兔膀胱出口部分梗阻所致逼尿肌超微结构的改变

目的　观察兔膀胱出口部分梗阻后逼尿肌细胞超微结构的改变。　方法　建立雄性兔膀胱出口部分梗阻动物模型 ,利用透射电镜观察其逼尿肌细胞内超微结构 ,应用ImagineTool图像分析软件检测粗面内质网面积和线粒体密度。　结果　梗阻组逼尿肌细胞内单位面积平均 1 1 5 .2 8μm2 ,胞质中粗面内质网面积 (5 .377± 2 .31 8) μm2 ,较对照组的 (0 .476± 0 .31 9) μm2 明显扩大 ;线粒体相对密度为 1 .0 2 7± 0 .0 64 ,较对照组的 0 .830± 0 .0 58明显下降 ,P均 <0 .0 1。　结论　膀胱出口部分梗阻后逼尿肌细胞内质网扩张 ,提示其合成蛋白质功能增强 ,从而引起膀胱壁增厚 ;而线粒体水肿明显 ,密度下降 ,提示逼尿肌细胞能量代谢障碍 ,导致其收缩功能下降     

膀胱出口梗阻对逼尿肌功能的影响

膀胱出口梗阻 (BOO)常常导致逼尿肌功能改变 ,依膀胱出口梗阻的程度及时间的不同 ,逼尿肌功能变化有所差别 ,但BOO导致副尿肌功能变化的病理生理及最终结果却相对一致 ,包括逼尿肌不稳定 (DI)、逼尿肌收缩功能受损和逼尿肌顺应性改变。本文综合文献 ,对BOO后逼尿肌功能改变及其机制进行综述。     

前列腺增生症所致膀胱出口梗阻及其逼尿肌收缩力改变的定性和定…

经逼尿肌压与尿流率之间内关系的大量研究，创建了具有临床实用价值的诊断分析技术，在临床中具有重要的指导意义，本文详细介绍在压力－流率测定中几种临床实用的定性和定量诊断分析技术。     

膀胱出口部分梗阻对逼尿肌生物力学特性的影响

目的 探讨膀胱出口部分梗阻(P-BOO)对膀胱逼尿肌生物力学特性的影响及机制.方法 采用Wistar雄性大鼠,膀胱颈不全结扎法建立P-BOO动物模型.依据梗阻时间分为假手术组、梗阻6周组(P-B006W)及梗阻12周组(P-B0012W),其中P-B006W组根据充盈性膀胱测压所示逼尿肌是否稳定分为逼尿肌稳定组(DS)和逼尿肌不稳定组(DI).采用灌流肌槽,以拟胆碱药物(氯化氨基甲酰胆碱)作为刺激因素,用拉力传感器测定离体逼尿肌条的主动收缩功能.充盈性膀胱测压检测最大膀胱容量、膀胱漏尿点压及膀胱顺应性的变化.结果P-BOO模型均成功建立,DI组最大膀胱容量、膀胱漏尿点压、膀胱顺应性[(10.8±3.0)ml,(39.4±7.1)cm H20,(0.27±0.08)ml/cm H20]、DS组[(10.3±1.9)ml,(35.9±6.2)cm H2O,(0.29±0.05)ml/cm H2O]及P-B0012W组[(9.5±2.3)ml,(48.6±9.5)cm H20,(0.21±0.05)ml/cm H2O]均明显高于假手术组[(2.1±0.3)ml,(16.2±2.1)cm H2O,(0.13±0.03)ml/cm H2O],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).DI组逼尿肌条拟胆碱药物刺激产生的收缩力显著低于假手术组和DS组.P-B0012W组逼尿肌条均未检测到明确的收缩波(波幅＜0.05 g).结论 P-BOO后膀胱逼尿肌生物力学特性发生了改变:DI组逼尿肌收缩功能受损,DS组发生代偿,但如果梗阻未解除,则逼尿肌收缩性损害,最终导致不可逆的收缩功能丧失;梗阻后膀胱顺应性增大与膀胱容积显著增加密切相关,逼尿肌稳定性对其影响不显著.     

