耐多药肺结核患者痰菌耐药不均一性研究初报

目的 采用新的实验方法探讨耐多药肺结核患者痰菌是否存在耐药不均一性。方法 一例耐多药肺结核思者痰分离培养物制成的菌悬液，用8．0μm孔径醋酸纤维膜过滤得到单条结核菌分散存在的菌悬液，稀释后接种培养，挑取24个单菌落，分别传代培养获得24个结核菌的纯种。采取中国标准绝对浓度法对24个纯种菌株进行药物(INH、RFP、SM、EMB))敏感性试验，以敏感株H37Rv为对照。结果 从耐多药肺结核患者的分离株得到的24个纯种结核菌中，对INH敏感1个(4．2％)、低耐22个(91．6％)、高耐1个(4．2％)；对RFP敏感2个(8．3％)、低耐2个(8．3％)、高耐20个(83．4％)；对SM敏感1个(4．2％)、低耐0个(0％)、高耐23个(95．8％)；对EMB全部敏感。结论 耐多药肺结核患者的痰菌对多种抗结核药物均存在耐药不均一性，敏感菌与耐药菌、低耐菌与高耐菌混合存在，敏感菌为极少数，耐药菌占绝大多数。     

金华市住院肺结核病人耐药特征分析

目的了解我市住院肺结核病人的耐药动态变化趋势.方法调查1980-1986年、1996-1998年、1999-2001年住院治疗痰结核菌培养阳性病人,对常用的5种抗结核药物(SM、INH、RFP、EMB、PAS)进行耐药性监测.结果三个不同时期累计总耐药率为41.99%(1119/2665),耐SM居首位28.5%,其依次为INH(26.1%)、REP(21.4%)、PAS(10.5%)、EMB(5.1%);初始、获得性耐药率分别为28.9%、76.80%;耐多药(INH、RFP)率高达31.1%.1999-2001年与1980年-1986年比较,总耐药率、初始耐药率、获得性耐药率、耐多药率均呈现不同程度的下降趋势结论我市属高耐药地区,应进一步加强对肺结核病人的规范化疗和督导化疗.     

复治肺结核病人痰菌耐药不均一性研究

本文采用直接药敏试验和活菌计数方法,对11例复治肺结核病人痰结核菌对RFP、INH和SM的耐药性进行了定量测定,结果表明,结核菌耐药性存在不均一现象,有敏感菌,也有低度耐药菌和高度耐药菌。常规药敏试验对于检测结核菌有无耐药性虽有一定参考价值,但不能揭示耐药程度的不均一性。     

化疗不当和耐药

自然界中存在极少量的耐药菌自然界中存在的结核菌含有极少量的抗结核耐药菌,这是由于细菌突变引起的。出现耐INH菌的概率是10~(-6),即100万个菌中发生1个;耐RFP菌为10~(-8),即1/1亿;耐EMB为10~(-6),耐SM为10~(-5),1/10万。一个肺结核空洞大约含10~9(10亿个)菌。在肺结核空洞内不太可能同时存在两种耐药菌,比如同时耐INH及耐RFP,因为同时耐INH及RFP的概率只有1/10~(14)。不合理抗结核化疗会产生耐药菌病例 1.单独用一种抗结核药治疗活动性肺结     

山东省滨州市123例肺结核患者痰结核菌耐药情况分析

目的探讨肺结核患者痰结核菌的耐药情况。方法采用痰结核分支杆菌培养并做药物敏感性试验检测。结果肺结核患者耐药率为58.54%;耐异烟肼（INH,H）37.4%、利福平（RFP,R）13.8%、链霉素（SM,S）56.1%、乙胺丁醇（EMB,E）2.4%。至少耐异烟肼和利福平两种药的比例为16.26%。结论肺结核耐药情况严重,尤其是耐多药比例偏高,应引起足够重视。     

174株结核分枝杆菌耐药情况分析

目的分析我所183株痰培养阳性菌株的耐药情况。方法采用药敏比例法对183株阳性菌株进行菌种鉴定及药物敏感性试验。结果共分离出174株结核分枝杆菌,且4种一线抗结核药物异烟肼(INH)、利福平(RFP)、乙胺丁醇(EMB)、链霉素(SM)的总耐药率为25.3%,耐多药率为8.0%。4种抗结核药物的耐药率由高到低依次为SM、INH、EMB、RFP。结论陕西省结核耐药情况仍较严重。     

耐药性肺结核患者159例检测分析

目的对耐药性肺结核进行检测分析。方法我单位2005年1月—2009年12月接收的159例肺结核耐药患者检测情况进行回顾性分析。结果单耐药患者51例,其中INH32例,RFP19例。多耐药患者108例。同时耐RFP、INH40例,同时耐INH、SM、EMB14例,同时耐RFP、SM11例,同时耐INH、RFP、EMB16例,同时耐INH、RFP、SM44例,其中RFP耐药患者总共114例。结论耐药性结核病治疗困难,对于不同的耐药菌给于不同治疗方案。     

182例分枝杆菌菌型鉴定和耐药性试验的研究

目的了解石家庄市门诊及住院肺结核病人的耐药情况,为临床治疗肺结核病人提供可靠的实验数据。方法对2002～2005年就诊于我所的肺结核病人的痰标本,用改良罗氏法培养,对分离培养的阳性菌株进行菌型鉴定及五种抗结核药物(INH、SM、RFP、EMB、PAS)的耐药性测试。结果①182例痰培养阳性标本,人型结核分枝杆菌146例,牛型分枝杆菌24例,非典型分枝杆菌12例。②182例耐药菌中,耐单药80例,耐二药43例,耐三药39例,耐四药16例,耐五药14例,其耐药率分别为43.95%、23.62%、21.43%、8.8%、2.2%。结论临床应根据结核杆菌药敏试验的结果,合理使用抗结核药物,减少耐药菌株的发生。     

