ICU住院患者红细胞输注的临床观察

输血是危重患者治疗的一个重要措施，据报道人住重症监护病房（intensive care unit，ICU）3天以上的患者959／6血红蛋白（Hb）低于正常水平，住院时间在1周以上的患者859／6接受了RBC输注。有报道认为过宽的输血指征与ICU患者的不良预后有一定联系。现对我院2007年1～12月ICU输血患者的资料进行回顾性分析，以便为危重患者的输血治疗提供科学的依据。     

红细胞输注所致免疫反应的研究进展

自从1900年Landsteiner发现ABO血型系统以来,输血作为一种重要的治疗手段被广泛用于临床.随着血液分离技术的发展,成分血逐步替代了全血,红细胞悬液成为当今临床上使用最多的血液成分.     

抚顺地区临床红细胞输注情况调查

目的：通过对红细胞临床输注情况的调查,减少红细胞不合理性输注,提高临床输血水平。方法：按卫生部《临床输血技术规范》和相关输血教材准则,会同本市临床及输血专家对本市2家三级甲等医院红细胞输注合理性做回顾性调查分析。结果：红细胞输注合理性占66.7%,不合理性输注占33.3%。红细胞输注不合理主要表现在输注指征过宽;输注剂量过大;慢性贫血需长期输血患者无计划输注。结论：临床红细胞不合理输注在本地区较普遍,手术科室明显高于非手术科室,应引起临床医生高度重视,加强输血知识学习,提高红细胞输注合理性,减少不合理输注。     

慢性病患者红细胞输注效果与免疫系统变化的关系分析

目的：探讨红细胞输注无效的慢性病患者体内血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM以及补体C3、C4的含量与输血效果之间的关系。方法：采用酶联免疫法测定慢性再生障碍性贫血（CAA）、肝癌和肺癌患者中试验组和对照组输血前、后血清IgG、IgA、IgM以及补体C3、C4的含量。结果：试验组、对照组各26名,研究对象为CAA患者、肝癌和肺癌患者,CAA患者试验组和肝癌患者试验组输血后5d的IgG和IgA有升高表现（P〈0.05）,肺癌试验组患者的IgG和C3输血后与输血前相比较差别有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,3组患者对照组输血前后免疫球蛋白以及补体的变化均差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。结论：部分慢性病患者机体免疫系统的变化可能是导致红细胞输注效果不佳的原因之一,对于这部分患者,应该综合考虑输血治疗方法的利弊后再慎重选择。     

老年非小细胞肺肿瘤患者红细胞输注疗效分析

目的:探讨非小细胞肺肿瘤(NSCLS)患者红细胞输注的临床疗效。方法:分析2011-01-2013-12我院158例已经确诊的NSCLS患者无效输注的发生情况。结果:158例NSCLS患者中,红细胞无效输注有38例(24.05%),且NSCLSⅣ期和输血次数10次以上的患者发生红细胞无效输注在50%以上。结论:红细胞无效输注与患者输血次数和NSCLS分期有关,输血次数愈多和癌症晚期(Ⅳ期),无效输血率也就越高。     

氟康唑对老年危重患者肝功能影响的临床研究

目的了解老年危重患者应用氟康唑抗真菌治疗中对肝功能的影响,探讨如何进一步规范使用,减少其肝损害。方法回顾性分析胸心血管外科监护病房2005年9月～2010年12月应用氟康唑患者39例临床资料。结果 39例患者中,肝功能异常12例（27.9%）,其中氟康唑引起的肝功能异常有2例（5.1%）,1例保肝治疗后正常,不需停药;另1例保肝治疗和减低剂量后肝功能好转但仍高,停药后肝功能恢复。其余10例导致的肝功能异常为开胸手术后、急性心肌梗死、重度感染或多器官衰竭导致的肝功能损害或在氟康唑应用前已出现,与氟康唑无关。结论氟康唑导致肝功能损害较少见,但需密切监测,早期发现,早期治疗。     

红细胞输注效果及影响因素的回顾性分析

目的：探讨住院患者红细胞输注的临床疗效，倡导制定个体化输血的策略。方法：回顾分析2006年10月-2007年12月我院患者红细胞输注效果与其年龄、性别、输血前血红蛋白浓度、输血次数、既往输血史、原发疾病的关系。结果：7277例患者中，出现红细胞输注不佳有894例（12．3％）；而在7277例患者实行了11264次输血治疗中发生1387次红细胞输注不佳（12．3％）。红细胞输注不佳与患者年龄、性别、输血前Hb浓度无关，与疾病、输血次数和既往输血史有着密切的关系。肿瘤和血液病患者、输血不良反应的发生、输血次数越多、既往输血总量越多，则发生红细胞输注不佳概率越高。结论：临床红纽胞输注效果与患者体内免疫状况密切相关，应当对不同的输血患者，制定独立、安全、有效的个体化输血策略。     

