七氟醚麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉在小儿包皮环切术中的应用

目的：比较七氟醚麻醉与异丙酚复合麻醉在小儿包皮环切术中的应用。方法40例行包皮环切术的患儿,随机分为七氟醚组(Ⅰ组)和异丙酚组(Ⅱ组),各20例。Ⅰ组静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg,吸入6%七氟醚4 L/min完成诱导插入喉罩,吸入2%~3.5%七氟醚维持麻醉;Ⅱ组静脉注射芬太尼3μg/kg,异丙酚3 mg/kg完成诱导插入喉罩,术中静脉输注异丙酚3~8 mg/(kg·h)复合瑞芬太尼0.1~0.4μg/(kg·min)调节其输注速度维持麻醉。记录两组一次喉罩置入成功率、手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间、术后恶心呕吐发生率、PACU期间记录躁动发生情况,采用小儿苏醒期烦躁量表(PAED)评价躁动程度。结果两组手术时间、拔管时间及一次插管成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组患儿麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间短,躁动发生率低, PAED评分低,术后恶心呕吐发生率低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论异丙酚复合麻醉对包皮环切术患儿苏醒期效果优于七氟醚复合麻醉,并发症少。     

静脉持续输注利多卡因对小儿七氟醚麻醉后苏醒期躁动的影响

目的观察持续静脉输注利多卡因对小儿七氟醚麻醉后苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选择60例择期行扁桃体和(或)腺样体摘除术患儿,随机分为L组和S组,每组30例。L组在气管插管前缓慢静推利多卡因1.5 mg.kg-1,并以2 mg.kg-1.h-1的速度持续泵注至术毕,S组则静脉给予等量生理盐水。两组患儿术中均用七氟醚吸入维持麻醉。记录患儿麻醉前(T0)和拔管时(T1)的MAP和HR、手术时间、拔管时间、PACU留观时间,拔管后行苏醒期躁动(Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Deliri-um,PAED)评分。结果两组患儿术后拔管时间和PACU留观时间近似;与S组比较,L组拔管时MAP、HR明显降低(P0.05),苏醒期PAED评分与躁动发生率均较低(P0.05)。结论持续静注利多卡因可以降低小儿七氟醚麻醉后拔管期间的心血管反应,减少苏醒期躁动的发生。     

右美托咪定对七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 40例择期拟行斜视矫正术的患儿,采用随机数字表法分成两组:生理盐水对照组(Ⅰ组,n=20)和右美托咪定组(Ⅱ组,n=20)。静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,异丙酚3 mg/kg完成诱导插入喉罩,术中吸入2%~3.5%七氟醚维持麻醉。插入喉罩即刻Ⅱ组输注右美托咪定0.2μg/(kg·h),Ⅰ组输注等剂量的生理盐水。手术结束时停止输注右美托咪定和生理盐水。记录两组手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间、PACU期间记录躁动发生情况,采用小儿苏醒期烦躁量表(PAED)评价躁动程度。结果 两组手术时间、拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组患者麻醉后PACU停留时间短,躁动发生率低,躁动评分低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 右美托咪定可减少七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动发生率,苏醒质量高。     

右美托咪定对七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 40例择期拟行斜视矫正术的患儿,采用随机数字表法分成两组:生理盐水对照组(Ⅰ组,n=20)和右美托咪定组(Ⅱ组,n=20)。静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,异丙酚3 mg/kg完成诱导插入喉罩,术中吸入2%~3.5%七氟醚维持麻醉。插入喉罩即刻Ⅱ组输注右美托咪定0.2μg/(kg·h),Ⅰ组输注等剂量的生理盐水。手术结束时停止输注右美托咪定和生理盐水。记录两组手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间、PACU期间记录躁动发生情况,采用小儿苏醒期烦躁量表(PAED)评价躁动程度。结果 两组手术时间、拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组患者麻醉后PACU停留时间短,躁动发生率低,躁动评分低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 右美托咪定可减少七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动发生率,苏醒质量高。     

右美托咪定对七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察右美托咪定对七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 40例择期拟行斜视矫正术的患儿,采用随机数字表法分成两组:生理盐水对照组(Ⅰ组,n=20)和右美托咪定组(Ⅱ组,n=20)。静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,异丙酚3 mg/kg完成诱导插入喉罩,术中吸入2%~3.5%七氟醚维持麻醉。插入喉罩即刻Ⅱ组输注右美托咪定0.2μg/(kg·h),Ⅰ组输注等剂量的生理盐水。手术结束时停止输注右美托咪定和生理盐水。记录两组手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室(PACU)停留时间、PACU期间记录躁动发生情况,采用小儿苏醒期烦躁量表(PAED)评价躁动程度。结果 两组手术时间、拔管时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组患者麻醉后PACU停留时间短,躁动发生率低,躁动评分低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 右美托咪定可减少七氟醚复合麻醉斜视矫正术患儿苏醒期躁动发生率,苏醒质量高。     

