缺氧复氧对大鼠神经细胞凋亡的影响

将原代培养的大鼠神经元分为正常对照组和缺氧复氧组,缺氧复氧组进行缺氧培养4 h后恢复有氧培养,并在复氧0、4、8、24 h分别取样.用MTT法、流式细胞仪分别检测大鼠神经细胞活力、细胞凋亡率和线粒体膜电位(MMP).结果 缺氧复氧组神经细胞线粒体损伤明显,神经细胞活性降低、凋亡数目增多,MMP明显下降甚至消散.认为缺氧复氧可诱导大鼠大脑皮层神经细胞发生凋亡,随时间延长可进一步加重神经细胞损伤.     

复方中风醒脑口服液干预急性脑出血治疗时间窗的临床研究

目的研究急性脑出血(AICH)可能存在的治疗时间窗及中药复方中风醒脑口服液(ZFXN)的干预作用。方法按照接受治疗时间,分层合并分析1988～2003年两个设计良好的随机对照临床试验资料共368例急性脑出血患者,分为治疗组(181例)及对照组(187例)。治疗组服用中药复方中风醒脑口服液,30ml/次,1次/6h,口服或鼻饲;对照组使用中药安慰剂。选用患者发病0～6h,6～24h,24～48h及48～72h4个时间段,疗效评价终点选用治疗后30、60、90d的病死率、神经功能缺失评分(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥量表(GOS)评分及Barthel指数(BI)。结果在0～72h的时间窗内,ZFXN可以降低AICH患者30、60d的病死率,改善90d的生活能力。在48～72h的时间窗内,ZFXN可以降低AICH患者60d病死率,改善90d生活能力。不同的治疗时间窗对治疗的结局无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论①在设计AICH临床方案时,72h是可以接受的时间窗。②ZFXN在48～72h的时间窗内,可以降低AICH患者60d病死率,改善90d生活能力。     

GM-1对原代培养神经元类缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的 观察类缺血再灌注对大鼠皮质神经元细胞损伤的影响及神经节苷脂(GM1)对受损神经细胞的保护作用.方法 制备培养原代神经元类缺血再灌注损伤模型,应用 GM1分别于再灌注后不同时间进行MTT,凋亡流式细胞检测等.结果 进行类缺血再灌注后,任一时间点的缺血组、实验组的细胞活性均低于正常组,凋亡率高于正常组.1 h时缺血组与实验组的细胞活性和凋亡细胞染色无明显差别,而流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率显示实验组低于缺血组;在随后的不同时间点实验组的细胞活性显著高于缺血组,凋亡率显著低于缺血组.结论 GM1可保护类缺血再灌注后大鼠皮质神经元的损伤,作用从再灌后1 h即可出现,6 h～24 h时这种作用逐渐加强;GM1可减轻类缺血再灌注诱导的大鼠皮质神经元细胞凋亡,增加神经元的存活率,从而对损伤神经元细胞具有保护作用.     

rhEPO对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡及Fas、FADD表达的影响

目的探讨重组人促红细胞生成素（rhEPO）对视网膜缺血再灌注损伤（RIRI）所致视网膜神经细胞凋亡的保护作用及机制。方法将52只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组4只,不行特殊处理;模型组和观察组各24只,均通过前房穿刺加压法制成RIRI模型,并分别于缺血前24h腹腔注射生理盐水和rhEPo,于1～72h应用末端脱氧核酸转移酶介导的脱氧三磷酸尿苷缺口末端标记（TUNEL）法检测视网膜神经细胞凋亡,采用过氧化物酶标记的sP免疫组化方法检测Fas、Fas相关蛋白（FADD）表达。结果对照组未见细胞凋亡及Fas、FADD表达。观察组与模型组视网膜神经细胞凋亡及Fas、FADD表达均出现于再灌注后6h,24h达到高峰,48h开始下降,其中观察组细胞凋亡在12、24、48h明显低于模型组（P〈0．05）,Fas、FADD表达在6、12、24h明显低于模型组（P〈0．05）。结论rhEPO可明显减轻RIRI所致大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡,可能机制为下调Fas、FADD表达。     

缺氧与缺氧/复氧诱导心肌细胞凋亡的比较及意义

目的 :研究单纯缺氧与缺氧复氧对体外培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响 ,探讨凋亡在心肌细胞缺氧 /复氧损伤中的作用。方法 :取体外培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞 ,分两组 ,均置于 95 0 ml/ L N2 ,5 0 ml/ L CO2 孵箱中培养16 ,32 ,4 8h,其中一组缺氧后再恢复正常条件培养 6 h,分别造成缺氧和缺氧 /复氧损伤的细胞模型 ,TUNEL 染色观察凋亡细胞形态学变化 ,流式细胞仪检测心肌细胞凋亡率。结果 :心肌细胞经历缺氧和缺氧 /复氧损伤后 ,TU NEL 染色可见凋亡阳性细胞 ;应用流式细胞仪定量检测 ,心肌细胞缺氧培养 16 ,32 ,4 8h后 ,其凋亡率分别为 :（2 .9± 0 .5 ） % ,（6 .2± 0 .8） %和 （2 6 .6± 3.0 ） % ;心肌细胞在缺氧 16 ,32和 4 8h后复氧 6 h,其凋亡率分别为 :（5 .5± 0 .7） % ,（11.0± 1.1） %和 （14 .2± 1.6 ） %。结论 :心肌细胞凋亡率随着缺氧时间的延长而增高 ;缺氧 /复氧较单纯缺氧可进一步加重心肌细胞的损伤     

