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Purpose

Iatrogenic injury of the chorda tympani is a well-known complication of middle ear surgery, yet few studies have investigated the intraosseous course of the nerve. The aim of this study was to accurately delineate the posterior canaliculus in the temporal bone, particularly its relationship to the tympanic annulus, which is critical during the insertion of subannular ventilation tubes.

Methods

Forty temporal bones from 27 cadavers (15 male, mean age 75?years, 13 bilateral) were scanned using a micro-CT scanner, and standardised 3-D multiplanar reconstructions were generated using a software platform. The posterior canaliculus was measured in relation to reproducible bony landmarks.

Results

In 6 (15%) specimens, the chorda tympani originated from the facial nerve outside the skull and in 34 (85%) from within the facial canal at a mean of 3.2?±?1.8?mm above the stylomastoid foramen. The posterior canaliculus was 12.3?±?3.8?mm long and converged on the tympanic sulcus cranially. It entered the middle ear at 62?±?10% of the height of the tympanic membrane.

Conclusions

This novel micro-CT study defines the precise anatomy of the posterior canaliculus housing the chorda tympani and provides data that may help the otologic surgeon protect the nerve from iatrogenic injury.  相似文献   

3.
目的:对面神经隐窝进路涉及解剖区域的相关显微解剖和影像学解剖的研究进展进行综述。方法:选用近几年关键词为“面神经”、“颞骨”及“后鼓室”的文章进行分析和总结。结果:其解剖结构复杂精细,涉及面神经乳突段、鼓索神经、砧骨窝之间的解剖区域。一些重要解剖结构的位置相对恒定,如锥隆起、圆窗龛、圆窗、前庭窗、镫骨、砧骨短脚、匙突、面神经鼓室段、水平半规管凸、后半规管凸等,可以作为手术的参考标记。结论:面神经隐窝进路在现代耳显微外科中有重要地位,熟悉其解剖关系,可以指导临床手术,避免损伤。  相似文献   

4.
颞骨内面神经垂直段的显微解剖及其临床意义   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
目的:研究颞骨内面神经垂直段及其毗邻结构的显微解剖,为临床应用提供解剖学资料。方法:通过模拟临床经乳突入路的方法,分层解剖20个成人湿性头颅标本(40侧颞骨),显露并观测颞骨内面神经垂直段及其毗邻结构。结果:面神经垂直段的长度为(17.39±1.78)mm、直径为(2.13±0.13)mm,面神经垂直段与水平段的夹角(向前)为(115.5±6.89)°,面神经垂直段近端至外半规管隆突距离为(2.86±0.31)mm,鼓索神经自面神经发出点至茎乳孔距离为(5.99±0.74)mm,面神经垂直段与鼓索神经的夹角(向上)为(38.6±1.99)°,锥隆起尖到面神经垂直段垂直距离为(2.05±0.65)mm,后半规管至面神经垂直段最短距离为(2.89±0.36)mm。有5%(2/40侧)的面神经垂直段的近端位于外半规管隆突外侧。结论:外半规管、鼓索神经、茎乳孔、锥隆起、后半规管是手术中确定面神经垂直段的重要标志。熟悉颞骨内面神经垂直段与其周围结构的毗邻关系,有利于面神经垂直段相关手术的顺利进行。  相似文献   

5.
中耳显微解剖标志与面神经定位   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
目的 观察中耳手术中面神经相关的显微解剖结构,并探讨其临床应用。方法 30具(60侧颞骨)中国人成年湿性头颅标本经乳突入路对颞骨进行显微解剖,重点观察面神经并根据其周围的固定解剖标志对其进行定位。 结果 面神经乳突段前缘和后缘至假想定位线的距离分别为(-0.11±0.36)mm和(-0.14±0.38)mm,鼓室段面神经下缘与假想定位线的距离为(0.31±0.12)mm,砧骨短脚末端至外半规管下缘的距离为(1.73±0.24)mm,外半规管至面神经锥段上缘的距离为(2.65±0.25)mm,砧骨短脚最末端至面神经锥段上缘的距离为(2.20±0.41)mm,镫骨头上缘至面神经水平段下缘的距离为(2.24±0.23)mm等。结论 外半规管、砧骨短突、鼓环、二腹肌嵴、前庭窗、匙突、卵圆窗、锥隆起和鼓索神经等是中耳显微手术的重要解剖标志,并与面神经关系极其密切和恒定。  相似文献   

