护士职业倦怠与职业紧张的关系研究

目的探讨护士职业倦怠与职业紧张的关系及职业倦怠的影响因素。方法采用整群抽样的方法对辽宁省三级甲等医院的护士进行问卷调查。应用T检验、单因素方差分析、Logistic回归分析护士职业倦怠的影响因素。结果单因素分析结果显示年龄、婚姻状况、夜班、每周工作时间、护患关系均对护士的职业倦怠有影响。Logistic回归分析结果显示付出-回报与职业倦怠的情绪衰竭维度以及消极怠慢维度呈密切相关(P<0.001),且紧张程度越高,对这两个维度的解释力越大。而在个人成就感维度,只有高紧张型护士的得分较低紧张型护士明显降低(P<0.001)。结论职业紧张、年龄、夜班、护患关系是影响护士职业倦怠的重要因素,医院管理人员应根据此结果制定更科学的人力资源管理政策以预防或减少职业倦怠。     

衡阳市国有企业员工职业倦怠及影响因素研究

目的了解衡阳市国有企业员工职业倦怠现状及其影响因素。方法采用整群抽样再随机抽样的原则对衡阳市3所企业部分员工进行了职业倦怠的问卷调查,运用秩和检验方法分析职业倦怠的影响因素。结果衡阳市国有企业员工从三个维度的重度职业倦怠发生率分别为EE(32.4%)、DP(70.0%)、PA(92.8%);不同用工性质、工种、性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、工作年限、职称的国有企业员工的职业倦怠差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论衡阳市国有企业职业倦怠发生率高,用工性质、工种、婚姻状况、文化程度、工作年限、职称、年龄等是职业倦怠的重要影响变量。     

机车乘务员职业倦怠影响因素研究

[目的]了解机车乘务员的职业倦怠状况,探讨职业倦怠影响因素. [方法]采用哥本哈根倦怠量表(Copenhagen Burnout Inventory,CBI)对昆明铁路局机务段在岗机车乘务员进行职业倦怠及其影响因素的调查,同时对该人群进行职业健康检查;采用多重线性回归方法分析职业倦怠的影响因素. [结果]共发放问卷2024份,回收有效问卷1967份,有效回收率为97.18％;调查对象均为男性,年龄(37.56±7.19)岁.该人群职业倦怠平均得分为73.44±23.06,108人处于轻度职业倦怠,占总人数的5.49％;551人处于中度职业倦怠,占总人数的28.01％;1 308人处于高度职业倦怠,占总人数的66.50％.经多重线性回归分析显示,付出影响、回报情况、自身工作条件3个公因子进入方程;从标准化偏回归系数看,职业倦怠影响因素由大到小顺序为:付出影响、回报情况、自身工作条件;从偏回归系数看付出影响与职业倦怠程度总体上呈正相关,而回报情况和自身工作条件与职业倦怠程度总体上呈负相关(P＜0.001). [结论]机车乘务员职业倦怠现状较严重;影响职业倦怠的主要因素为付出影响、回报情况、自身工作条件.     

某劳动密集型电子企业员工职业倦怠及其影响因素分析

目的 分析某劳动密集型电子企业员工的职业倦怠状况及其影响因素,为制定预防员工职业倦怠策略提供科学依据。 方法 采用整群抽样方法抽取298名员工,采用一般情况调查表和职业倦怠问卷进行职业倦怠调查,对相关资料进行logistic回归分析。 结果 64.1%的员工有职业倦怠。单因素方差分析结果显示,不同年龄、婚姻状况、工龄、周工作时间、月收入员工的职业倦怠综合得分不同(P<0.01或0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,流水线作业人员出现职业倦怠状况的危险性是非流水线作业人员的1.90倍,周工作时间≥ 56 h者出现职业倦怠的危险性是周工作时间<40 h者的3.32倍,而工龄≥ 10年的员工出现职业倦怠的危险性仅是工龄<5年者的0.37倍(P均<0.05或0.01)。 结论 该企业员工职业倦怠水平较高,应重点关注工龄短、流水线作业、周工作时间长的员工,采取有效的措施,促进这些人员的身心健康,减少职业倦怠的发生。     

重庆市家庭医生团队成员职业倦怠现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解家庭医生团队成员的职业倦怠现状,探讨其职业倦怠的影响因素。方法 采用整群随机抽样法,从重庆市8 171支家庭医生团队中随机地选取593支团队的全部成员作为调查对象;采用自行设计的基本情况问卷和李超平等翻译并修订的MBI - GS量表对其进行调查。结果 重庆市家庭医生团队成员职业倦怠阳性检出率为78.9%,其中职业倦怠中等程度8 290例（61.7%）。主城区团队成员职业倦怠阳性6 387例（47.5%）,阳性检出率80.1%;渝东北地区职业倦怠阳性3 628例（27.0%）,阳性检出率77.5%;渝东南地区职业倦怠阳性588例（4.4%）,阳性检出率75.2%。二元logistic回归分析结果显示, 性别、年龄、月收入、编制、岗位、择业主要原因以及地区是职业倦怠的主要影响因素 (P＜0.05)。结论 重庆市家庭医生团队成员的职业倦怠阳性发生率较高,一半以上成员表现为中程度职业倦怠。与其他两大地区比较,主城区职业倦怠阳性检出率最高。相关管理者应针对主要影响因素进行干预,减轻工作压力和紧张感,以缓解职业倦怠感。     