七氟醚复合不同浓度氧化亚氮全凭吸入麻醉对小儿苏醒期的影响

目的比较七氟醚复合不同浓度氧化亚氮对麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法将择期行全麻下唇裂修补术的45例患儿随机分为S组、N1组、N2组,每组15例,ASA分级Ⅰ级。分别采用七氟醚复合纯氧(S组)、七氟醚复合50%氧化亚氮(N1组)、七氟醚复合66%氧化亚氮(N2组)诱导与维持,手术操作结束后,继续分别给予纯氧(S组)、50%氧化亚氮氧气复合(N1组)、66%氧化亚氮氧气复合(N2组)吸入至七氟醚停后2 min。记录各组睫毛反射消失时间、插管时间。观察术前、插管时、拔管时、拔管后5 min的HR、MAP、Sp O2、BIS值、M AC值。观察拔管后患儿躁动程度,并进行评分。患儿送PACU后采用PAED评分评价患儿躁动发生情况,记录围手术期不良反应。结果 N2组睫毛反射消失时间和插管时间短于S组、N1组(P<0.05),N2组术后即刻躁动评分PACU后PAED评分均低于其他两组(P<0.05)。结论与七氟醚复合纯氧和复合50%氧化亚氮相比,七氟醚复合66%氧化亚氮能缩短插管诱导时间,有效降低躁动程度,并能安全应用于幼儿麻醉。     

持续泵注右美托咪定对小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的 观察持续静脉泵注右美托咪定对于小儿七氟醚面罩吸入麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法 选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,1-6岁患儿60例,随机分为右美托咪定组(A组)和对照组(B组)各30例。两组均采用七氟醚面罩吸入麻醉,A组以0.5ug/㎏.h静脉持续泵注右美托咪定,B组以同样方式泵入生理盐水,记录患儿苏醒时(T0)、苏醒后5min(T1)、苏醒后10min(T2)、苏醒后30min(T3)的HR、MAP;记录患儿苏醒时间、镇静评分、躁动评分、躁动例数。结果：两组患儿苏醒时间比较无统计学意义,但苏醒后各时间点右美托咪定组(A组)HR、MAP比对照组(B组)低(P<0.05)具有统计学意义;两组患儿镇静评分、躁动评分、躁动例数相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 小儿七氟醚面罩吸入麻醉联合持续静脉泵注小剂量(0.5ug/㎏.h)右美托咪定苏醒期躁动发生率小、能达到良好的镇静,且无呼吸抑制、苏醒延迟等不良反应。     

持续泵注右美托咪定对小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响

目的:观察持续静脉泵注右美托咪定对于小儿七氟醚面罩吸入麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法:选择ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级、1~6岁患儿60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各30例。2组均采用七氟醚面罩吸入麻醉。观察组以0.5μg/(㎏·h)静脉持续泵注右美托咪定,对照组以同样方式泵入生理盐水。记录患儿苏醒时(T0)、苏醒后5 min(T1)、苏醒后10 min(T2)、苏醒后30 min(T3)的HR、MAP;记录患儿苏醒时间、镇静评分、躁动评分、躁动例数。结果:2组患儿苏醒时间比较无显著性差异,但苏醒后各时间点HR、MAP观察组比对照组低(P<0.05);2组患儿镇静评分、躁动评分、躁动率相比均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:小儿七氟醚面罩吸入麻醉联合持续静脉泵注小剂量右美托咪定[0.5μg/(㎏·h)]苏醒期躁动发生率小,能达到良好的镇静,且无呼吸抑制、苏醒延迟等不良反应。     

右美托咪定预防小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的效果观察

目的探究右美托咪定在预防小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的应用效果。方法选择2012年3月至2013年12月我院收治入院并行扁桃体剥离合并腺样体吸切术患儿58例,随机分为预防组与对照组(n=29)。所有患儿麻醉方法采用七氟醚气管插管诱导麻醉(合用芬太尼2μg/kg,罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg静注)。预防组患儿采用右美托咪定1μg/(kg·h)静脉持续泵入,对照组予以同等量生理盐水作为对照。采用小儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表(PAED)[1]对两组患儿进行评分,比较两组患者躁动发生情况、并发症发生情况及PAED评分情况。结果预防组患儿苏醒期躁动发生率(6.89%)优于对照组患儿,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义;预防组患儿不良反应发生率(10.34%)优于对照组患儿,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论右美托咪定能够较好的减少小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生,减少并发症的发生,值得临床推广。     

七氟醚联合右美托咪定在小儿门诊手术中的应用

目的探讨七氟醚联合右美托咪定在小儿门诊手术中的应用。方法 40例1-7岁的门诊手术患儿,随机分为七氟醚组（S组）和七氟醚联合右美托咪定组（SD组）。七氟醚用于麻醉诱导与麻醉维持,SD组给予右美托咪定泵负荷量1μg/kg,10 min内注射完后给予维持量0.4μg/（kg·h）持续静脉泵入至手术结束;S组给予等容积生理盐水负荷量后给予等容积生理盐水持续泵入至手术结束。记录两组患儿术中呼气末七氟醚浓度、术后躁动发生率、术后PAED评分、苏醒时间、PACU停留时间、血流动力学改变以及恶心呕吐等并发症。结果与S组相比,SD组围术期呼气末七氟醚浓度显著降低,SD组围术期心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）均明显低于S组;两组苏醒时间、PACU停留时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。患儿在麻醉复苏室后10、20、30、40 min SD组PAED评分均低于S组（P〈0.05）,SD组患儿术后躁动的发生率显著低于S组（P〈0.05）。从麻醉诱导至术毕完全清醒SD组术后发生恶心呕吐和寒战的患儿例数均少于S组（P〈0.05）。结论七氟醚联合右美托咪定全身麻醉显著减少七氟醚的需要量和术后躁动的发生率,不增加留院观察时间,适合于小儿外科门诊手术。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.