6.
目的 探讨面神经鼓乳段在斜矢状位最佳显示的扫描基线,为面神经鼓乳段疾病的影像诊断和耳显微外科手术治疗提供解剖学依据。 方法 利用HRCT对16例(32耳) 外观无异常的成人颅骨标本行斜矢状位扫描获得层厚为0.625 mm的HRCT图像后,再用火棉胶包埋技术将颞骨标本切制层厚为1mm的连续斜矢状断面标本,选取面神经鼓乳段显示良好的CT图片与对应的切片标本对照观测。 结果 16例(32耳)在斜矢状位均可完整显示面神经鼓乳段全程,面神经鼓乳段全长为(23.58±1.44)mm,鼓室段到外半规管的距离为(0.75±0.12)mm,面神经鼓室段到鼓室的距离为(0.34±0.08)mm,鼓室段和乳突段的夹角为(108.88±2.49)度。 结论 颞骨斜矢状位HRCT图像结合对应切片标本能良好显示面神经鼓乳段及其周围结构的解剖位置和毗邻关系,以与正中矢状面成(21.40±4.35)度为扫描基线作斜矢状位扫描显示面神经鼓乳段最佳,对颞骨的影像诊断和耳显微外科手术治疗具有重要意义。  相似文献   

7.
目的 观察面神经鼓索发出的位置和类型,为面神经减压手术和其它中耳乳突手术提供解剖学资料。 方法 2005年4月~2009年10月在我科接受单侧面神经减压术的216名成年汉族周围性面瘫患者,在手术显微镜下,观察分析鼓索发出的位置和类型。 结果 鼓索以单根的形式由面神经干发出占69.0%(149例)。以双根的形式发出,占19.4%(42例)。以3根的形式发出,占3.2%(7例),鼓索的多个根最终都在面隐窝下方汇合成1根,进入鼓室。由于手术入路的关系,18例未见鼓索的发出点,占8.3%。单根鼓索按发出的部位:由茎乳孔区的锥形筋膜分出占55.0%(82例),由乳突段面神经干分出占43.0%(64例),由面神经锥段分出者占2%(3例)。 结论 鼓索由面神经乳突段发出的只占29%。22.6%的鼓索存在多根现象,本调查还发现2%的鼓索由面神经锥段发出的异常现象,都应该引起医生的重视,避免在手术中误伤,出现医疗事故。  相似文献   

8.
目的 探讨乳突根治术失败的相关解剖因素及术后复发原因,以便在修正性手术具有有针对性,提高乳突再根治手术成功率。方法 回顾性分析2008年5月—2016年4月北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科120例修正性乳突根治术患者的二次手术前颞骨高分辨率CT(HRCT)影像资料,并将颞骨HRCT的观察结果与再次手术中所见病变进行对比分析。结果 再手术前颞骨HRCT可以清晰显示初次开放式乳突根治术后乳突腔的大体解剖结构改变,主要征象为乳突腔扩大,与鼓室、外耳道融合,术腔内团块状异常软组织密度影。120例患者中,面神经嵴高位占39.2%(47/120),窦脑膜角残留气房占58.3%(70/120),乳突尖残留气房占50.0%(60/120),迷路周围残留气房占25.8%(31/120),上鼓室前隐窝未开放占41.7%(50/120),鼓室窦深位占40.0%(48/120),咽鼓管鼓室口病变占32.5%(39/120)。二次手术中探查乳突残留气房,咽鼓管鼓室口、鼓室窦、面神经嵴均发现有颞骨HRCT观察到的病变存在。结论 修正性乳突根治术患者术前颞骨HRCT扫描, 能够发现初次乳突根治手术后不干耳的相关解剖因素,可作为修正性乳突根治术的可靠依据。  相似文献   