膀胱出口梗阻对逼尿肌功能的影响

膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）常常导致逼尿肌功能改变,依膀胱出口梗阻的程度及时间的不同,逼尿肌功能变化有所差别,但BOO导致逼尿肌功能变化的病理生理及最终结果却相对一致,包括逼尿肌不稳定（DI）,逼尿肌收缩功能受损和逼尿肌顺应性改变,本文综合文献,对BOO后逼尿肌功能改变及其机制进行综述。     

前列腺增生致膀胱出口梗阻患者逼尿肌神经生长因子表达及超微结构改变

目的通过人前列腺增生（BPH）致膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）后逼尿肌神经生长因子（NGF）表达及超微结构的研究揭示BOO后逼尿肌功能损害,了解BOO后膀胱逼尿肌的病理生理改变。方法免疫组化SABC法分实验组（梗阻组）33例和对照组（非梗阻组）15例,检测神经生长因子（NGF）的表达;超微结构实验组和对照组各5例,用电镜观察两组超微结构并对比。结果免疫组化梗阻组和非梗阻组NGF均表达,梗阻组表达明显高于非梗阻组（P〈0．01）;电镜部分对照组逼尿肌细胞排列整齐,细胞间隙有少量胶原纤维,细胞间以中间连接为主;实验组逼尿肌肥大,扭曲变形,排列不齐,增宽的细胞间隙中有大量的胶原纤维,细胞间中间连接减少,代替缝隙连接及桥粒连接等方式。结论BPH致BOO后膀胱逼尿肌细胞中NGF表达水平增高与逼尿肌不稳定（DI）及逼尿肌去神经改变等病理生理变化有关;BPH致BOO后逼尿肌不稳定及逼尿肌功能减退与逼尿肌形态改变及细胞连接等超微结构改变有关系。     

前列腺增生症所致膀胱出口梗阻及其逼尿肌收缩力改变的定性和定量分析(文献综述)

经逼尿肌压与尿流率之间内在关系的大量研究，创建了具有临床实用价值的诊断分析技术，在临床中具有重要的指导意义。本文详细介绍在压力－流率测定中几种临床实用的定性和定量诊断分析技术。     

膀胱出口梗阻对逼尿肌兴奋性、收缩性及顺应性影响的实验研究

目的 探讨膀胱出口梗阻（ＢＯＯ）对逼尿肌兴奋性、收缩性、顺应性的影响及逼尿肌不稳定（ＤＩ）的发病机理。方法 建立Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠ＢＯＯ动物模型,６周后行充盈性膀胱测压及离体逼尿肌条机械牵拉、电及胆碱类药物刺激试验。结果 ＢＯＯ后ＤＩ的发生率为６９％,逼尿肌顺应性升高;ＤＩ组与梗阻后稳定组及正常对照组相比,牵引逼尿肌致其出现心地的张力明显了低,电刺激产生的收缩力明显减弱;ＤＩ组逼尿肌胆碱类药物刺激产     

膀胱出口部分梗阻（PBOO）引起逼尿肌肥大、收缩力降低及逼尿肌收缩和调控蛋白的改变

膀胱出口部分梗阻(PBOO)引起导致排尿次数增加、每次尿量减少、逼尿肌肥大以及逼尿肌收缩和调控蛋白的改变。作者希望明确PBOO诱导的尿频及逼尿肌肥大,是否与尿道平滑肌收缩能力及肌球蛋白亚型的表达相关。通过外科手术构建标准新西兰白兔PBOO模型,以假手术组作为对照。手术后12d,通过代谢笼监测24h的排尿次数及每次尿量。每24h排尿(43±12)次(梗阻组)、(6±3)次(假手术组)的兔子进入研究。通过光镜及免疫荧光显微镜检查尿道的形态学改变。肌球蛋白亚型在mRNA及蛋白水平的表达通过RT-PCR及Western blotting检测。结果发现PBOO白兔…     

雄性兔膀胱出口部分梗阻所致逼尿肌功能障碍的研究

目的探讨膀胱出口部分梗阻所致逼尿肌功能改变.方法取新西兰雄性白兔14只,梗阻组和对照组各7只.梗阻组行手术人为造成膀胱出口部分梗阻,饲养5周后解剖膀胱,测定膀胱重量、容量;检测逼尿肌功能;对膀胱逼尿肌细胞超微结构进行观察.结果梗阻组膀胱重量为(12.129±1.627)g,对照组膀胱重量为(3.762±1.067)g(P＜0.05);梗阻组膀胱容量为(64.000±6.272)m1,对照组膀胱容量为(94.432±12.850)ml(P＜0.05);单位重量膀胱逼尿肌对各种刺激反应性均明显下降(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);梗阻膀胱逼尿肌细胞中粗面内质网明显扩张,线粒体水肿.结论通过手术可人为建立膀胱出口部分梗阻动物模型;膀胱出口部分梗阻将导致逼尿肌功能障碍;逼尿肌功能变化与其形态学变化相关.     

