民族地区医学生心理健康与生活事件相关性研究

[目的]了解民族地区医学生应激性生活事件及其与心理健康的关系,为减轻应激性生活事件对大学生心理健康的影响提供依据。[方法]用青少年生活事件量表（ASLEC）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对百色市的566名医学生进行健康测试。[结果]①医学生心理问题总检出率为44.99%,心理问题检出率较高的依次是强迫症状（33.70%）、人际关系敏感（27.87%）、抑郁（23.50%）;不同民族间在强迫症状、人际关系敏感两个因子上有差异（P﹤0.05）。人际关系敏感因子壮族学生得分高于汉族学生（P﹤0.05）。②学习压力因子、丧失因子、健康适应因子3个应激源壮汉族间均有统计学差异（P﹤0.05）;③典型相关分析显示,抑郁、偏执与学习压力、人际关系呈正相关。[结论]民族医学生面临的生活事件主要为学习压力和人际关系,而人际冲突,学习压力问题越严重,心理问题越突出,尤其是抑郁和偏执症状越明显。     

高等护理专业男生心理健康状况及影响因素的分析

[目的]探讨护理专业男生心理健康状况及其影响因素。[方法]采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、特质应对问卷(TCSQ)及社会支持评定量表对132名男护生进行测评并与男医学生相比较。[结果]①男护生SCL-90总分及各因子得分均高于男医学生,尤其在偏执、人际敏感、焦虑、抑郁及精神病性因子上尤为显著(P﹤0.001),②男护生SCL-90各因子分与神经质、精神质维度呈正相关,与内外向、掩饰性维度负相关。③男护生SCL-90各因子与积极应对呈负相关(P﹤0.05),与消极应对呈显著正相关(P﹤0.01)。④男护生社会支持各维度与SCL-90各因子呈负相关。[结论]人格特征、应对方式和社会支持影响护理专业男生心理健康,高等护理院校应重视男护生心理健康,有针对性地开展心理健康教育,着重塑造其健全的人格,培养积极应对方式,加强社会支持,促进身心健康发。     

江苏两市流动人口人格特征及与心理健康关系

[目的]探讨流动人口的人格特征和心理健康水平的关系. [方法]采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对随机抽取的流动人口的心理健康状况和人格特征进行评估.[结果]①EPQ结果显示:女性流动人口在E、N、L量表与全国常模比差异有统计学意义(O<0.01～0.001);男性流动人口在P、E、N、L量表与全国常模比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05～0.001);不同性别流动人口在P、N、L分量表的差异有统计学意义(P(0.05～0.001).②EPQ中N量表、P量表与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈正相关;E量表与SCL-90总分及各因子分呈负相关.③回归分析表明:性别,神经质,年龄,有无小孩,婚姻状况为已婚,内外向对心理健康有预测作用. [结论]流动人口人格特征和心理健康水平密切相关.     

兰州市城区居民环保KAP调查与分析

[目的]了解兰州市城区居民环境保护知识、态度、行为（KAP）的现状及相关影响因素,为政府、环境管理部门制定科学合理的环境卫生政策及有效的管理措施提供科学依据。[方法]对自愿接受调查的兰州市城区5个社区的居民,进行环保KAP问卷调查。[结果]兰州市城区居民的环保知识水平评分（Y）与居民的教育程度（X2）、年龄（X1）之间存在一定关系,与教育程度呈明显正相关（P﹤0.01）;男性环保知识评分明显高于女性（P﹤0.01）;成年人环保知识评分明显高于青少年（P﹤0.01）;成年人各组间评分差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）;无收入组与月收入1000～1999元组间评分差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）,随着月收入的增加,知识得分在增高。环保知识得分高的人群其环保态度也较好,但其行为与知识、态度之间未见到相关性（P﹥0.05）。[结论]①兰州市城区居民环保知识水平较为低下,态度不够积极;②居民环保知识和态度与教育程度密切相关;③环保教育和工作的手段、重点应有针对性。     

大学生生命价值观与人格特征的相关研究

[目的]了解大学生生命价值观现状,探讨大学生生命价值观与人格的关系,为大学生心理健康教育提供依据。[方法]采用大学生生命价值观量表、人格量表调查768位大学生。[结果](1)大学生生命价值观各因子平均得分分别是积极乐观(4.34±0.62)、拼搏进取(4.31±0.59)、珍爱生命(4.07±0.55)、狭隘(2.74±0.97)、悲观困惑(2.33±0.72)、消极宿命(2.06±0.76)。生命价值观在积极进取的主流中呈现多元化趋势。(2)相关分析显示大学生生命价值观各因子与人格特征各因子大多存在不同程度显著相关(P﹤0.05)。(3)回归分析显示,内外向、神经质、精神质、掩饰性4个因子进入回归方程,分别对生命价值观多个因子具有预测作用(P﹤0.01)。人格各因子可以在一定程度上预测生命价值观。[结论]高内外向、掩饰性,低神经质、精神质对大学生生命价值观的形成具有积极作用;低内外向、掩饰性,高神经质、精神质对大学生生命价值观的形成具有消极作用。健康的人格特征对个体的生命价值观有积极意义。     

