复合式神经移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤

自１９８８年１１月～１９９４年１２月，应用复合式神经移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤８９例。损伤原因为：摩托车撞击伤６３例，机器牵拉伤２１例，直接损伤５例。损伤类型为：上臂丛型４７例，下臂丛型１３例，全臂丛型２９例。伤后至手术时间为３周～６个月。神经移位方式主要根据不同的损伤类型选用相应的移位方式。术后随访时间为１．５～６年。疗效最佳为膈神经移位，有效率达８２．９％；其次为副神经，达６６．７％；颈丛运动支达５５．２％；肋间神经达４８．３％；健侧Ｃ７神经根移位与患侧尺神经吻合，神经再生率达９６．６％。作者认为，复合式神经移位术治疗臂丛根性撕脱伤，尤其是对上臂丛根性撕脱伤，治疗效果是令人满意的。     

产瘫的肌电图神经电图分类

目的：介绍产伤所致臂丛神经损伤的程度、部位，及其肌电检查特点。方法：对１３１例产瘫进行肌电图神经电图检查，测定臂丛五大神经主要支配肌肉的肌电和运动诱发电位，并根据其结果对损伤程度和部位进行分类。结果：按损伤程度分类，１３１例中，完全损伤１３例，占１０．８％；严重损伤１６例，占１２．２％；部分损伤１０２例，占７７．０％。按损伤部位分类，全臂丛根性损伤６１例，占４６．６％；中下干损伤３９例，占２９．８％；上中干损伤１８例，占１３．７％；单纯的上干损伤（Ｅｒｂ麻痹）和单纯的下干损伤（Ｋｌｕｍｐｋｅ麻痹）分别为９例、４例，占６．９％和３．１％。结论：１３１例产瘫中，部分损伤占多数，大于２岁组中以全臂丛根性损伤和中、下干损伤为多见，Ｋｌｕｍｐｋｅ麻痹仅占３．１％。     

颈7选择性束组移位术治疗臂丛神经损伤

臂丛神经根性损伤的治疗难度较大 ,目前国内临床上常采用颈7神经根移位术治疗。 1 998年 1月～ 1 999年 4月 ,我院用此法治疗臂丛神经根性损伤 6例 ,术后随访时间平均超过 1 8个月 ,获得了一定的疗效。一、资料与方法1 .一般资料 :本组共 6例 ,男 4例 ,女 2例 ;年龄 2 0～ 67岁 ,平均 3 7岁。伤因 :车祸伤 4例 ,颈部刀砍伤 2例。全臂丛根性撕脱伤 1例 ,颈5 ,6 撕脱伤 3例 ,颈5 ,6 撕脱伤合并膈神经损伤 2例。 5例上干损伤者其所支配的肌肉运动功能完全丧失 ,肌力均为 0级。肌电图检查 ,5例均为臂丛神经上干损伤。 1例全臂丛根性撕脱伤 ,上肢…     

二期多组神经移位治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的临床应用和疗效

目的 分析治疗臂丛神经根性撕脱伤的二期手术方法及其效果。方法 2001年8月～2003年4月8例全臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者，年龄18～38岁。平均伤后6个月内，均应用以下术式治疗。手术步骤：一期手术，膈神经移位至臂丛上干前股，副神经移位至肩胛上神经；健侧C7神经移位至患侧尺神经；二期手术，第4、5、6、7肋间神经移位至桡神经和胸背神经，健侧C7神经经尺神经移位至正中神经。结果 术后8例均获随访，时间为二期术后l3～25个月，平均21个月。所有患者均有不同程度恢复，相应靶肌肉肌力恢复大于或等于M3为有效恢复，肌皮神经有效恢复6例，恢复率为75．0％；肩胛上神经有效恢复3例，恢复率为37．5％；桡神经有效恢复3例，恢复率为37．5％；胸背神经有效恢复6例，恢复率为75．0％；正中神经有效恢复5例，恢复率为62．5％。感觉恢复情况：正中神经感觉4例为S3，3例为S2，1例为S1。结论 二期多组神经移位安全有效，对部分早期臂丛神经损伤并要求缩短手术次数的患者，是一种可选择的方法。     

