纳米炭混悬液在非小细胞肺癌外科治疗中的临床应用

目前,外科治疗是非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)主要的治疗方法之一。手术治疗NSCLC的标准术式是切除原发病灶和清扫肺门及纵隔淋巴结。尽管如此,早期肺癌患者术后的复发率仍然很高。其原因主要为两个方面,一是清扫淋巴结不彻底;二是淋巴结微转移(micrometastasis,MM)。纳米炭混悬液的出现为我们解决上述问题提供了一种新的思路。纳米炭混悬液是一种淋巴示踪剂,其主要作用是淋巴示踪和靶向化疗。淋巴示踪使术中对淋巴结的清扫更彻底、更完全;靶向化疗可以将术中残留的肿瘤细胞进一步清除,以防止术后肿瘤复发。在胃肠道肿瘤和乳腺肿瘤的外科治疗中,纳米炭混悬液已得到较广泛的应用,作用和疗效肯定;而纳米炭混悬液在肺癌患者外科治疗中的应用是一种尝试,它可在术中给胸外科医生提供一定的帮助,使肺癌患者获得更好的预后。现对纳米炭混悬液的特点、应用方法、在NSCLC外科治疗中的临床应用进行综述。     

Surgical Treatment of Extrapulmonary Oligometastatic Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

The prognosis of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poor, and platinum-based chemotherapy improves the median survival for only a few months. A subgroup of patients with oligometastatic disease may benefit from surgical resection, but only very limited data are available to date. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with synchronous extrapulmonary oligometastatic NSCLC undergoing surgical resection in our department. Data regarding medical history, histology, number of metastases, and survival status were extracted from the medical database of the University Medical Center, Freiburg. Fifty-six patients underwent surgical resection for oligometastatic lung cancer. Five patients were lost during follow-up and therefore censored. One patient died perioperatively due to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The remaining 50 patients had an overall median survival time of 14.6 months. Analyzing the influence of metastatic site, we found a median overall survival of 23.4 months for patients with soft tissue metastasis, 16.7 months for patients with brain metastasis, 9.5 months for patients with adrenal gland involvement, and only 4.3 months for patients with bone metastasis (p?<?0.005). Upon multivariate analysis, bone metastasis was the only significant parameter influencing median overall survival (p?<?0.004). Based on our data, we conclude that an aggressive surgical approach for oligometastatic NSCLC can be performed with acceptable mortality and morbidity. In this rare constellation, surgical therapy may be an option in selected cases.     

Long-Term Outcome After Resection of Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma Complicated by Pneumoconiosis

Purpose Lung cancer resection in patients with respiratory complications is associated with a high surgical risk and the operative indications are usually serious. Consequently, the long-term results are unclear. We aimed to clarify the validity of surgery for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with pneumoconiosis. Methods We reviewed the clinical and pathological data of 122 patients undergoing resection of NSCLC with pneumoconiosis (n = 34: group A) or without pneumoconiosis (n = 88: group B) to assess treatment outcomes and prognostic factors. Results Among the treatment factors, intraoperative blood loss was significantly greater in group A (723.2 ± 647.3 ml) than in group B (466.4 ± 450.7 ml) (P = 0.0067), although the operative times (207 ± 103.4 min vs 196.1 ± 53.5 min, respectively) and postoperative drainage period (8.3 ± 4.2 days vs 8.5 ± 5.7 days, respectively) did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.9466 and P = 0.6355, respectively). Among the postoperative complications, the incidence of hemorrhage was significantly higher in group A (29.4%) than in group B (7.9%) (P = 0.0022). The 5-year survival rates did not differ significantly between the two groups, (45.9% and 55.7% for groups A and B respectively) (P = 0.9424). Conclusions The coexistence of pneumoconiosis does not adversely affect postoperative survival or the treatment of NSCLC, although it is associated with increased intraoperative blood loss and postoperative hemorrhage. Thus, if precautions are taken to minimize hemorrhage, surgery cannot be excluded as a treatment option for NSCLC in patients with pneumoconiosis.     

非小细胞肺癌综合治疗的护理进展

对非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）综合治疗的护理方法进行综述。包括心理护理、有效的呼吸功能锻炼和排痰，以及放、化疗护理，提出随着NSCLC的综合治疗模式成为临床首选，科学有效的护理配合是提高治疗效果的保证。     

非小细胞肺癌综合治疗的护理进展

对非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)综合治疗的护理方法 进行综述,包括心理护理、有效的呼吸功能锻炼和排痰,以及放、化疗护理,提出随着NSCLC的综合治疗模式成为临床首选,科学有效的护理配合是提高治疗效果的保证.     

