十堰市130名儿童血铅分析

目的: 了解十堰市2~5岁儿童血铅水平现状及分析影响因素。方法: 对十堰市城区的2~5岁130名儿童进行血铅测定和问卷调查。结果: 130名儿童血铅平均0 .51μmol/L。其中69名儿童血铅≥0 48μmol/L, 平均0 7.6μmol/L; 61名儿童血铅<0. 48μmol/L, 平均0 .41μmol/L。结论: 目前城区儿童平均血铅水平与铅中毒流行率较高。应采取措施对诱发因素进行控制。     

儿童血铅与胎儿期铅污染的关系

目的了解儿童血铅水平与胎儿期铅污染的关系。方法采集1～5岁儿童手指血和新生儿出生时的脐带血,用原子吸收石墨炉法测定血铅浓度。结果1122例儿童血铅平均为（0.42±0.15）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的儿童占27.54％;127例新生儿脐带血铅平均为（0.16±0.12）μmol/L,血铅值≥0.483μmol/L的新生儿占0.79％。结论儿童血铅水平高主要是环境污染和生活行为引起,儿童在胎儿期血铅的本底水平已较高,所以预防儿童铅中毒应从孕妇做起。     

环境铅接触对儿童智力与行为影响的调查

对广州市区内无铅污染源的三所小学259名9～11岁儿童进行血铅水平测试。并按血铅水平(≤1.21μmol/L和&;gt;1．21μmol/L)将儿童分为两组比较其智商(IQ)与行为，结果儿童血铅平均水平为0．79μmol/L。两组IQ分别为104．7和96．9，高铅组儿童IQ、课堂注意力较低铅组低，说明在本次调查的血铅范围内，铅对儿童智商存在一定影响，并首先表现为抽象推理能力降低，儿童课堂注意力有随血铅增高而降低的趋势，在控制影响儿童智力发育的有关因素后，则未发现儿童IQ与血铅有明显相关。     

未经鳌合治疗儿童铅水平下降所需时间

测定了未经鳌合治疗儿童血铅水平下降至0.48μmol/L以下所需的时间。研究结果显示，血铅水平（μmol/L）在12－13.92、9.6-11.52、7.2-9.12以及4.8-6.72下降至0.48μmol/L以下，分别需要24.0、20.9、14.3和9.2个月。结论为：血铅下降所需的平均时间与血铅高峰值呈线形相关，50％血铅下降至0.48μmol/L以下是非线形的并随血铅峰值而变化。     

泰安地区城乡两地儿童血铅水平调查及相关研究

目的 :了解泰安市区及山区 6～ 11岁儿童血铅及血红蛋白水平有无差异。方法 :采用原子吸收光谱法对 187名 6～ 11岁儿童血铅水平进行测定 ,并对高铅儿童进行了调查。结果 :市区儿童血铅水平均数为0 0 0 9～ 0 711μmol/L ,其中≥ 0 4 83μmol/L者占 37 4 % ,山区儿童血铅水平均数为 0 0 0 7～ 0 5 2 6 μmol/L ,其中≥ 0 4 83μmol/L者占 19 6 %。结论 :泰安市区儿童血铅水平显著高于山区儿童 (P <0 0 0 1)。     

豫西地区0～6岁儿童血铅水平及影响因素的流行病学研究

【目的】了解豫西地区0～6岁儿童血铅水平现状及影响因素。【方法】血铅测定采用末梢血纸片法，并进行问卷调查。【结果】585名儿童血铅水平均数为0．425μmol／L，高于目前国际公认的儿童铅中毒诊断标准≥0．483μmol／L的比例是31．96％，儿童血铅水平存在显著的地域差异，黄金开采区最高，近郊城区最低，两地区均数分别为0．536μmol／L和0．319μmol／L。儿童每日在马路上时问长，经常啃手指、吃皮蛋及爆米花，经常饮用罐头饮料等是儿童血铅水平升高的主要危险因素。【结论】目前豫西地区儿童血铅水平较高，应引起高度关注。     

十堰市2～6岁集居儿童血铅现状分析

目的:了解十堰市城区2～6岁集居儿童血铅水平现状并分析其影响因素。方法:血铅采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定,并对儿童家长进行问卷调查。结果:2431名集居儿童的血铅平均值为0.487μmol/L,其中,1092名儿童血铅≥0.483μmol/L。结论:目前十堰市城区集居儿童平均血铅水平与铅中毒率较高,应采取措施对诱发因素进行控制。     

丹阳市幼儿园儿童血铅水平调查

[目的]调查丹阳市3~6岁儿童血铅水平,并分析其相关因素,为科学预防提供依据。[方法]在位于不同区域的5所幼儿园,随机抽取316名儿童采集静脉血,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅;采用SPSS软件统计分析。[结果]儿童血铅总体均值为(0.388±0.158)μmol/L,≥0.483μmol/L的占24.7%,其中丹化幼儿园有47.5%的儿童血铅≥0.483μmol/L。5所幼儿园儿童血铅均值差异有显著性,分别为(0.426±0.150)、(0.277±0.102)、(0.337±0.088)、(0.435±0.168)、(0.451±0.189)μmol/L,F=13.96,P<0.01。男童血铅均值为0.413μmol/L,较女童的0.363μmol/L高(t=2.11,P=0.034)。[结论]丹阳市儿童血铅均值在全国处于中等水平,居住在工业区、市中心和交通干道的儿童血铅较其他地区高。     

哈尔滨市学龄前儿童血铅与身高体重关系的初步研究

目的 为探讨哈尔滨市学龄前儿童血铅水平以及其对幼儿生长发育情况的影响。方法 选择310名4～7岁学龄前儿童,测定其身高、体重,并采集空腹血样,用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定血铅水平。以CDC 1991年制定的儿童铅中毒标准:血铅水平≥100μg/L为判定铅中毒的依据。结果 本次调查儿童铅中毒率为14.9％;4～5岁儿童血铅水平与其身高、体重存在显著负相关,相关系数:r体重=-0.158,P<0.05;r身高=-0.242,P<0.01,6～7岁组儿童血铅水平与身高体重无显著相关。结论 铅对5岁以下儿童的生长发育影响较大。     

永康市3~7岁儿童血铅水平调查分析

目的:了解永康市托幼机构3~7岁儿童血铅水平。方法:2004年7月~2004年12月对永康市不同区域592名3~7岁儿童进行血铅测定并作铅污染因素问卷调查。结果:592名儿童血铅均值0.354μmol/L,铅中毒检出率15.88%。男女童之间、不同年龄儿童血铅均值铅中毒检出率差异无显著性(P>0.05),血铅增高与环境因素及其他危险因素有关。结论:永康市儿童平均血铅水平和铅中毒检出率低于全国水平,但工业区儿童血铅水平高于其他地区。环境污染及儿童各种不良行为习惯是导致铅中毒的主要原因。应通过改善环境、加强宣教、铅中毒的筛查,及早发现铅中毒,予以适当干预。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.