信号病灶。治疗后脑白质病变较前好转,但仍存在部分髓鞘发育延迟及T2WI异常高信号。结论 治疗后BH4D患儿发育指数较前好转,临床症状的改善与脑白质病变具有一致性;BH4D患儿脑白质病变具有高发生率,表现为髓鞘发育延迟及异常的T2WI高信号,推测这种损害不仅与高苯丙氨酸血症有关,且与神经递质的合成下降有关;治疗后的脑白质病变较治疗前改善,与临床症状的改善相一致,但依然存在部分脑白质病变,推测与治疗所用的BH4的剂量,及个体差异所造成的血药浓度及透过血脑屏障的浓度不同有关。     

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目的应用MRI观察苯丙酮尿症(PKU)患儿脑髓鞘发育延迟与血苯丙氨酸(PHE)浓度的关系。方法对2002—2004年北京中日友好医院PKU门诊确诊的经典型PKU患儿29例,治疗前进行头颅MRI及血苯丙氨酸浓度检查,脑髓鞘发育按Staudt标准对不同年龄阶段患儿脑10个区域进行量化评估。HPLC法定量测定血PHE浓度。根据开始接受治疗年龄不同分为甲(28~48周,11例)、乙(49~390周,18例)两组,另随机选取其中19例治疗1年后复查MRI进行治疗前后对照,根据该19例治疗中血苯丙氨酸浓度控制情况分为A组(血PHE控制在0.12~0.48mmol/L)和B组(血PHE控制在0.12~0.48mmol/L以外)。结果29例患儿治疗前均存在髓鞘发育延迟,在10个脑区域髓鞘发育延迟平均发生率为45.6%,主要部位在脑叶和胼胝体,其中甲组髓鞘发育延迟平均发生率为40.8%,乙组发生率为51.2%,甲乙组间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);经低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗1年后,19例10个脑区域髓鞘发育延迟平均发生率为32.2%;治疗前后髓鞘延迟有显著性改善(P<0.01),且治疗中血PHE浓度控制较好的A组髓鞘延迟改善率为1.75±0.66,B组病例为0.78±0.44,差异有显著性(P<0.01),髓鞘延迟改善与血PHE浓度间有密切相关性。结论治疗延迟的PKU患儿的脑髓鞘发育延迟的高发病率,与高血PHE浓度影响时间有关;经低苯丙氨酸饮食治疗延迟的改善率,与治疗中血PHE浓度控制情况直接影响延迟改善,因此提示PKU患儿血PHE浓度是影响脑髓鞘发育延迟发生及改善的重要原因。     

苯丙酮尿症并癫(癎)患儿脑髓鞘病变的意义

目的 观察苯丙酮尿症(PKU)并癫(癎)患儿腩髓鞘延迟的情况,探讨PKU对神经系统的损伤.方法 PKU患儿42例,年龄3～72个月.经高压液相色谱法定量测定其血苯丙氨酸(PHE)水平>1.2 mmol/L,确诊为经典型PKU.其中21例根据脑电图及临床表现诊断为癫(癎)(癫(癎)组),余21例PKU患儿未并癫(癎)(对照组).42例患儿治疗前均行MRI检查,确诊后开始行低PHE饮食治疗.脑髓鞘发育评估采用Staudt评估标准.观察2组患儿10个区域(小脑、桥脑、中脑、内囊后肢、内囊前肢、枕叶、额叶、顶叶、颞叶、胼胝体)脑髓鞘延迟情况.结果 癫(癎)组患儿头颅MRI显示10个脑区脑髓鞘均有不同程度的延迟存在,其胼胝体延迟发生率为80.9%,10个脑区平均髓鞘延迟发生率为44.8%;对照组胼胝体髓鞘延迟发牛率为52.4%,10个脑区平均延迟发生率为30.9%,2组脑髓鞘延迟发生率比较有明显差异(P<0.01).脑电图轻度异常与中重度异常患儿治疗前后髓鞘延迟发生率比较有显著差异(P<0.01).结论 并癫(癎)的晚治PKU患者脑髓鞘延迟病变发牛率明显高于未并癫(癎)患者,低PHE饮食治疗在一定程度上可影响癫(癎)症状的改善,脑髓鞘发育延迟可能是导致PKU患者癫(癎)发作的主要原因之一.     