经超声逼尿肌厚度测定在可疑膀胱出口梗阻患者中的应用

目的 分析可疑膀胱出口梗阻患者术前逼尿肌厚度,探讨逼尿肌厚度测定对可疑膀胱出口梗阻患者术后疗效的预测作用.方法 对可疑膀胱出口梗阻并行手术治疗的86例患者在行压力流率测定过程中,当膀胱容量为250 ml或灌注量为膀胱最大容量的50%时,应用7.5 MHz高频线纵超声探头行膀胱前壁逼尿肌厚度测定.术后3个月复查,将患者分为疗效显著组与疗效非显著组,比较2组患者年龄、前列腺体积及逼尿肌厚度.结果 疗效显著组(37例)与疗效非显著组(49例)患者年龄及前列腺体积差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).逼尿肌厚度差异有统计学意义[(2.5±0.3)和(2.2±0.3)mm,P＜0.01].应用受试者工作特性曲线,当逼尿肌厚度≥2.8 mm时,逼尿肌厚度测定作为预测工作特异性和阳性预测值均为100%,而敏感性为19%,阴性预测值为62%.其曲线下面积为0.84±0.04.结论 逼尿肌测定预测可疑膀胱出口梗阻患者术后疗效可靠,但仍需要多中心、大样本的试验进一步确定临界值.

Abstract：

Objective To estimate the application of ultrasound measurement of detrusor wall thickness (DWT) in the assessment of curative effect after operation. Methods Detrusor thickness was measured by linear ultrasound (7. 5 MHz) either at a filling volume of 50% of cystometric capacity or at 250 ml filling in 86 patients, who were diagnosed equivocal BOO, during a pressure-flow study. All patients accepted transurethral resection of the prostate. At 3 months post-surgery, the patients were divided into two groups according to curative effect after operation. The volume of the prostate, age and DWT were compared between the two groups. Results There was no difference in either age or volume of the prostate between the two groups. DWT was significantly higher (P＜0.01) in the more curative effect group (37 cases, DWT 2. 5±0.3 mm) compared to the less curative effect group (49 cases, 2.2±0. 3 mm). As a predictor of curative effect, DWT of 2. 8 mm or greater had a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 62%, specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 19%. Receiver operating characteristic analysis (ROC) revealed that DWT had a high predictive value for curative effect post-surgery with an AUC of 0. 84±0. 04. Conclusions In patients with equivocal BOO, ultrasonographically assessed detrusor thickness may have a predictive value for curative effect post-surgery. However, this cutoff value needs to be validated in a larger study population.     

Effect of bladder outlet obstruction on detrusor smooth muscle cell: an in vitro study

BACKGROUND: Although relieving obstruction is generally curative on bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), bladder dysfunction persists in some patients. Repetitive stretch and relaxation applied to cultured bladder smooth muscle (SM) cells in vitro have been used to mimic increases in urodynamic load experienced by the detrusor muscle under conditions of BOO. We first clarified the relationship between phenotype transformation and biomechanical properties of detrusor smooth muscle cell (DSMC) subjected to the cyclic mechanical stretch. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cultured rat DSMC were grown on collagen-coated silicone membranes and subjected to continuous cycles of stretch-relaxation. All experiments were performed on cells between passages 2 and 4. Each cycle consists of 5 seconds of stretch and 5 seconds of relaxation. The computer controlled vacuum induced 10% (1), 20% (2), and 30% (3) maximum elongation of the plate membrane at different designed pressures. The deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis rate was assessed by performing tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. The expression of SM-alpha-actin and proliferation of DSMC were analyzed by immunofluorescent assay and flow cytometry. The image analysis and micropipet aspiration systems were used to investigate the single cell contraction and viscoelasticity. Using the 3-element standard linear solid model, the elastic modulus K(1), K(2), and viscoelastic coefficient mu were determined, which show the passive deformation ability of detrusor cells. RESULTS: As the basic structural changes to mechanical stretch, DSMC undergo phenotypic modulation from their normal contractile phenotype to a "synthetic" phenotype: the DSMC become more proliferative and the actin less organized along the cell's long axis. The cell proliferation index of control and stretched group (10%, 20%, 30% elongation) are 0.24, 0.43, 0.58, and 0.65, respectively. The actin filaments in unstimulated cells were evident and orientated along the major axis of the cell. After mechanical stretch, the well-spread filaments changed their orientation. The function, such as contraction, and viscoelasticity of a single DSMC subjected to stretch both decreased significantly compared with control. The maximum contractile velocity and maximum cell length shortening rate of group 3 (30% elongation) showed significant decreases compared with unstretched control (P < 0.01). K(1) and K(2) were decreased with the increase of mechanical overload. However, there was no statistic difference between groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Functional abnormalitie of BOO have the structural basis: phenotype transformation (i.e., remodeling) of the detrusor cells. Cyclic stretch and relaxation applied to DSMC in vitro can be used to model increases in urodynamic load experienced by the bladder detrusor muscle under conditions of BOO. Phenotype transformation is the structural basis of functional changes of DSMC subjected to periodic overload mechanical stretch.     