以胸内脏器伤为主的多发伤早期处理和治疗

目的探讨以胸内脏器伤为主的多发伤早期处理方法。方法回顾性分析本院10年51例以胸内脏器伤为主的多发伤。男33例，女18例，年龄3—89岁，其中20-50岁41例。车祸撞击伤34例，挤压伤3例，坠落伤9例，刀刺伤5例。肺挫伤35例（其中双肺挫伤5例），气管损伤1例，主动脉破裂2例，心脏挫伤10例。合并一侧肋骨骨折34例，双侧肋骨骨折9例（其中浮动胸壁3例），共损伤肋骨153根。伴血气胸35例（其中双侧血气胸3例），合并颅脑伤7例，腹腔脏器15例（其中1例腹主动脉破裂），脊柱伤5例，长骨骨折12例，腹膜后血肿3例，骨盆骨折4例，泌尿系损伤5例，发生休克31例（占60．8％）。穿透性胸伤中，肺裂伤伴膈肌裂伤2例，心包伤并肋间血管破裂1例，心包伤伴脾破裂l例，心脏穿透伤并左股动脉破裂1例，均合并血气胸和休克。51例中，2处伤27例，3处伤14例，4处伤3例，5处伤6例，6处伤1例，共144处伤，损伤脏器81个。ISS：16—24分9例，25—50分34例，51～75分8例。结果7例入院后6h内死亡，ISS均在51.75分（占87．5％），死亡率13．7％。结论理想结果依赖于早期迅速诊断与正确处理和治疗，确定应用液体的量和质以维持合适循环容量。     

急诊和亚急诊手术治疗有合并伤的臂丛损伤

目的 在急诊处理锁骨骨折、肩胛骨骨折、锁骨下动脉损伤及肩关节脱位、骨盆骨折等创伤的同时或2～3周内进行臂丛神经离断伤或部分离断伤的手术修复，以提高其术后的优良率。方法 1993年2月～2003年1月，我们对怀疑有臂丛损伤的患者，尽快进行MRI等检查，根据临床表现和检查结果，对其中明确为离断伤或部分离断伤的29例患者，在伤后急诊或2～3周内实施了臂丛探查，神经直接缝接，颈丛、膈神经、副神经移位，臂丛神经交叉移位及侧侧缝合等手术。结果 其中21例患者术后得到6个月～6年(平均3年)的随访，按照顾玉东的臂丛损伤功能评定标准，本组患者观察总体优良率达70.6％。结论 对有合并伤的臂丛神经离断伤或部分离断伤患者，急诊或2～3周内进行手术探查和修复，可减少手术次数和难度，提高臂丛损伤修复术的优良率。     

骨盆骨折伴血流动力学不稳定患者的外固定治疗

骨盆骨折是一种常见骨折，其发病率较高。骨盆骨折占全部骨骼损伤的近3％。成年人骨盆骨折致伤原因主要包括：机动车碰撞占57％，行人被车辆撞伤占18％，摩托车碰撞占9％，高处坠落伤占9％，挤压伤占5％。青少年患者骨盆骨折发生率较低，大约在0．5％-7％，其最多见的原因是机动车辆事故、行人被车辆撞伤以及高处坠落伤。随着社会发展，交通事故和工伤等意外伤害的增加，高能量损伤致骨盆骨折发生率显著增高，其中不稳定骨盆骨折约占7％-20％，严重威胁患者生命。     

臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者三叉神经支配区感觉改变与交感神经功能状态关系的探讨

目的：研究臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者面部三叉神经支配区感觉变化与交感神经功能状态的关系。方法：对38例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者面部三叉神经支配区感觉和交感神经功能状况进行临床检查与分析。同时对臂丛神经，膈神经和融神经损伤情况进行电生理学检查，结果：38例臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者中，19例伴有交感神经损伤，13例面部感觉减退，交感神经功能减退的19例患者中，12例伴有面部感觉减退（63.2%)；面部感觉减退的13例患者中，12例伴有交感神经功能减退（92.3%)，臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者受伤短期内，可有患侧头面部交感神经功能和面部感觉减退，一段时期以后，患侧面部三叉神经支配区感觉可随交感神经症状的消失而逐渐恢复，结论：臂丛神经根性撕脱伤患者常伴有颈部交感神经损伤，可能患侧面部三叉神经支配区感觉减退与颈部交感神经损伤有关。     