肾性高血压大鼠局灶性脑缺血及再灌注后脑组织NF-κB和Bcl-2蛋白表达及神经元凋亡的研究

目的观察核转录因子κB（NF-κB）和Bcl-2蛋白在高血压大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞2 h后再灌注不同时间点神经元的表达以及神经细胞的凋亡,探讨NF-κB和Bcl-2蛋白在高血压大鼠脑缺血损伤细胞凋亡过程中的作用。方法选用双肾双夹法制成高血压大鼠模型后用线栓法制成大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型,随机分为假手术组以及缺血2h再灌注0h组、3h组、6h组、24h组、48h组、72h组,免疫组化法观察NF-κB和Bcl-2的表达并采用流式细胞仪观察神经细胞的凋亡。结果脑缺血再灌注后各个时间点都有NF-κB表达,其部位为神经元核内为主,以6 h组最为显著;Bcl-2蛋白的表达于缺血再灌注后24 h达高峰;皮质神经细胞凋亡数量于脑缺血2h再灌注3h-72h显著增加,24h-48h达高峰。结论凋亡是高血压大鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经元死亡的一种方式;NF-κB和Bcl-2参与脑缺血损伤,NF-κB早于Bcl-2 18h表达,Bcl-2与凋亡时程变化基本一致;恰当时间窗内对NF-κB和Bcl-2的干预将是有效治疗措施。     

阿司匹林对缺氧/缺糖大鼠皮质神经元细胞线粒体膜电位的影响

目的观察大鼠皮质神经元细胞在缺氧/缺糖(OGD)时线粒体膜电位(MMP)的变化及阿司匹林的保护作用。方法取体外培养7d的Wistar大鼠皮质神经元细胞,随机分为正常对照组、缺氧/缺糖模型组、缺氧/缺糖加阿司匹林组。缺氧/缺糖2h后在常氧下继续培养24h。流式细胞术检测不同时间段神经元细胞线粒体膜电位。结果缺氧/缺糖损伤2h,缺氧/缺糖组线粒体膜电位水平较正常对照组显著降低(P<0.01)。缺氧/缺糖加阿司匹林组皮质神经元细胞在缺氧2h及再复氧24h后细胞线粒体膜电位明显高于缺氧/缺糖模型组(P<0.01)。结论阿司匹林可抑制缺氧/缺糖损伤所致的线粒体膜电位的降低,从而具有稳定线粒体膜电位的作用,抑制神经细胞凋亡的发生。     

丹参对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经元内细胞周期蛋白D1表达的影响

目的　观察大鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经元内细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclinD1)表达与神经细胞凋亡的关系以及丹参的影响。方法　采用线栓法大鼠大脑中动脉持续阻塞模型 ,应用免疫组织化学和TUNEL染色方法观察假手术组和缺血后不同时间阳性染色神经细胞的数量和分布情况及丹参的影响。结果　cyclinD1蛋白表达自缺血后 6h开始出现 ,缺血后 48h达高峰 ;丹参组各相应时间点cyclinD1蛋白表达明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。凋亡细胞自缺血后 12h开始出现 ,缺血后 72h达高峰 ;丹参组各相应时间点凋亡细胞表达明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。相邻切片可见cyclinD1蛋白表达和凋亡细胞染色区域基本相同。结论　脑缺血后cyclinD1的异常表达可能诱发了缺血神经细胞的凋亡 ,丹参可能通过抑制cyclinD1的表达而减少缺血后神经细胞的损害     

生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱导基因153在慢性缺氧诱导心肌细胞凋亡中的表达

目的研究慢性缺氧诱导心肌细胞发生凋亡的情况,探讨生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱导基因(CHOP/GADD153)蛋白表达变化与心肌细胞凋亡的关系。方法将体外培养的心肌细胞置于95%N_2/5%CO_2混合气体培养箱内进行慢性缺氧处理,随机将心肌细胞分为对照组及缺氧6、12、24、48、72 h组。采用流式细胞术及DNA梯度技术检测心肌细胞凋亡情况.RT-PCR检测CHOP/GAD153 mRNA水平变化,western blot检测细胞凋亡过程中CHOP/GADD153蛋白表达变化。结果缺氧6 h组心肌细胞出现典型的凋亡特征;与对照组比较,缺氧12、24、48、72 h组心肌细胞凋亡数量明显增多(P<0.05):CHOP/GADD153 mRNA和蛋白表达水平也明显增加(P<0.05)。结论慢性缺氧可诱导心肌细胞发生凋亡,CHOP/GADD153可能参与了慢性缺氧诱导心肌细胞凋亡的信号传导通路。     

不同时间低氧条件对人胃黏膜上皮细胞凋亡的影响

目的 研究低氧条件对体外培养人胃黏膜上皮细胞株GES-1凋亡的影响.方法 建立GES-1细胞体外低氧培养模型.在低氧处理后不同时间点(24 h 、48 h、72 h)MTT法检测存活率、电镜观察形态变化、TUNEL染色观察细胞凋亡.结果 低氧条件作用24 h、48 h、72 h后,GES-1细胞存活率均下降(P＜0.05),细胞凋亡指数均升高(P＜0.05),透射电镜均观察到部分凋亡细胞.结论 低氧条件可明显抑制GES-1细胞生长并诱导其凋亡.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.