急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿化疗后的脑MRI表现

目的总结儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病治疗后的脑MRI表现。方法用MRI检查急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿化疗后脑实质的改变。结果脑MRI显示4例患儿脑白质病变,表现为侧脑室旁脑白质内对称T1低信号、T2高信号。8例患儿脑萎缩,表现为脑室扩大和脑沟增深。结论MRI对于显示白血病治疗后的脑内异常改变很敏感,急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿治疗中和治疗后可选择性行头颅MRI检查以便及时发现病变和指导治疗。     

急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿化疗后的脑MRI表现

目的总结儿童急性淋巴细胞性白血病治疗后的脑MRI表现。方法用MRI检查急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿化疗后脑实质的改变。结果脑MRI显示4例患儿脑白质病变，表现为侧脑室旁脑白质内对称T1低信号、T2高信号。8例患儿脑萎缩，表现为脑室扩大和脑沟增深。结论MRI对于显示白血病治疗后的脑内异常改变很敏感，急性淋巴细胞性白血病患儿治疗中和治疗后可选择性行头颅MRI检查以便及时发现病变和指导治疗。     

甘肃省93例苯丙酮尿症患儿筛查分析

目的探讨甘肃省苯丙酮尿症(PKU)的发病情况。方法对1999年10月-2006年12月59 900例新生儿和在本院儿科门诊就诊的118例疑似PKU患儿,均采集足跟静脉血3滴,滴到新生儿筛查专用滤纸片上,形成3个直径0.8～1.0 cm的血斑。应用化学荧光分析法检测其血斑中的苯丙氨酸(phe)水平,根据血phe水平标准确诊PKU患儿。确诊患者予低phe饮食治疗,定期检测患儿血phe水平及体格和智能发育水平。测量患儿身高、体质量、头围等,1次/月,每0.5年测定患儿智商1次(采用Gesell发育量表测定)。采用SPSS11.0软件进行t检验。结果确诊治疗PKU患儿93例。通过筛查59 900例活产新生儿确诊36例PKU患儿,确诊年龄0.5～3.0个月。在儿科门诊的118例疑似PKU患儿共确诊57例,年龄0.5～6.0岁。晚发现的57例PKU患儿均有不同程度PKU的表现。经低phe饮食治疗后,早治患者的智能和体格发育正常,患儿身高、体质量和头围均在正常范围,智商结果为(92±12)分。晚治者的异常行为明显改善,智能也有不同程度提高,治疗前Gesell发育量表测定为(57±20)分,治疗12～18个月智商为(70±20)分,治疗前后智商比较有显著性差异(t=1.705 P<0.05)。结论早发现、早治疗对预防PKU智力低下的发生是十分必要的。     

苯丙酮尿症合并West综合征的临床分析

目的探讨苯丙酮尿症（phenylketonuria，PKU）合并West综合征（West syndrome，WS）的发生率及临床特征，明确低苯丙氨酸饮食和抗痫药物联合治疗的重要性。方法503例PKU患者中62例合并WS，男41例，女21例。PKU的诊断年龄为4个月～7岁。血苯丙氨酸浓度为20～38．5mg／dl，除8例患者在开始饮食治疗后出现痉挛外，多数患者的WS诊断在PKU诊断之前。全部病例均进行了智力和脑电图检查。部分患儿应用Staudt标准对磁共振成像（MRI）的脑髓鞘进行了评估。结果PKU合并WS的患者占PKU患者的12．3％。3个月以下开始饮食治疗的婴儿无一例发生WS，然而在3～12个月开始饮食治疗的156例婴儿和1岁以上开始饮食治疗的283例患者分别有17例（10．9％）和45例（15．9％）发展为WS。在1岁前和1岁后开始饮食治疗的患者分别有58．8％和84．4％，存在中重度智力低下（P〈0．05）。脑电图均显示高幅失律和弥散性背景异常。MRI影像显示髓鞘延迟，主要在脑叶和胼胝体；白质异常T2高信号主要表现在双侧侧脑室前后角和周围区域（100．0％）。在饮食治疗开始后，发作频率逐渐减少，甚至可消失；若无抗痫治疗，复发率较高（78％）。当丙戊酸钠和（或）氯硝基安定结合饮食治疗时，复发率明显下降（18．2％）。结论苯丙酮尿症合并WS有较高的发生率。PKU的早期诊断，低苯丙氨酸饮食及抗痫药物对预防和治疗WS是有效的。     

激素耐药型肾病综合征伴不可逆性脑白质病变1例报告

目的分析儿童激素耐药型肾病综合征(SRNS)伴不可逆性脑白质病变的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析1例确诊为SRNS伴不可逆性脑白质病变患儿的临床、实验室及影像学资料,并复习相关文献。结果患儿临床诊断SRNS后给予激素、免疫抑制剂、血液透析等治疗10个月,病程中患儿反复出现抽搐、视力下降、高血压,头颅MRI显示双侧枕顶叶以及右侧额颞叶长T2信号,T2-Flair相可见双侧枕顶叶低信号影,提示脑软化灶伴胶质增生。结论多种原因可能诱发儿童脑白质病变,在SRNS治疗过程中需高度警惕不可逆性脑白质病变的发生。     

Maternal phenylketonuria: report from the United Kingdom Registry 1978-97.