普鲁卡因阻滞对神经断伤所致神经元超微结构破坏的保护作用实验研究

为了明确普鲁卡因阻滞对神经断伤所致脊髓运动神经元超微结构破坏的保护作用，选用Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｅｙ大鼠，设计臂丛神经根性损伤的实验模型，研究了神经断伤后脊髓运动神经元超微结构的改变及普鲁卡因阻滞的影响．实验结果：（１）神经断伤后脊髓运动神经元的线粒体，尼氏体和溶酶体明显破坏．（２）单位面积胞浆中尼氏体和溶酶体面积明显缩小．（３）神经断伤后脊髓运动神经元超微结构的破坏可以用２％普鲁卡因阻滞加以阻断．结果显示：神经断伤前用２％普鲁卡因阻滞，对脊髓运动神经元的超微结构有明显的保护作用．     

同侧颈7移位修复臂丛上干不全损伤的疗效与背阔肌功能的关系

目的：分析用同侧颈7移位治疗臂丛上干不全损伤的疗效与背阔肌功能的关系，方法：1997例3月至2000年9月，对9例臂丛神经上干损伤或上，中干不全损伤伴膈神经损伤患者采用同侧颈7移位于上干前股以恢复屈肘功能，术前检查伤侧背阔肌肌力，并在术后分析疗效时观察同侧颈7移位与背阔肌肌力的关系。结果：6例术前背阔肌肌力正常者作同侧颈7移位于上干前股后，伤侧屈肘功能均得到恢复，3例术前背阔肌肌力减退或肌力消失者，术后屈肘功能均未恢复。结论：臂丛神经上，中干不全损伤时如伤侧背阔肌肌力减退或肌力消失时，不应选择同侧颈7作动力神经。     

An epidemiological study of traumatic brachial plexus injury patients treated at an Indian centre

Background:

Epidemiological studies on traumatic brachial plexus injuries are few and these studies help us to improve the treatment, rehabilitation of these patients and to allocate the resources required in their management. Epidemiological factors can vary in different countries. We wanted to know the situation in an Indian centre.

Materials and Methods:

Data regarding age, sex, affected side, mode of injury, distribution of paralysis, associated injuries, pain at the time of presentation and the index procedure they underwent were collected from 304 patients. Additional data like the vehicle associated during the accident, speed of the vehicle during the accident, employment status and integration into the family were collected in 144 patients out of the 304 patients.

Results:

Road traffic accidents accounted for 94% of patients and of the road traffic accidents 90% involved two wheelers. Brachial plexus injury formed a part of multitrauma in 54% of this study group and 46% had isolated brachial plexus injury. Associated injuries like fractures, vascular injuries and head injuries are much less probably due to the lower velocity of the vehicles compared to the western world. The average time interval from the date of injury to exploration of the brachial plexus was 127 days and 124 (40.78%) patients presented to us within this duration. Fifty-seven per cent had joined back to work by an average of 8.6 months. It took an average of 6.8 months for the global brachial plexus-injured patients to write in their non-dominant hand.KEY WORDS: Epidemiological study, Indian centre, nerve injury, traumatic brachial plexus injury     

Upper root brachial plexus trauma; patient selection and reconstruction

Injury to the brachial plexus is increasingly common and the initial management of these patients is usually focused on associated life threatening injuries. Appreciation of the management of the brachial plexus injury can greatly assist with subsequent reconstruction and thus we review our experience in this field. A total of nine patients who underwent upper root brachial plexus reconstruction over the period 1980-1998 were reviewed. Causes of injury included road traffic accidents (n=6), open injuries (n=2) and the remaining case was iatrogenic. All patients had cabled grafting of the plexus while one patient had neurotization of the plexus in addition to grafting. Sixty six percent (n=6/9) of patients had a good outcome with return of elbow flexion. Patients with an open injury to the plexus had a better prognosis than those who had a closed injury. Polytrauma patients and those with penetrating neck injuries should be assessed to exclude brachial plexus injury. Baseline assessment and early involvement of surgeons with an interest in this area will help select those patients who will benefit from brachial plexus reconstruction.     