9.
后鼓室手术入路的应用解剖学研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
目的 为后鼓室入路手术提供解剖学依据。方法 利用成人 6 0侧颞骨标本 ,用牙科钻磨开乳突腔 ,打开外耳道外侧壁和鼓室盾板 ,充分暴露后鼓室入路手术中有关的解剖结构。以外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲为测量标志 ,在手术显微镜下 ,对在手术中遇到的解剖结构之间的距离进行了测量。结果 外耳道上棘至砧骨窝、锥隆起、鼓索隆起、面神经管锥曲、外侧半规管、后半规管、前庭窗、蜗窗、匙突、乙状窦垂直部前缘中点、窦膜角的距离分别是 17 19、18 0 2、15 2 2、14 4 9、15 39、17 35、19 5 8、2 0 0 9、2 0 32、15 6 8、18 76mm。面神经管锥曲至鼓索隆起、水平半规管、后半规管的距离分别是 3 33、1 5 3、2 15mm。结论 外耳道上棘、面神经管锥曲是后鼓室入路的重要手术标志 ,鼓索隆起向内 3mm是手术入路的安全区 ,面神经减压术时应避免损伤水平半规管及后半规管等结构  相似文献   

10.

Purpose

In this study, we evaluated the surgical and radiologic anatomy of a cochleostomy produced via posterior tympanotomy for cochlear implantation (CI).

Materials and methods

Twenty computed tomography (CT) images of the temporal bone from patients aged between 20 and 60 years were selected. The inclusion criterion was a radiologically normal temporal bone CT scan. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images were obtained using high-resolution axial temporal bone CT scans. Eight points were used to evaluate the surgical anatomy of the posterior tympanotomy and cochleostomy. The length of lines between the points and the angles between the lines were measured.

Results

The mean length of line AB (superior-inferior length of the posterior tympanotomy for CI) was 6.48 ± 0.26 mm, while line AC (width of the chorda tympani and facial nerves) was 3.60 ± 0.2 mm. The mean angle of ABC (angle at which the chorda tympani nerve branched from the facial nerve) was 18.40° ± 1.05°. The mean length of line AD (distance from the facial ridge to the point of cochleostomy) was 9.58 ± 0.47 mm.

Conclusions

3D imaging of the facial recess and round window can be used to identify the facial recess before surgery. This may help to avoid injury to the chorda tympani nerve during posterior tympanotomy, and make it easier to insert the electrode array during CI by creating a large enough posterior tympanotomy to avoid injury to the facial nerve, which can cause immediate or delayed facial palsy.  相似文献   

11.
后鼓室颞骨切片与CT对照研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4  
目的:为后鼓室及耳科病变的影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学基础。方法:l5例成人头部标本,以眦耳线(cML)为基线,获得间隔为1.00mm,厚度为1.00mm的CT图像,扫描后的头部标本按原定位截取以耳颞区为中心的组织块并将其制成厚为1.00mm的连续横断薄层切片。标本切片与CT图像对照,对颞骨内砧骨窝、鼓索隆起、茎突隆起、面神经隐窝、鼓室窦、岬小桥、外耳道上棘等结构进行观察。结果:砧骨窝深度为1.49mm,至面神经锥曲的距离为5.67mm。后鼓室窦内侧壁至面神经水平部的距离为3.14mm。外耳道上棘至面神经垂直段、鼓索神经、鼓岬的距离分别为16.76mm、15.94mm和21.81mm。结论:耳颞区断面标本与CT图像进行对照研究,其结果对耳科疾病的影像诊断及手术治疗具有参考价值。  相似文献   