Altered distribution of interstitial cells in the guinea pig bladder following bladder outlet obstruction

AIMS: We investigated the effects of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) on the distribution of interstitial cells (ICs) in the guinea-pig bladder. METHODS: Bladder overactivity of BOO animals was validated with urodynamic studies. Immunohistochemical analyses for Kit and vimentin as markers for ICs were performed on both BOO and control bladders. Morphological and functional properties of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) were examined with alpha-smooth muscle actin staining and intracellular recording, respectively. Electron microscopy was also carried out to characterize ultrastructural morphology of ICs. RESULTS: Two weeks after surgery, BOO animals showed an increased voiding frequency and a reduced voiding volume. Filling cystometry demonstrated a frequent incidence of non-voiding contractions, a reduced interval between voiding contractions and an increased voiding pressure in BOO bladders. In BOO bladders, the thickness of suburothelial and subserosal connective tissue layers was increased, whilst that of detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) layer was less affected. Population of Kit or vimentin immunoreactive ICs was increased in subserosal layers, and their distribution was altered in suburotherial layer in BOO bladders. Neither alpha-actin immunoreactivity nor spontaneous electrical activity of DSM was altered in BOO bladders. ICs were characterized by their numerous mitochondria and caveolae, and had a close contact with each other and with neighboring DSM or nerves. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated the increased population of ICs in the BOO guinea-pig model for the first time, and suggest that the altered distribution of ICs may contribute to the pathophysiology of bladder overactivity.     

膀胱出口梗阻大鼠膀胱过度活动的研究

目的:建立膀胱出口梗阻大鼠模型,诱发逼尿肌不稳定(DI),研究膀胱出口梗阻伴发膀胱过度活动的病理生理学特征。方法:选择38只成年SD雌性大鼠,随机分为模型组和对照组,结扎膀胱颈部建立膀胱出口梗阻模型。建模后3、6、9、12周采用BL-410生物机能实验系统测定膀胱压,以充盈期出现DI作为膀胱过度活动存在的标准,记录并计算DI阳性率和频率、最大排尿压(MVP)、最大膀胱容量(MCC)、膀胱顺应性(BC)和剩余尿量(PVR)。用光镜观察建模不同时期膀胱组织的病理学改变。结果:模型组大鼠3、6、9、12周DI阳性率分别为37.50%、75.00%、75.00%、62.50%。MVP、MCC、BC、PVR和DI频率较对照组增高(P<0.01),第9周大鼠PVR、MVP、MCC高于第3、6和12周。不同时期病理学改变呈现出膀胱容量增加、肌层逐渐增厚和纤维化的过程。结论:膀胱出口梗阻与逼尿肌不稳定的发生具有潜在的相关性,其病理学改变和尿流动力学参数反映了膀胱的病理生理学特点。     