原发耐药性对肺结核短程化疗疗效的影响

为了探讨原发耐药性对肺结核短程化疗结果的影响,作者复习了近10年在非洲、香港及新加坡进行的12组有对照的肺结核短程化疗的研究,共有8,212例病人纳入科研观察,其中1,041例有原发耐药性:耐 INH 447例;耐 SM 327例;耐 RFP 2例;联合耐药计有:SM+INH 256例,RFP+INH 1例、RFP+SM 1例,RFP+SM+INH 7例。作者根据资料分析,获得以下主要结果:(1)化疗失败问题由敏感菌致病者,化疗失败不多,如2,530例采用1～2个月强化期包括 RFP的方案,治疗失败13例(0.5%),另3,177例采用含RFP 6个月方案,仅2例(0.01%)失败。而耐 INH     

耐药肺结核病人治疗现况研究

目的 探讨初始耐药与获得性耐药肺结核病人的情况与治疗效果，对初始与获得性耐药肺结核病人的管理与治疗提供参考依据。方法 肺结核患者的痰标本用L-J培养基进行结核分枝杆菌分离培养，对全部阳性菌株用PNB进行人型与牛型、结核与非结核分枝杆菌的菌种的鉴定。采用比例法检测分离的结核分枝杆菌菌株对抗结核药物的敏感性。分析完成规定疗程的耐药肺结核病人225例的耐药与治疗情况。结果 初始耐药肺结核病人149例，其中耐单药87例，耐多药62例；耐单药者中耐SM占41．38％，耐INH占39．08％，耐RFP占13．79％，耐EMB占5．79％；初始耐药病人耐多药者中耐HR占37．1％，耐HRES占29．0％，耐HRS占21．0％，耐HRE占12．9％。获得性耐药肺结核病人76例，其中耐单药者38人，耐SM占39．48％，耐INH占34．21％，耐RFP占21．05％，耐EMB占5．26％；获得性耐多药38例，耐HR占52．6％；耐HRES占21．1％，耐HRS占。18．4％，耐HRE7．9％。初始耐单药肺结核病人治愈率94．25％；耐多药肺结核病人治愈率88．7％；获得性耐单药肺结核病人治愈率92．1％，耐多药肺结核病人治愈率63．2％。结论 初始与获得性耐药肺结核病人的耐单药发生率排序一致，依次为SM、INH、RFP及EMB。初治与获得性耐多药肺结核病人的耐多药排序亦相同，依次为HR、HRES、HRS及HRE。研究结果提示，对耐单药的肺结核病人应用现有的短程化疗方案，仍可获得较好的治疗效果，而耐多药肺结核病人应用现有的短程化疗方案的治疗效果则较差。控制耐药的关键是积极治疗传染性耐药结核病患者，降低原发耐药率与继发耐药率。     

Youthful drug use and drug subcultures

Drug involvement is such an intensely social behavior that it lends itself to the notion of a subcultural existence. The social aspects of drug involvement generate a value system that is different from the dominant order. Using a longitudinal sample of college students, the findings indicate two distinctively different types of drug use, marijuana-only versus illicit drug involvement, that correspond to a subcultural or contracultural phenomenon. The elements of a subculture or contraculture are amenable to empirical measurement and can be differentiated from the dominant value system. Marijuana use reflects a type of subculture activity that maintains ties to the conventional order. Illicit drug use, on the other hand, is a contracultural activity, representing a pronounced break with the dominant culture.     

Attitudes towards drug legalization among drug users

Research shows that support for legalization of drugs varies significantly among different sociodemographic and political groups. Yet there is little research examining the degree of support for legalization of drugs among drug users. This paper examines how frequency and type of drug use affect the support for legalization of drugs after adjusting for the effects of political affiliation and sociodemographic characteristics. A sample of 188 drug users and non-drug users were asked whether they would support the legalization of marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. Respondents reported their use of marijuana, crack, cocaine, heroin, speedball, and/or methamphetamines during the previous 30 days. Support for legalization of drugs was analyzed by estimating three separate logistic regressions. The results showed that the support for the legalization of drugs depended on the definition of "drug user" and the type of drug. In general, however, the results showed that marijuana users were more likely to support legalizing marijuana, but they were less likely to support the legalization of cocaine and heroin. On the other hand, users of crack, cocaine, heroin, speedball, and/or methamphetamines were more likely to support legalizing all drugs including cocaine and heroin.     

Self-reported high-risk locations of drug use among drug offenders.

The present study provides a detailed, multiple-choice, self-report analysis of home, work, and other public locations where drug offenders report using drugs. In addition, these settings were examined as a function of gender, ethnicity, type of drug used, and drug abuse/dependence status. The participants for the present study were 462 individuals attending drug diversion programs in southern California. The single most frequently reported location of use was the subjects' living room with a small group of friends. However, heavier users used different drugs across a greater variety of locations. Not surprisingly, drugs were used least at work (though a surprising 47% had used at work). Popular situations of drug use among drug offenders are similar to that of high-risk youth.     

两种分子药物敏感性试验与表型药物敏感性试验检测结核分枝杆菌耐药性的效能比较

目的：评价基因芯片法和荧光定量PCR探针熔解曲线法直接检测结核病患者临床标本中结核分枝杆菌(MTB)耐药性的价值。方法：选取解放军总医院第八医学中心结核病医学部住院结核病患者临床标本44份(例),以传统药物敏感性试验(简称“药敏试验”)绝对浓度法为对照,应用基因芯片法直接检测临床标本中MTB对利福平、异烟肼的耐药性,以...