12.
目的:研究乙状窦、颈静脉球及面神经位置变化的相关性。方法:16侧正常成人头颈标本,手术显微镜下进行显微解剖,观察乙状窦、颈静脉球及面神经的形态及其毗邻关系,建立它们位置的三维空间参照系,测量相关数据,并进行线性相关分析。结果:乙状窦与外耳门距离与颈静脉球高度、乙状窦降段中点外侧骨壁厚度、鼓索起点高度呈负相关,与面神经-乙状窦前缘距离呈正相关;颈静脉球高度与棘孔-颈静脉球距离呈负相关。结论:乙状窦、颈静脉球及面神经三者位置变化有一定相关性,乙状窦前移则颈静脉球顶位置偏高,乙状窦降段表面骨质偏厚,鼓索起点位置偏高,而面神经不受影响;乳突气化程度影响乙状窦的前后移位,但不影响颈静脉球高度;颈静脉球高度与颈静脉球的前后位移有关,颈静脉球顶高则颈静脉球前移。在侧颅底外侧入路手术中,掌握以上规律有助于乙状窦、颈静脉球及面神经的定位以及术中重要结构损伤的控制。  相似文献   

13.
目的 观察、测量面神经管垂直部毗邻解剖关系及乳突的形态学指标,分析面神经管垂直部和外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘位置变化的相关性,探讨乳突气化程度与面神经管垂直部之间的关系及临床意义。 方法 1. 评价CT影像测量相关结构的正确性,采用64层螺旋CT对4具干颅标本进行扫描,在横断位测量面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘的距离,在矢状平面上测量乳突的前后径(外耳道下壁最低点至乳突后缘的水平距离)和高度(外耳道下壁至乳突尖的垂直距离);按影像层面锯开标本,对上述距离行实体测量。影像测量均值与实体测量均值的差异行显著性检验。2. 在体研究:随机入选无耳部疾患的118人(236侧),其中男性55例(110侧),女性63例(126侧),行颌面部CT扫描。如上选择层面,并测量面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘及乳突前后径和高度的距离,以乳突前后径与高度乘积的1/2定义为乳突面积,以乳突面积的大小来定义乳突气化程度,同时将乳突面积分别与面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁、外耳门后缘距离分别进行相关和回归分析。 结果 1. 标本部分:各项指标的影像测量值与实体测量值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2. 在体研究:各项指标测量结果侧别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。乳突面积与面神经管垂直部至外耳道后壁距离之间呈负相关性,且相关性有统计学意义;乳突面积与面神经管垂直部至外耳门后缘有相关性,但相关性无统计学意义。 结论 乳突发育气化好,面神经垂直部位置偏前。 CT检查可以明确面神经管垂直部与外耳道后壁的关系,有助于耳外科手术术式的选择以及对术中重要结构损伤的控制。  相似文献   

14.
Resent advances have led to the reexamination of the intraosseous pathway of the chorda tympani a few years ago and they stated that the nerve never enters the mandibular fossa and its exit the skull base in the sphenopetrosal fissure. In our report, 58 temporal bones were investigated after maceration and formalin fixation in order to understand the development of the anterior chordal canal. Our study revealed that the chorda tympani leaves the tympanic cavity through the tympanosquamosal fissure before formation of the anterior chordal canal of Huguier. This canal is situated parallel to and in front of the musculotubal canal and formed by the processus inferior tegminis tympani and the sphenoid bone between the second and fifth years of age. Prior to the age of 2, only the exit of the bony canal exists which is gradually followed by the appearance of a groove in the growing processus inferior tegminis tympani. The borders of the groove elevate and develop to upper and lower plates which lengthen with similar plates of the sphenoid bone, completing the anterior chordal canal by the fifth postnatal year. The entrance of the canal develops above the petrotympanic fissure and similar to the canal itself, it is also completely formed in the fifth year. In case of an incomplete development the anterior chordal canal remains partially opened laterally which might allow the head of the mandibula to effect the chorda tympani mechanically causing Costen's syndrome.  相似文献   