Gender Difference as a Prognostic Factor in Patients Undergoing Resection of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose We studied the effects of gender difference on the incidence of lung cancer and its mortality rate, which is a subject of much discussion. Methods We examined gender difference in the clinical features of 491 men and 222 women who underwent resection of primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) between 1994 and 2004. Results The histological types of cancer were adenocarcinoma in 249 (51%) of the men and 182 (82%) of the women, and squamous cell carcinoma in 182 (37%) of the men and 27 (12%) of the women. The incidence of adenocarcinoma was significantly higher in the women. The proportion of stage IA disease was significantly higher in the women than in the men (45% vs 29%, respectively). The 5-year overall survival rates were 50% in the men and 63% in the women. In a multivariate analysis, gender difference was an independent prognostic factor; however, when death as a result of unrelated disease was excluded, there was no significant difference in prognosis. Conclusion Although the higher incidences of adenocarcinoma and stage IA cancer contributed to the good results of surgery in women, the low incidence of death attributed to diseases other than lung cancer was a major reason for their better prognosis.     

全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗临床早期非小细胞肺癌的疗效评价

目的探讨全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗临床早期肺癌的安全性和可行性,评价其手术疗效。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2008年12月复旦大学附属中山医院160例(全胸腔镜手术组,其中男83例,女77例;平均年龄60.8岁)接受全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗的临床早期非小细胞肺癌患者的围手术期资料及生存数据,并与同期357例(开放手术组,其中男222例,女135例;平均年龄59.5岁)接受常规开放手术的早期非小细胞肺癌患者数据进行比较。结果全胸腔镜手术组患者中转开胸率为5.0%(8/160)。全胸腔镜组手术时间明显短于开放手术组(113.0 min vs.125.0 min,P=0.039);两组患者术后住院时间差异无统计学意义[(10.3±4.3)d vs.(9.1±4.6)d,P=0.425]。全胸腔镜手术组和开放手术组患者并发症发生率分别为9.4%(15/160)和10.1%(36/357),围术期死亡率为0.6%(1/160)和2.0%(7/357)。两组患者平均淋巴结清扫组数[(2.4±1.5)组vs.(2.4±1.7)组,P=0.743]和平均淋巴结清扫数[(9.8±6.3)枚vs.(10.1±6.4)枚,P=0.626]差异无统计学意义。全胸腔镜手术组总体5年生存率高于开放手术组(81.5%vs.67.8%,P=0.001)。进一步按不同病理分期进行亚组分析显示全胸腔镜手术组5年生存率为pⅠa期86.0%,pⅠb期84.5%,pⅢa期58.8%;开放手术组5年生存率为pⅠa期92.9%,pⅠb期76.4%,pⅢa期25.3%。结论全胸腔镜肺叶切除术治疗临床早期肺癌在技术上安全可行,其淋巴结清扫可达到开放手术的范围,远期疗效优于开放手术,但亟待大样本量的随机对照研究进一步证实。     

高龄非小细胞肺癌患者的手术治疗及预后

目的比较年轻和高龄非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者的临床基本特征与生存率,探讨高龄患者围手术期的处理特点。方法根椐上海市疾病预防与控制中心数据统计,选取我院2002年1～12月手术的178例非小细胞肺癌患者的临床资料,依据年龄分为年轻组（〈50岁,89例）和高龄组（〉70岁,89例）。回顾性分析两组患者相关临床指标、手术方式、术后并发症,用Kaplan—Meier法进行生存率计算。结果高龄组患者中鳞状细胞癌比例高于年轻组（Х^2=9．281,P=0．000）,而性别、吸烟人数、病理类型、TNM分期、手术方式、术后放化疗等临床特征及分布差异无统计学意义（Х^2≤5．569,P〉0．05）。术前合并心血管疾病、慢性支气管炎者高龄组高于年轻组（Х^2=14．053,13．044,P=0．000）,术后并发症发生率高龄组高于年轻组（Х^2=12．842,P=0．000）;高龄组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为71．43％,33．53％和27．83％;年轻组分别为77．78％,46．67％和44．07％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论高龄非小细胞肺癌患者术后风险相对较高,应加强围手术期的处理,手术可获得与年轻患者接近的长期生存率,仍是值得首选的治疗方式。     

Lobar Lung Resection in Elderly Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Surgical Outcome