前列腺增生致膀胱出口梗阻后逼尿肌功能改变对尿动力学参数的影响

目的探讨良性前列腺增生症（BPH）致膀胱出口梗阻（BOO）后逼尿肌功能改变对尿动力学参数的影响。方法109例具有完整尿动力学结果的BPH患者根据有无B00分为梗阻组和非梗阻组;梗阻组根据梗阻级别分Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ级4组;逼尿肌收缩力分为逼尿肌收缩力减弱（DCA）与收缩力正常组;逼尿肌不稳定（DI）分DI与非DI;膀胱顺应性（BC）分高、正常、低顺应性三组;28例患者行经尿道前列腺切除术（TURP）术前及术后尿动力参数对比。结果BOO组的前列腺体积（PV）、国际前列腺症状评分（IPSS）、DI、急性尿潴留（AUR）发生率明显高于非BOO组（P〈O．05）;BOO组的最大尿流率（Qmax）、BC值、DCA发生率明显低于非BOO组（P〈0．05）;逼尿肌收缩力正常组的残余尿（RV）与BC值明显低于减弱组（P〈0．05）,而BOO和DI的发生率明显高于减弱组（P〈0．01）;DI组的年龄、BC值及DCA的发生率明显低于非DI组（P〈0．05）,而B00级别和AUR的发生率明显高于非DI组（P〈0．01）;低BC组IPSS、BOO级别、AUR发生率明显高于正常及高BC组（P〈0．05）,而DCA发生率明显低于正常及高BC组（P〈0．01）;术后Qmax、BC值较术前明显升高（P〈0．05）,RV、IPSS、DI发生率较术前明显减小（P〈0．01）。结论①BOO常与低顺应性膀胱、DI、AUR合并存在;②IPSS评分不能提示是否存在DI,DI的存在不影响IPSS评分;③TURP是治疗前列腺增生的金标准;④尿动力检查能全面了解有无BOO及BOO所致逼尿肌功能改变情况,对BPH的临床鉴别诊断、预后估计及选择恰当治疗方案都具有重要意义。     

膀胱出口梗阻引起逼尿肌肌球蛋白重链亚型表达改变的实验研究

目的检测膀胱出口梗阻(BOO)后逼尿肌肌球蛋白重链亚型表达改变。方法雄性新西兰白兔14只,分为梗阻组和对照组,每组7只。梗阻组行手术部分结扎膀胱颈部,制成BOO动物模型。5周后两组均切除膀胱并测定膀胱重量、容量,提取逼尿肌组织蛋白,行聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳,蛋白印迹法检测平滑肌肌球蛋白重链亚型(SM1和SM2)表达的改变;提取逼尿肌组织mRNA行RTPCR反应检测平滑肌肌球蛋白重链亚型SM1和SM2mRNA表达的改变。结果梗阻组和对照组膀胱重量分别为(13.8±4.4)g和(3.7±0.5)g,P<0.01;两组膀胱容量分别为(70.4±18.9)ml和(109.0±29.0)ml,P<0.05。梗阻组肌球蛋白重链亚型SM2∶SM1为1.2∶1.0,SM2mRNA∶SM1mRNA为1∶1。对照组分别为3∶1和3∶1。结论逼尿肌肌球蛋白重链亚型SM1、SM2的表达与逼尿肌的功能状态密切相关,随着SM1、SM2比例的改变,肌肉收缩功能亦发生相应变化。     

Muscarinic and purinergic receptor expression in the urothelium of rats with detrusor overactivity induced by bladder outlet obstruction

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the expression of muscarinic and purinergic receptors in rat urothelium, and changes in their distribution and expression following detrusor overactivity induced by bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into control (10) and BOO groups (20). Partial BOO was induced for 3 weeks and the rats assessed by cystometrography. A portion of the bladder was stained using immunofluorescence for M₂ and M₃ muscarinic receptors, and P2X₃ purinergic receptors. The remainder was dissected into bladder urothelium and the smooth muscle layer, and the expression of the receptor proteins analysed by Western blotting.

RESULTS

Cystometrography showed a significant decrease in contraction interval and increase in contraction pressure in the BOO group. On immunofluorescence staining, muscarinic and purinergic receptors were localized in both the urothelium and the muscle layer. Immunoreactivity of M₂ and M₃ muscarinic receptors was greater in the urothelium of the BOO group than in the control group; there was a smaller increase in P2X₃ immunoreactivity. On Western blotting, the expression of M₂, M₃ and P2X₃ receptors was increased in the urothelium of the BOO group, and there was increased M₃ receptor expression in the muscle layer of the BOO group.

CONCLUSIONS

There were detectable changes in muscarinic and purinergic receptors with bladder overactivity induced by BOO. Our results suggest that changes in urothelium receptor expression could have a role in mediating the afferent sensory responses in the urinary bladder.