江西省级顾玉东院士工作站创伤性臂丛神经损伤流行病学特点及治疗方案分析

目的 分析江西省级顾玉东院士工作站创伤性臂丛神经损伤流行病学特点及治疗方案。方法 收集2018年1月至2021年12月江西省级顾玉东院士工作站诊治的全部新发创伤性臂丛神经损伤病例,建立标准的数据采集表,采集病人性别、年龄、致伤原因、诊断、手术方案等数据,分析4年间院士工作站创伤性臂丛神经损伤的流行病学特点。结果 全部符合条件的病人共58例,男47例,女11例,中位年龄43岁（8～78岁）。切割伤（29.31%）与交通事故伤（25.86%）为主要致伤原因。损伤部位以束支部多见（62.07%）,其次为根干部节后损伤（22.41%）、根性撕脱伤（12.07%）。治疗方案选择中,仅有10.34%的病人选择非手术治疗,手术治疗者中以单纯臂丛神经松解术最多（67.24%）,其次为神经移位术（18.97%）,神经移位术中以副神经移位修复肩外展功能最为多见。结论 江西省级顾玉东院士工作站创伤性臂丛神经损伤以中青年男性多见,交通事故伤与切割伤为主要致伤原因,大多数病人需要接受手术治疗。     

Types and severity of operated supraclavicular brachial plexus injuries caused by traffic accidents

Background  

Brachial plexus injuries occur in up to 5% of polytrauma cases involving motorcycle accidents and in approximately 4% of severe winter sports injuries. One of the criteria for a successful operative therapy is the type of lesion. Upper plexus palsy has the best prognosis, whereas lower plexus palsy is surgically untreatable. The aim of this study was to evaluate a group of patients with brachial plexus injury caused by traffic accidents, categorize the injuries according to type of accident, and look for correlations between type of palsy (injury) and specific accidents.     

Diagnosis and management of adult BPI: Results of first 50 cases

IntroductionCommonest cause of brachial plexus injury in adults is traction injury sustained in motorcycle accidents. This article reports the results of first 50 cases done in a tertiary referral center with a brief review of literature.Material and methodsFirst 50 patients (46 male; 4 female, age from 12 to 45 years) with post traumatic brachial plexus palsy were included. There were 30 upper plexus and 20 pan plexus injuries, 27 had preganglionic and 23 postganglionic injury. Neurolysis was done in 19 patients and various combination of nerve transfer in 31. Mean follow-up period was 13.98 months.Results– Over all shoulder abduction was good in 10 patients, fair in 32 and poor in 8. Elbow flexion was good in 19 patients, fair in 18 and poor in 13 patients.ConclusionThe upper plexus and partial injuries have a good outcome in a majority of cases, while the results in global palsy are far from satisfactory.     

Injuries associated with serious brachial plexus involvement in polytrauma among patients requiring surgical repair

Background

Brachial plexus injury occurs in up to 5% of polytrauma cases involving motorcycle crashes and in approximately 4% of severe winter sports injuries. One of the conditions for the success of operative therapy is early detection, ideally within three months of injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate associated injuries in patients with severe brachial plexus injury and determine whether there is a characteristic concomitant injury (or injuries), the presence of which, in the polytrauma, could act as a marker for nerve structures involvement and whether there are differences in severity of polytrauma accompanying specific types of brachial plexus injury.

Methods

We evaluated retrospectively 84 surgical patients from our department, from 2008 to 2011, that had undergone brachial plexus reconstruction. For all, an injury severity scale (ISS) score and all major associated injuries were determined.

Results

72% of patients had an upper, 26% had a complete and only 2% had a lower brachial plexus palsy. The main cause was motorcycle crashes (60%) followed by car crashes (15%). The average ISS was 35.2 (SD = 23.3), although, values were significantly higher in cases involving a coma (59.3, SD = 11.0). The lower and complete plexus injuries were significantly associated with coma and fractures of the shoulder girdle and injuries of lower limbs, thoracic organs and head. Upper plexus injuries were associated with somewhat less severe injuries of the upper and lower extremities and less severe injuries of the spine.

Conclusion

Serious brachial plexus injury is usually accompanied by other severe injuries. It occurs in high-energy trauma and it can be stated that patients involved in motorcycle and car crashes with multiple fractures of the shoulder girdle are at high risk of nerve trauma. This is especially true for patients in a primary coma. Lower and complete brachial plexus injuries are associated with higher injury severity scale.     