15.
The aim of this study was to define precisely the imaging of the canals of the temporal bone by means of high-resolution computed tomography (HR CT). Based on 24 temporal bones removed from embalmed cadavers and investigated with HR CT, several canals were studied: the canal of the chorda tympani (CdT), the canal of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (ABV), the canal of the tympanic nerve, the canal of the carotico-tympanic nerve and that of the lesser petrosal nerve. Anatomic correlations for six temporal bones were made to confirm the validity of our radiologic hypotheses. In CT, in axial sections OM 0°, the posterior canal of the CdT was visualized in 71% of cases, the ABV canal in 4%, the inferior tympanic canal in 12.5%, the carotico-tympanic canal in no cases and the canal of the lesser petrosal nerve in 50% (and in 75% with an incidence of OM+10°). In coronal incidence, the posterior canal of the CdT was seen in 20% of cases, the ABV canal in 25%, the inferior tympanic canal in 85%, the carotico-tympanic canal in 65% and that of the lesser petrosal nerve in 15%. The six anatomic comparisons confirmed the radiologic hypotheses in every case. These different structures are easy to identify in HR CT and are important to define so that any lesion (tumoral or vascular) developing in their vicinity may not be overlooked.  相似文献   

16.
目的 为内镜辅助下后鼓室微创手术入路提供解剖学基础。  方法 利用成人15例(30侧)头部标本,解剖并测量后鼓室及其与周围结构之间的位置关系。  结果 面神经锥段中点分别到水平半规管最凸点、鼓室窦前缘中点、卵圆窗中点、圆窗中点、岬小桥下端、岬后脚下端的距离是(3.21±0.41)、(2.79±0.25)、(3.97±0.37)、(6.48±0.53)、(4.85±0.39)、(6.21±0.57)mm;砧骨窝中点至锥隆起顶端、面神经锥段中点、镫骨头中点、圆窗中点、卵圆窗中点、匙突顶点的距离分别为(4.43±0.36)、(3.10±0.28)、(6.55±0.55)、(9.56±0.82、(6.67±0.65)、(4.63±0.39)mm;鼓室窦的深度、横截面短径、横截面长径分别是(3.10±0.27)、(1.05±0.10 )、(1.89±0.19)mm;后鼓室窦深度、横截面长径、横截面短径分别是(1.15±0.10)、(0.83±0.29)、(0.63±0.51)mm;外侧鼓室窦横截面近似椭圆型,其深度、上下径、左右径分别是 (1.63±0.12)、(0.36±0.03)、(0.74±0.09)mm;面隐窝外侧气房直径(0.28±0.13)mm。  结论 后鼓室解剖结构精细复杂,对其解剖结构的精准定位有利于彻底清除病变和防止术后并发症的发生。  相似文献   

17.
人面神经管和面神经的发生   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文对229侧胚胎儿周至出生后1年颞骨组织切片连续观测。结果表明,面神经管由膜性化骨和软骨化骨共同形成。面神经管水平段外侧壁、下壁和迷路段上壁为膜性化骨,膜性化骨顺序有一定规律性;其余部分为软骨化骨。面神经发育随胎龄的增长而递增,出生前渐近高峰;不同部位面神经在面神经管内保持相对恒定的截面积空间比。面神经在面神经管迷路段远侧端所占截面积空间比最大,在茎乳孔处所占截面积空间比最小。本文并提出,胚胎发育后期膜性化骨不全、乳突气化过度是导致面神经管缺损的主要原因。  相似文献   

18.

Introduction

Facial nerve (C.N VII) is the nerve of facial expression and communication. The intratemporal part of this nerve comprising tympanic and mastoid segments, is very vulnerable to injury during ear surgeries. Hence to safely navigate around this part of the nerve one has to be very familiar with 3D anatomy of the temporal bone and crucial landmarks present in relation to the nerve. Aim of this study is to know the exact morphometry of Intratemporal part of the facial nerve in relation to Pneumatization of temporal bone.