国防生自尊与心理健康水平调查

[目的]探讨国防生自尊水平与心理健康状况,为其心理教育和管理工作提供依据。[方法]运用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和自尊量表(SES)对189名国防生进行了调查。[结果]国防生自尊水平高于普通大学生(29.23±3.93,28.32±4.25,t=2.27,P﹤0.05);国防生心理问题检出率显著低于普通大学生(χ2=3.99,P﹤0.05);国防生SCL-90强迫、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、偏执、精神病性因子得分显著低于普通大学生(P﹤0.05,P﹤0.01);国防生心理健康和自尊之间存在显著的负相关(r=-0.363～-0.536,P﹤0.01)。[结论]国防生较普通大学生有更高的自尊和心理健康水平。     

医学生人格、社会支持与信赖他人的相关研究

[目的]研究医学专业大学生人格、领悟社会支持与信赖他人的现状及相互作用特征。[方法]使用艾森克人格问卷、领悟社会支持评价量表和信赖他人量表对767名医学专业大学生施测。[结果]①人格测试显示,在精神质、神经质得分上存在性别差异,男女生精神质和内外向得分均高于全国常模,神经质和掩饰得分低于全国常模;领悟社会支持测试显示,社会支持总分及其各维度均存在性别差异,差异有统计学意义。②人格、社会支持及信赖他人相互间均有相关,相关有统计学意义。③神经质、朋友支持和精神质对信赖他人回归效果显著。[结论]人格、社会支持能对信赖他人具有预测,教育者应在考虑学生性别、年级和生源地的前提下,有针对性地采取多样化的教育方式提高大学生信赖他人程度,仅为促进和改善其人际交往环境。     

大学生性相关行为与态度调查

[目的]调查大学生性相关行为与态度。[方法]随机抽取在校大学生473名,就5个方面的问题进行问卷调查。[结果]男大学生在性幻想、性相关行为方面明显多于女大学生（P﹤0.001）,在性行为道德方面明显低于女大学生（P﹤0.01）;高年级大学生在“阅读或观看有关书刊或影视作品”方面明显多于低年级大学生（P﹤0.05）;男大学生性幻想与性相关行为呈正相关（P﹤0.001）,女大学生性幻想只与部分性相关行为呈正相关（P﹤0.001）;性行为道德与性幻想、性相关行为不相关（P﹥0.05）。[结论]男、女大学生在性幻想、性相关行为和性行为道德,以及性幻想和性相关行为关系方面存在较大差异,不同年级大学生在性相关行为方面也有差异。     

护理本科生死亡态度与情绪智力的相关性分析

目的调查护理本科生情绪智力与死亡态度的现状,分析护生情绪智力与死亡态度之间关系。方法 2018年12月—2019年1月采用方便抽样法选取天津市某医学院校护理专业283名本科生为调查对象,采用情绪智力量表和中文版死亡态度描绘量表进行横断面调查,并对数据进行分析。结果护理本科生情绪智力总得分为122.29±12.13,死亡态度中自然接受得分最高,趋近接受得分最低。护理本科生情绪智力与死亡恐惧、趋近接受及逃离接受呈负相关(P0.05),与自然接受呈正相关(P0.01)。结论护理本科生情绪智力处于中等水平,死亡态度各维度得分存在一定差异性,护理本科生情绪智力水平的提高有利于形成正向的死亡态度,应加强对护理本科生情绪智力及死亡态度的教育培养,使其树立健康的生死观,为未来的临床护理工作奠定基础。     

儿童抑郁与儿童社会期望的相关研究

[目的]了解小学生的儿童抑郁与儿童社会期望状况及两者的关系,为儿童的家庭和学校教育及有抑郁症儿童的早期于预提供参考依据.[方法]采用儿童抑郁量表和儿童社会期望量表对667名四至六年级的小学生进行调查.[结果]①小学生抑郁症状的检出率为16.5%,不同性别的小学生在人际问题因子上得分的差异有显著性(P＜0.001),男生的得分显著高于女生;②在儿童社会期望量表上,不同性别小学生的差异有显著性(P＜0.01).女生的得分显著高于男生;不同年级小学生的差异有显著性(P＜0.001),并且随着年级的增加小学生在儿童社会期望量表上的得分逐渐降低;③儿童抑郁与儿童社会期望两者呈负相关,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).[结论]儿童社会期望对儿童抑郁有影响.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.