BACKGROUND: The effects of maternal phenylalanine on the fetus include facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, intrauterine growth retardation, developmental delay, and congenital heart disease. AIMS: To evaluate the impact of phenylalanine restricted diet in pregnant women with phenylketonuria (PKU) on their offspring. METHODS: Data on virtually all pregnancies of women with PKU in the United Kingdom between 1978 and 1997 were reported to the United Kingdom PKU Registry. The effect of the use and timing in relation to pregnancy of a phenylalanine restricted diet on birth weight, birth head circumference, the presence or absence of congenital heart disease (CHD), 4 year developmental quotient, and 8 year intelligence quotient were examined. RESULTS: A total of 228 pregnancies resulted in live births (seven twin pregnancies were excluded). In 110 (50%), diet started before conception. For this group mean (SD) birth weight was 3160 (612) g, birth head circumference 33.6 (1.9) cm, 4 year DQ 108.9 (13.2), 8 year IQ 103.4 (15.6), and incidence of CHD was 2.4%. In comparison, for those born where treatment was started during pregnancy (n = 91), birth weight was 2818 (711) g, birth head circumference 32.7 (2.0) cm, 4 year DQ 96.8 (15.0), 8 year IQ 86.5 (13.0), and incidence of CHD was 17%. Month-by-month regression analyses suggested that metabolic control by 12-16 weeks gestation had most influence on outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Many features of the maternal PKU syndrome are preventable by starting a phenylalanine restricted diet. Women with PKU and their carers must be aware of the risks and should start the diet before conception, or as soon after as possible.     

Maternal phenylketonuria: report from the United Kingdom Registry 1978-97

Background: The effects of maternal phenylalanine on the fetus include facial dysmorphism, microcephaly, intrauterine growth retardation, developmental delay, and congenital heart disease. Aims: To evaluate the impact of phenylalanine restricted diet in pregnant women with phenylketonuria (PKU) on their offspring. Methods: Data on virtually all pregnancies of women with PKU in the United Kingdom between 1978 and 1997 were reported to the United Kingdom PKU Registry. The effect of the use and timing in relation to pregnancy of a phenylalanine restricted diet on birth weight, birth head circumference, the presence or absence of congenital heart disease (CHD), 4 year developmental quotient, and 8 year intelligence quotient were examined. Results: A total of 228 pregnancies resulted in live births (seven twin pregnancies were excluded). In 110 (50%), diet started before conception. For this group mean (SD) birth weight was 3160 (612) g, birth head circumference 33.6 (1.9) cm, 4 year DQ 108.9 (13.2), 8 year IQ 103.4 (15.6), and incidence of CHD was 2.4%. In comparison, for those born where treatment was started during pregnancy (n = 91), birth weight was 2818 (711) g, birth head circumference 32.7 (2.0) cm, 4 year DQ 96.8 (15.0), 8 year IQ 86.5 (13.0), and incidence of CHD was 17%. Month-by-month regression analyses suggested that metabolic control by 12–16 weeks gestation had most influence on outcome. Conclusions: Many features of the maternal PKU syndrome are preventable by starting a phenylalanine restricted diet. Women with PKU and their carers must be aware of the risks and should start the diet before conception, or as soon after as possible.     

幼儿发育落后间断抽搐8个月

该文报道1 例因发育落后及癫癎而诊断为母性苯丙酮尿症(phenylketonuria, PKU)的患儿。患儿男,1 岁8 个月时就诊,发育落后,1 岁出现癫癎,毛发黑,头围小,发育商为43,脑MRI 扫描显示白质髓鞘化发育落后,双侧侧脑室增宽,枕骨大孔狭窄。染色体核型正常,血液氨基酸、酯酰肉碱谱及尿液有机酸正常。家族史调查发现患儿母亲自幼智力落后,学习困难,毛发色泽发黄,26 岁结婚,婚前常规检查未见异常。患儿母亲于28 岁来院检查,血液氨基酸分析发现血液苯丙氨酸显著增高(916.54 μmol/L,正常值20~120 μmol/L),苯丙氨酸羟化酶(PAH)基因c.611A>G(p.Y204C)纯合突变,为PAH 缺陷导致的PKU 患者。患儿为c.611A>G杂合突变携带者,血液苯丙氨酸正常。患儿父亲健康,PAH 基因未检出突变。建议对于不明原因智力障碍的患儿需进行详细的家族史调查,对智力障碍的父母更需进行详细的临床及代谢分析,以发现亲代疾病导致的儿童脑损害,如母性PKU。     

A Chinese family with phenylketonuria and maternal phenylketonuria detected by family screening