大量输注悬浮红细胞对中老年外伤急性失血患者凝血功能的影响

目的探讨大量输注悬浮红细胞对中老年外伤急性失血患者凝血功能的影响。方法选择2011年1月至2014年1月在该院接受治疗的由于外伤所致的急性失血患者150例,随机分成对照组和观察组,各75例。对照组患者给予大量输注全血。观察组患者给予大量输注悬浮红细胞。比较两组患者输血前后血红蛋白(HGB)、血细胞比容(HCT)的变化情况。比较输血前后两组血小板(PLT)和凝血4项水平的差异。观察输血后两组不良反应的发生情况。结果输血后,两组患者的HGB、HCT、PLT和凝血4项均有一定程度的优化,但是观察组的优化幅度高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组输血后不良反应发生率为2.7%,低于对照组21.3%(P<0.05)。结论大量输注悬浮红细胞能够使中老年外伤急性失血患者的血容量迅速增加,更加有效地改善血液循环、促进凝血功能的恢复,临床效果显著。     

输注悬浮红细胞糖尿病患者血糖浓度的检测方法探讨

目的 探讨输注悬浮红细胞糖尿病患者血糖浓度的检测方法,并观测其应用的效果.方法 选取在2018年3月—2020年6月在血站输注悬浮红细胞糖尿病患者38例,分别用两种方法测定血糖.把两种方法测定结果分为观察组和对照组,对照组为利用oet-r半自动生化分析仪检测对患者的血糖进行检测,观察组用GT-1640型血糖仪进行指尖血...     

1620例危重患者长途转运分析

目的探讨危重患者长途转运的合适方案。方法回顾性总结分析1620例危重患者长途转运过程中各病种病情发生变化情况及抢救处理措施。结果转运的1620例危重患者中1615例安全返院。结论危重患者在具备先进设备救护车前提下,做好转运前评估和预处理,途中密切监测病情变化并及时处理,绝大部分患者可安全返院,转运前还应办好相关的法律程序。     

重症监护病房住院患者红细胞输注和疗效分析

目的：调查重症监护病房（ICU）住院患者输血疗效和影响输血疗效原因。方法：通过回顾性分析2003年1月-2005年10月期间ICU患者的输血情况。结果：712名住院患者215名输血,共输血432人次。平均输血总量为（2．5±0．70）U（1U～25U）。有贫血、感染、心功能不全、肾功能不全的患者的输血的危险增大（P〈0．01）输血前感染、进行性失血或凝血功能不全的患者的输血无效的危险增大（P〈0．01）。结论：输血在不同年龄、不同疾病类型中分布不同。患者输血前的疾病状态：贫血程度、感染、肾功能情况是影响输血的有关因素。而进行性失血和凝血功能障碍以及重症感染是影响输血疗效的因素。     

The addition of decision support into computerized physician order entry reduces red blood cell transfusion resource utilization in the intensive care unit

Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) has the potential for cost containment in critically ill patients through practice standardization and elimination of unnecessary interventions. Previous study demonstrated the beneficial short-term effect of adding a decision support for red blood cell (RBC) transfusion into the hospital CPOE. We evaluated the effect of such intervention on RBC resource utilization during the two-year study period. From the institutional APACHE III database we identified 2,200 patients with anemia, but no active bleeding on admission: 1,100 during a year before and 1,100 during a year after the intervention. The mean number of RBC transfusions per patient decreased from 1.5 +/- 1.9 units to 1.3 +/- 1.8 units after the intervention (P = 0.045). RBC transfusion cost decreased from $616,442 to $556,226 after the intervention. Hospital length of stay and adjusted hospital mortality did not differ before and after protocol implementation. In conclusion, the implementation of an evidenced-based decision support system through a CPOE can decrease RBC transfusion resource utilization in critically ill patients.     