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) on the perioperative morbidity and mortality after lobar lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients aged 70 years and older. The medical records of 73 patients ≥70 years who underwent lobar lung resection for NSCLC from 2003 to 2013 at our department were reviewed retrospectively. There were 27 patients with a mean age of 73.6 years and mean predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) of 69.7% in the COPD group whereas remaining 46 patients (mean age = 75.6 years) in the non-COPD group had a mean predicted FEV1 of 79.1%. There were no significant differences in perioperative morbidity (4.8% in the COPD group versus 17.4% in the non-COPD group) between both groups. We had no perioperative mortality in both groups. Lobar lung resection for NSCLC seems to be a safe therapy option for elderly patients with COPD who are fulfilling the common functional criteria of operability so that radical surgery should remain the mainstay of treatment for early-stage NSCLC in this increasing subpopulation.Key words: Non-small cell lung carcinoma, Elderly, Lung resections, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseWhile NSCLC is the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality in western countries,¹ COPD was reported to be the fifth leading cause of death worldwide in 2005, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).² Actually about 80 million people are suffering from COPD in the world and due to its rising incidence it is expected to be the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020.^3,4 Incidence of both diseases diagnosed in the elderly people is rising due to increasing life expectancy. Demographic projections from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany indicate that by the year 2050 the number of citizens over 70 years will increase to 26.6% of the total population in Germany.⁵ It is generally accepted that elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) should not be excluded from curative resection only due to their chronological age as the operative results in this group are similar to that of younger patients.^6–11 The negative impact of COPD after pulmonary resections for NSCLC has been discussed in several studies, but the following question still remains to be answered: How fit are elderly patients with COPD for lobar lung resection?¹²⁻¹⁹The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COPD on operative morbidity and mortality in patients aged 70 years or older with NSCLC undergoing lobar lung resection.     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌气管隆凸切除气道重建的临床分析

目的探讨局部晚期非小细胞肺癌患者隆凸切除气道重建术的适应证,分析其临床特征和预后。方法回顾性分析我院15例气管隆凸切除气道重建肺癌手术患者的临床资料,其中单纯气管隆凸完全切除重建术1例,右全肺切除加隆凸切除重建术6例,右肺上叶切除加隆凸完全切除重建术3例,左全肺切除加隆凸切除气道重建术5例。采用Kaplan Meier法计算生存率,采用Log-rank检验比较生存期。结果手术时间155～410min（261．3±81．6min）,术中清扫纵隔淋巴结10．8±3．7枚。全部患者无围术期死亡;术后并发肺部感染2例,经呼吸机辅助通气加抗感染治疗后出院;乳糜胸1例,保守治疗后康复出院;1例患者因胸管持续Ⅱ度漏气而行开胸探查,术中发现是余肺而非气管吻合口漏气,缝扎肺组织漏气处痊愈。全组患者中位生存期为39个月,3年生存率52．5％,5年生存率22．5％。右全肺切除加隆凸重建患者中位生存期12个月,非右全肺切除患者中位生存期40个月。结论对侵犯主支气管近端及隆凸的局部晚期肺癌患者,肺切除加隆凸切除重建术可取得较为理想的治疗效果,但其中需行右全肺切除患者预后较差,采用手术治疗应慎重。     

Pulmonary Resection for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to determine the clinical characteristics and verify the results of surgical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), from the results of retrospective analysis of the cases. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our database of 751 patients who underwent curative surgical intervention for NSCLC from January 1993 to December 2006 and found 11 patients with NSCLC with coexisting or previously treated HCC at a perioperative period of lung cancer surgery. Postoperative complications and long-term outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: All cases had coexisting liver cirrhosis. The overall morbidity was 27.2% (n = 3). All complications were considered to be the result of liver cirrhosis-related conditions, such as liver failure (n = 2), postoperative bleeding from the thoracic tube (n = 2), and gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 1). There was no operative mortality. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients with lung cancer were 88.9%, 74.1%, and 74.1%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates for death from hepatic causes were 79.5%, 79.5%, and 39.8%, respectively. Overall survival rates were 70.7%, 58.9%, and 29.5%, respectively. Preoperative indicators of liver function, such as serum values of total bilirubin (P < 0.01), choline esterase (P < 0.05), prothrombin test (P < 0.01), and platelet count (P < 0.05), were significantly correlated with long-term survival, whereas local extensiveness and nodal stage of lung cancer were not. DISCUSSION: We conclude that postoperative complications and factors that influence long-term survival are correlated with the severity of impaired liver function, whereas early and mid term death are the result of lung cancer. Standard operation is encouraged for NSCLC when the patient is expected to live more than 3 years with impaired liver function, even if coexisting with HCC.