A 16-year-old boy with classical phenylketonuria (PKU) and mild mental retardation (IQ 69) was detected by the screening of mentally retarded school children in Taiwan with Guthrie's bacterial inhibition assay. The follow-up family study showed that one of his married elder sisters suffered from borderline mental retardation (IQ 75) and was also diagnozed as a classical case of PKU. She had borne one boy and one girl, both suffering from mild mental retardation, microcephaly, delay in linguistic development and severe growth retardation. This is the first known Chinese family with maternal PKU. To prevent future mental retardation caused by maternal PKU, the simultaneous establishment of a register system with a neonatal screening programe, is indicated for the follow-up of PKU girls, screening of the whole family of newly discovered PKU cases, and to exclude unrecognized maternal PKU in women who have given birth to a microcephalic child.Abbreviations PKU phenylketonuria - WAIS Wechsler adult intelligence scale - CCDI Chinese children development inventory     

儿童肾上腺脑白质营养不良11例

目的探讨儿童肾上腺脑白质营养不良(ALD)的临床特点、影像学特点及治疗。方法回顾总结11例儿童ALD临床及影像学资料,结合文献进行分析。结果患者均为男性,起病年龄5~12岁,临床表现均有不同程度智力下降、视力减退、四肢活动障碍、构音困难、语言减少,部分患者有抽搐、听力下降、色素沉着。1例患儿血浆极长链脂肪酸(VLCFA)异常增高。影像学特点:1.蝶形病灶,在双侧三角区周围呈现对称的、大片状、局限于脑白质的蝶形病灶。2.花边样强化条带将蝶形病灶分隔成较大片中央和外周区,两个区域的信号强度与密度不同。3.整个胼胝体压部信号异常。4.MRI优于CT能显示视觉、听觉传导通路上病灶。内科治疗无效。结论ALD临床特点为智力下降、视力减退、四肢活动障碍、语言障碍为主。CT、MRI有特征性改变。VLCFA检测是诊断本病的特异方法。骨髓移植、基因治疗是治疗本病的方法。     

氢质子磁共振波谱在高苯丙氨酸血症患儿脑苯丙氨酸浓度测量的临床意义

目的 应用氢质子磁共振波谱(1HMRS)检测高苯丙氨酸血症(HPA)患儿的脑苯丙氨酸(Phe)浓度,了解血Phe与脑Phe的关系和Phe对HPA患儿智力损伤的影响,探讨1HMRS的临床应用价值和意义.方法 32例未经治疗的HPA患儿,男18例,女14例,年龄33 d～13岁.全部患儿进行1HMRS检查,测量脑Phe浓度,并行血Phe浓度测定、智力评估.结果 (1)32例HPA患儿脑Phe浓度(以Phe/Cr的比值表示)为0.1542(0.0640～0.6296),血Phe浓度为1.5210(0.3804～2.5140)mmol/L.(2)HPA患儿的血Phe浓度与脑Phe浓度总体呈正相关关系(r=0.6103,P<0.01),4例患儿相关性较低.(3)32例中23例存在不同程度的智能发育障碍,其中极重度智能障碍4例、重度2例、中度7例、轻度10例.(4)22例大于4个月患儿血、脑Phe浓度与智商均呈负相关关系(r血=-0.5045,r脑=-0.6471,P<0.01).多元线性回归见脑Phe浓度较血浓度与智商的关系更紧密.结论 多数HPA患儿的血Phe浓度可以较好地反映脑Phe的浓度水平,少数存在较明显的个体差异性;大于4个月的HPA患儿血、脑Phe浓度可较好地反映智力损伤的程度,脑浓度的相关性更强.应用1HMRS可无创、定量检测HPA患者脑内Phe浓度,可进一步了解HPA患儿脑损伤程度.     

Contribution of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the evaluation of children with unexplained developmental delay

Developmental delay (DD) in children is a common socioeconomic problem with a prevalence of 1-2%. The cause of DD in children is often unknown, and magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in evaluating children with DD, estimating long-term prognosis, and guiding therapeutic options. The aim of our study on children with DD was to elucidate 1) whether magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) reveals abnormalities in cerebral metabolism and 2) whether there is a correlation between the cognitive performance and the concentration of brain metabolites, especially N-acetylaspartate (NAA), named in the literature a neuronal marker. Using proton MRS of deep gray and central white matter, we measured concentrations of brain metabolites in 48 children, who were aged 1 mo to 13 y and had unexplained DD [developmental quotient (DQ) between <50 and 85] and normal magnetic resonance imaging examinations, and compared them with those of 23 age-matched normal control children. Children with DD were divided into three groups: mild (DQ 76-85), moderate (DQ 51-75), and severe (DQ <50). We found no significant differences in metabolite concentrations, neither among the three groups of children with DD nor between patients and age-matched normal control children. Independent of the degree of mental retardation, the NAA concentrations of handicapped patients and normal children were comparable. We conclude that 1) brain metabolites, especially NAA, in children with unexplained DD are within normal limits, and 2) in most cases, proton MRS adds little information concerning cause of unexplained DD.