Low blood mononuclear cell magnesium in intensive cardiac care unit patients

Magnesium deficiency may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias, and coronary spasm. Because less than 1% of magnesium (Mg) is extracellular, the serum magnesium (sMg) does not always accurately reflect intracellular Mg stores. To determine the frequency of Mg deficiency in patients with cardiovascular disease, we measured blood mononuclear cell Mg content (mMg) and sMg concentrations in 104 unselected patients admitted to our intensive cardiac care unit (CCU). Twenty-seven normal healthy controls and 33 hypomagnesemic patients with chronic alcoholism and/or malabsorption syndrome served as reference groups. The sMg concentration in the CCU patients was 2.05 +/- 0.03 mg/dl (mean +/- SEM), and did not differ from normal controls (mean 2.01 +/- 0.03 mg/dl). Only 8 of 104 CCU patients were hypomagnesemic (7.7%). mMg in the CCU patients, however, was significantly lower than in the normal controls (1.15 +/- 0.02 micrograms/mg protein and 1.34 +/- 0.02 micrograms/mg protein respectively, p less than 0.001). Fifty-three percent (55 of 104) of CCU patients had mMg contents less than 1.119 micrograms/mg protein, i.e., below that of the lowest normal control. mMg was significantly lower in those patients with congestive heart failure (mMg = 1.08 +/- 0.03 micrograms/mg protein) when compared to those patients without congestive heart failure (1.23 +/- 0.02 micrograms/mg protein, p less than 0.001). We conclude that the incidence of intracellular Mg deficiency in patients with cardiovascular disease is much higher than the sMg would lead one to suspect, and may contribute to clinical cardiovascular morbidity.     

Red cell transfusion practice following the transfusion requirements in critical care (TRICC) study: prospective observational cohort study in a large UK intensive care unit

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The Transfusion Requirements In Critical Care (TRICC) study found that critically ill patients tolerate a restrictive haemoglobin transfusion threshold. We investigated red-cell transfusion practice since publication of the TRICC study in a large Scottish teaching hospital intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively collected daily data for a 6-month period on haemoglobin concentrations, red-cell transfusions and indications for transfusions, throughout ICU stay for all patients who stayed for longer than 24 h in the ICU. RESULTS: A total of 176 patients were studied, who utilized 1237 ICU days. Of these 176 patients, 52% received red-cell transfusions. A haemoglobin concentration of < or = 9 g/dl was measured in 55% of patients; this occurred by day 1 and day 2 in 52% and 77% of these cases, respectively. Overall the haemoglobin concentration was < or = 9 g/dl for 45% of all patient days. Total red-cell use was 3.1 units per admission (0.47 units per patient day). Only 18% of transfusion episodes were required as a result of haemorrhage. For 'non-haemorrhage' transfusion episodes, the median pretransfusion haemoglobin concentration was 7.8 g/dl (interquartile range: 7.4-8.4 g/dl), and 64% of transfusion episodes were for 2 units. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians in our centre were conservative, in keeping with recent transfusion guidelines, but deviated from the TRICC protocol by transfusing at haemoglobin concentrations of between 7 and 9 g/dl, rather than below 7 g/dl, and by prescribing 2 unit transfusions. Significant numbers of red-cell units are still used in the critically ill.     

A retrospective cohort study of disease-related risk factors for central venous catheter-related symptomatic thrombosis in intensive care unit inpatients

Central venous catheters (CVC) are widely used in critically ill patients given their benefits in monitoring vital signs, treatment administration, and renal replacement therapy in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but these catheters have the potential to induce symptomatic catheter-related venous thrombosis (CRVT). This study reported the rate of symptomatic CRVT in ICU patients receiving CVC and analyzed the disease-related risk factors for symptomatic CRVT in ICU patients.A retrospective analysis was performed on the consecutive ICU 1643 critically ill patients with CVCs inserted from January 2015 to December 2019. Symptomatic CRVT was confirmed by ultrasound. CVCs were divided into 2 groups based on the presence of symptomatic CRVT, and the variables were extracted from the electronic medical record system. Logistic univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the disease-related risk factors of symptomatic CRVT.A total of 209 symptomatic CRVT events occurred among 2114 catheters. The rate of CRVT was 9.5 per 1000 catheter days. Univariate analysis revealed that trauma, major surgery, heart failure, respiratory failure, and severe acute pancreatitis were risk factors for symptomatic CRVT in the ICU. Multivariate analysis showed that trauma (odds ratio [OR], 2.046; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.325–3.160], P = .001), major surgery (OR, 2.457; 95% CI [1.641–3.679], P = .000), and heart failure (OR, 2.087; 95% CI [1.401–3.111], P = .000) were independent disease-related risk factors for symptomatic CRVT in ICU. The C-statistic for this model was 0.61 (95% CI [0.57–0.65], P = .000).The incidence rate of symptomatic CRVT in the ICU population was 9.5 per 1000 catheter days. Trauma, major surgery, and heart failure are independent disease-related risk factors of symptomatic CRVT.     

Prudent strategies for elective red blood cell transfusion.