Material and methods

The present study was carried out on 54 cadaveric temporal bones obtained from the department of anatomy, Santosh Medical College, Santosh University, Delhi-NCR. With the pneumatization determined by computerized tomography (CT), the dissection was performed by standard techniques of ‘canal wall up’ mastoidectomy and ‘canal wall down’ mastoidectomy. Temporal bones have been classified into 3 groups: Group I-Well Pneumatised bones, Group II- Mixed type of Pneumatised bones and Group III- Sclerosed bones. The mean, standard deviation (S.D), maximum and minimum values were calculated in all the groups for the lengths of the facial nerve.

Results

The total length of the intratemporal part of facial nerve ranged between 19.71–30.13 mm for group I, 21.77–27.27 mm in group II and 16.21–25.19 mm in group III respectively.

Discussion

The distal segment of nerve is most commonly injured during otologic surgeries. Incus pointer can be considered as a landmark to identify the facial nerve. Accordingly the tympano mastoid part of the facial nerve can be divided into proximal, distal and stylomastoid foramen segments. Radiological evaluations such as Computed Tomographic (CT) imaging techniques and MRI techniques like FIESTA (Fast Imaging Employing Steady-state Acquisition) have become popular in identifying these segments. The morphometric values of facial nerve provided in the present study can help in assessment during procedures, like end to end anastamosis and cable nerve graft repairs in iatrogenic injuries.  相似文献   

19.
目的 探索显示中耳和内耳细微结构直视标本的标准化制作方法。 方法 使用人颞骨材料,在颅内和颅底面画出标准锯路的标志线,选择细齿窄条钢弓锯,沿标志线锯开颞骨显示中耳结构。再用手握式玉石磨钻分别研磨显示内耳结构。最后完成对鼓膜、听小骨、面神经、鼓索神经和颈内动脉等结构的仿真复原,并用合页连结锯开的两半颞骨。 结果 在锯开的颞骨内可清晰显示中耳鼓室的6个壁,以及锥状隆起、咽鼓管、前庭窗和蜗窗等细微结构。磨制后的内耳可见3个打开的骨半规管和耳蜗的剖面。复原后的听骨链、面神经、鼓索神经、颈内动脉和鼓膜等结构,均以三维方式显示原有结构的特征和位置关系。由合页连结的颞骨标本,既可打开观察内部结构,也可合拢显示整体形态。 结论 采用锯开和研磨技术制作耳标本可以取得满意的结果,标准化的锯路标志和标准的定位研磨是成功制作的关键。  相似文献   

20.
目的:应用cT影像资料研究外耳道闭锁组与狭窄组之间颞骨发育程度的差异及面神经垂直段位置的变异特征。方法:收集71例先天性外中耳畸形142侧颞骨CT影像资料。按照外耳道骨性段最宽处直径大小分为外耳道闭锁组、狭窄组和正常的对侧耳为对照组。比较3组颞骨Jahrsdoerfer(Js)评分值、面神经垂直段位置及乳突气房容积等的差异。结果:耳道闭锁组的颞骨Js评分为7.26±2.02,耳道狭窄组为8.92±1.02,耳道正常组为10±0。3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P〈0.05)。在面神经垂直段起点层面,闭锁组、狭窄组分别与正常组比较,面神经向前、向外移位明显,差异有统计学意义(P〈0.05);在面神经垂直段终点层面,闭锁组与正常组比较,垂直段面神经向前、外移位明显,差异有统计学意义(P〈0.05),狭窄组与对照组、闭锁组与狭窄组相比,其差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。3组间乳突气房容积比较,差异无统计学意义(P〉0.05)。闭锁组和狭窄组内的Js评分与乳突气房容积、乳突气房容积与面神经至棘孔和乳突距离、Js评分与面神经至棘孔距离间关系,均成正相关。结论:颞骨总体发育情况与外耳道的发育基本一致,闭锁组Js评分最低,其颞骨发育相对最差。畸形外耳道(闭锁或狭窄)相对于正常外耳道而言,面神经垂直段位置变化较大,其前移、外移程度与颞骨发育情况、乳突气化大小密切相关。  相似文献   

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