Traumatic spinal cord injuries in Turkey: a nation-wide epidemiological study

STUDY DESIGN: An epidemiological study conducted all over the country. OBJECTIVE: The present retrospective study was conducted to survey the new traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) cases during 1992 in Turkey. SETTING: Intensive care units, emergency services and departments of orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery and rehabilitation of state hospitals, rehabilitation centers, military and university hospitals. METHODS: Postal questionnaires were used for data collection and the records from medical institutes nation-wide were reviewed for the analysis of the epidemiological factors. RESULTS: Five hundred and eighty-one new traumatic SCI cases were reported in 1992. The annual incidence was found to be 12.7 per million population. Male to female ratio was 2.5:1 and the average age at injury was 35.5+/-15.1 (35.4+/-14.8 for males and 35.9+/-16.0 for females). The most common cause of injury was motor vehicle accidents (48.8%) followed by falls (36.5%), stab wounds (3.3%), gunshot injuries (1.9%) and injuries from diving (1.2%). One hundred and eighty-seven patients (32.18%) were tetraplegic and 394 patients (67.8%) were paraplegic. The most common level of injury was C5 among tetraplegics and T12 among paraplegics. The most prevalent associated injury was head trauma followed by extremity fractures. Severe head trauma resulting in death may obscure the real incidence of SCI and may cause underreporting of cases in epidemiological studies. CONCLUSION: Considering that motor vehicle accidents and falls were found to be the leading causes of traumatic SCI, it was concluded that the prevention measures should be focused mainly on these in order to reduce the frequency of SCI in Turkey.     

Kangaroo-related motor vehicle collisions

BACKGROUND: Motor vehicle collisions that are caused by large animals affect motorists in most parts of the world and tend to be increasing in incidence. Although traffic accidents involving kangaroos are common in Australia, we are not aware of any series that reported human injuries caused by such accidents. We aimed to study the mechanism, type, and outcome of these injuries. METHODS: Forty-six patients (32 male and 14 female patients; median age, 31.5 years) who presented to Royal Perth Hospital and who had been involved in a motor vehicle collision that was related to kangaroos between July 1994 and June 2000 were studied. RESULTS: The patients had a median Injury Severity Score of 9 (range, 1-41); 67.4% were car collisions and 32.6% were motorbike collisions, 41.3% had direct collision with a kangaroo, 34.8% hit a secondary object, and 32.6% rolled over. Most of these injuries affected the head and face (54.3%), upper extremities (57.4%), and lower extremities (40.4%). Only four had intracranial injuries (8.7%). Ninety percent of these collisions occurred at night, 74% in the countryside and 85% on highways or streets. The incidence was reduced during winter. Only one patient in this series died (2.2%). CONCLUSION: Most kangaroo-related motor vehicle collisions occurred at night, in the countryside, and on highways when the driver tried to avoid a kangaroo. Although injuries resulting from these collisions are relatively mild, increased awareness of their presence and ways to reduce them have to be promoted.     

Epidemiology of patients admitted to a major trauma centre in northern India

Objective： Trauma in India is an increasingly significant problem, particularly in light of rapid development and increasing motorization. Social changes are resulting in alterations in the epidemiology of trauma. The aim of the study was to assess the various epidemiological parameters that influence the cause of injury in the patients admitted to a major trauma centre in northem India. Methods： An observational study of 748 patients chosen by random assortment was carried out over a peri- od of 1 year （August 2008 to July 2009）. Age, sex, injury type and pattern were noted. Injury mode of upper and lower limbs was also noted. Results： Injuries occur predominately in the age group of 15-30 years. Males incurred more injury with male to female ratio of 6：1. The most vulnerable group was motorcycle users. Among the injured, farmers were the most commonly involved. Blunt injuries （94.92%） were much more common than penetrating injuries. Among patients with head injury, two wheelers related accidents were the most common （40.3%）. Most spinal cord injuries were caused by falls from height （51.09%）. Most lower limb fractures were simple type. Compound fractures of the lower limb were more common than up- per limb fractures. Conclusion： Strict enforcement of traffic rules, combined with improved infrastructure and behavior change can decrease the burden of road traffic accidents in India and other developing countries. This study could assist in raising the profile of road traffic accidents as a public health problem which needs to be addressed as a preventable cause of mortality and morbidity, and plan- ning appropriate interventions for this major challenge. Preventive strategies should be made on the basis of these epidemiological trends.