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature on the appropriateness of red blood cell transfusion and current physician practice, with emphasis on the physiologic and symptomatic implications of elective transfusion in the treatment of anemia. DATA SOURCES: Studies on the therapeutic use of red blood cell transfusion were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966 to the present) and through a manual review of bibliographies of identified articles. In addition, evidence was solicited from selected experts in the field and recent consensus panels that have developed transfusion guidelines. DATA SYNTHESIS: No controlled trials of blood transfusion were identified, but data were available on four issues relevant to transfusion practice: current physician practice and evidence for excessive use of red blood cell transfusion; physiologic adaptation to anemia; human tolerance of low hemoglobin levels; and strategies for reducing homologous transfusion requirements. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the recent decline in red blood cell use because of concerns about infection, current transfusion practice remains variable because physicians have disparate views about its appropriateness. The remarkable human tolerance of anemia suggests that clinicians can accept hemoglobin levels above 70 g/L (7 g/dL) in most patients with self-limited anemia. In patients with impaired cardiovascular status or with anemias that will not resolve spontaneously, however, the data are insufficient to determine minimum acceptable hemoglobin levels, and therapy must be guided by the clinical situation. Several therapeutic strategies and pharmacologic interventions are available in the perioperative and non-operative settings to further reduce red blood cell use.     

Outcomes of septic cirrhosis patients admitted to the intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study

The aim of this study is to examine the outcome of septic patients with cirrhosis admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and predictors of mortality.Single center, retrospective cohort study.The study was conducted in Intensive care Department of King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Data was extracted from a prospectively collected ICU database managed by a full time data collector. All patients with an admission diagnosis of sepsis according to the sepsis-3 definition were included from 2002 to 2017. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of cirrhosis.The primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included ICU mortality, ICU and hospital lengths of stay and mechanical ventilation duration.A total of 7906 patients were admitted to the ICU with sepsis during the study period, of whom 497 (6.29%) patients had cirrhosis. 64.78% of cirrhotic patients died during their hospital stay compared to 31.54% of non-cirrhotic. On multivariate analysis, cirrhosis patients were at greater odds of dying within their hospital stay as compared to non-cirrhosis patients (Odds ratio {OR} 2.53; 95% confidence interval {CI} 2.04 – 3.15) independent of co-morbidities, organ dysfunction or hemodynamic status. Among cirrhosis patients, elevated international normalization ratio (INR) (OR 1.69; 95% CI 1.29-2.23), hemodialysis (OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.76-5.42) and mechanical ventilation (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.60–4.28) were the independent predictors of mortality.Septic cirrhosis patients admitted to the intensive care unit have greater odds of dying during their hospital stay. Among septic cirrhosis patients, elevated INR and the need for hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation were associated with increased mortality.     

神经内科重症监护病房内医院获得性肺炎的危险因素:回顾性病例系列研究

目的 探讨神经内科重症监护病房(neurological intensive care unit,NICU)内医院获得性肺炎(hospital-acquired pneumonia,HAP)的危险因素.方法 纳入2010年5月至2011年4月期间入住南方医院NICU≥48 h且年龄≥18岁的患者,回顾性调查其一般资料、入住NICU 24 h内最差格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)评分以及急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评分(Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation,APACHE)Ⅱ、是否发生HAP、在研究时间范围内是否存在某些基础疾病或症状、使用特定药物治疗或侵袭性操作等可能的危险因素,同时记录连续性医疗干预措施的持续时间,并对连续型变量进行量化分层.结果 共纳入243例患者,其中HAP 50例(20.6％).单变量分析显示,HAP组昏迷(44.0％对29.0％;x2=4.091,P=0.043)和APACHEⅡ评分≥15分(60.0％对38.9％x2=7.232,P=0.007)的比例显著高于非HAP组,两组间使用抗酸药(＜6 d:38.0％对19.7％;≥6 d:18.0％对25.9％;x2=7.521,P=0.023)、使用镇静药(＜2 d:30.0％对37.3％;≥2 d:46.0％对28.0％;x2=6.064,P=0.048)、使用血液制品(＜3 d:24.0％对9.8％;≥3 d:6.0％对7.3％;x2 =7.150,P=0.028)、气管插管(＜5 d:24.0％对10.9％;≥5 d:26.0％对15.5％;X2=10.698,P=0.005)、机械通气(＜4 d:6.0％对7.8％;≥4 d:30.0％对7.8％,x2=18.132,P=0.000)和留置鼻胃管(＜7 d:56.0％对37.3％;≥7 d:42.0％对44.6％;X2=10.410,P=0.005)存在显著性差异.多变量logistic回归分析显示,机械通气≥4 d[优势比(odds ratio,OR)6.481,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)2.522 ～ 16.654;P=0.000]、留置鼻胃管＜7 d(OR 12.504,95％ CI 1.614 ～ 96.869;P=0.016)和使用抗酸药＜6 d(OR 2.271,95％ CI 1.042 ～4.949;P=0.039)为NICU患者发生HAP的独立危险因素.结论 机械通气、留置鼻胃管和使用抗酸药为NICU患者发生HAP的独立危险因素,需采取有针对性的措施.