铁路职工职业倦怠现况及其影响因素

目的了解太原铁路职工职业倦怠的整体状况,探讨其影响因素,从而为缓解和克服铁路职工职业倦怠,为有针对性地制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法分层随机抽取铁路职工600名,以问卷形式调查了解铁路职工的社会人口学、工作、健康和生活、社会支持状况,采用职业倦怠量表通用版(MBI-GS)对铁路职工的职业倦怠进行全面测量,并统计分析铁路职工职业倦怠的影响因素。结果铁路职工职业倦怠3个维度分值分别为情绪衰竭15.03±9.15,人格解体11.84±7.62,成就感降低19.55±10.21,总分为46.51±20.31。影响因素分析显示,50岁以上组的职业倦怠程度低于50岁以下组,工龄大于30 a组发生职业倦怠得分明显低于小于30 a组,火车司机比其他岗位人员更容易产生职业倦怠感;文化程度越低、家庭有收入人口数越少,连续工作时间越长,职业倦怠程度越高;日均睡眠时间越长,参加体育锻炼次数越多,兴趣越广泛,获得社会支持越多,职业倦怠程度越低。结论铁路职工存在职业倦怠现象,呈中等程度。工龄、职工不同工作岗位、连续工作时间、参加体育锻炼、兴趣、社会支持等是影响铁路职工职业倦怠程度的主要因素。     

某中外合资制造厂工人职业倦怠影响因素研究

目的 探讨影响工人职业倦怠的相关因素.方法 对某中外合资制造厂所有635名工人进行问卷调查,调查内容包括:社会人口学资料、个人噪声暴露史;职业倦怠通用量表;社会支持评定量表;简易应对方式量表;一般自我效能感量表等.结果 (1)性别、婚姻状况、工作性质、文化程度、工作环境噪声水平对职业倦怠的各个维度有影响(P＜0.05).(2)自我效能感、积极应对、社会支持与职业倦怠呈负相关,消极应对与职业倦怠呈正相关(P＜0.05).(3)多重线性回归显示:主观支持、消极应对、积极应对、客观支持、一线工作员工、本科以上文化水平对情绪衰竭有显著影响(P＜0.05);社会支持利用、消极应对、积极应对、客观支持对消极倦怠有显著影响(P＜0.05);自我效能、积极应对、消极应对、主观支持对职业效能有显著影响(P＜0.05).结论 婚姻状况、文化程度、工作性质、工作环境等是职业倦怠的重要影响因素.提高工人的自我效能感、帮助建立积极的应对方式、增加社会支持可以减轻职业倦怠.     

新能源企业员工人格特质与职业倦怠的关系分析

目的 探究大五人格特质与新能源企业员工职业倦怠的关系。方法 于2021年10月，采用随机取样的方式，使用本土化职业倦怠量表和大五人格量表对119名新能源企业员工进行调查，并对数据进行分析。结果 新能源企业员工存在重度职业倦怠问题占比0.84%、存在中度职业倦怠问题占比28.57%、存在轻度职业倦怠问题占比52.10%。男性在去个体化维度的平均得分[（1.70±1.25）分]高于女性[（1.17±0.81）分]，差异有统计学意义（t=2.771,P<0.05）。年龄与去个体化维度呈负相关（r=-0.156,P<0.05），与成就感低落呈正相关（r=0.172,P<0.05）；月收入水平、受教育程度均与去个体化程度呈正相关（r=0.156、0.246，均P<0.05）。神经质可以正向预测情绪衰竭（β=0.198,P<0.05）和去个体化程度（β=0.251,P<0.05），外倾性可以负向预测成就感低落维度得分（β=-0.311,P<0.05），尽责性可以负向预测去个体化程度（β=-0.258,P<0.05）。结论 新能源企业员工职业倦怠问题较...     

医务人员职业倦怠与健康生产力受损的关联

[目的]分析医务人员职业倦怠与隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损之间的关联关系。[方法]采用分层抽样方法,选择上海医务工会下辖的8家三级医院职工为调查对象进行调查。采用通用职业倦怠问卷(MBI-GS)中文版进行医务人员职业倦怠的评估,采用斯坦福隐性缺勤问卷(SPS-6)中文版评估隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损的状况。[结果]在2313份给出职业倦怠完整量表信息的有效问卷中,有74.2%的调查对象表现出不同程度的职业倦怠,医生和护士的职业倦怠率分别为73.2%和84.0%;隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损平均得分为15.24±3.89。不同年龄、岗位、工龄、职称、编制、倒班、情感耗竭、人格解体、个人成就感及职业倦怠间,隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损程度不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);但不同性别、学历间隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损差异则无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在调整了社会经济水平和工作性质等变量后,logistic回归分析显示职业倦怠与隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损的关联关系依然存在,说明这种关联不会因社会经济地位以及工作性质的改变而不同。[结论]医务人员的职业倦怠与隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损间可能存在密切关联,即随着职业倦怠程度的增加,隐性缺勤所致健康生产力受损的程度越大。     

机车司机心理健康状况及其影响因素研究

[目的]了解机车司机心理健康状况及其影响因素. [方法]对南昌铁路局管内南昌、向塘机务段采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取南昌、向塘2个机务段的机车司机共519人作为研究对象.采用SCL～90症状自评量表对机车司机心理健康状况进行测量,并与国内常模进行比较.以是否筛查阳性为固变量,以机车司机的年龄、婚姻状况、工作岗位、文化程度、生活事件、特质应对方式、社会支持等因素为自变量进行二分类非条件Logistic回归分析. [结果]机车司机SCL-90症状自评量表9项因子得分和阳性项目数均高于国内常模,但只有躯体化、强迫和焦虑3项因子得分的比较具有统计学意义.年龄、婚姻状况、工作岗位、文化程度、生活事件、特质应对方式社会支持等因素对机车司机的心理健康状况虽有影响,但均无统计学意义. [结论]机车司机存在一定的心理健康问题.应积极提供心理咨询服务,加强心理健康教育工作,为机车司机提供良好的社会支持.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.