慢性化脓性中耳炎的螺旋CT检查（附74例93耳分析）

目的探讨螺旋CT检查在慢性化脓性中耳炎诊治中的价值。方法研究74例93耳慢性化脓性中耳炎,比较术前CT所见与手术及病理结果。结果螺旋CT所见与手术结果基本相符,CT与病理分型符合率为95．7%。Ⅲ型慢性化脓性中耳炎听骨链及中耳骨壁破坏较Ⅱ型范围广且程度重。三维CT听骨链显示情况与手术一致。结论螺旋CT检查有助于慢性化脓性中耳炎的诊断和分型,三维CT成像对制定手术方案,提高手术安全性有很大潜力。     

听骨链螺旋CT三维重建技术及初步临床应用

目的探讨听骨链螺旋CT三维重建技术的临床应用及局限性.方法采用螺旋CT薄层扫描(层厚1.0mm),Pitch1.5,小视野(FOV=9.0cm),密集重建(间隔0.5mm).观察22例,其中10例正常,12例耳部病变患者,所有病例均采用表面遮盖法(SSD)行听骨链三维重建成像.正常及异常耳的观察阈值分别为-200～-500HU和100～300HU.结果10例正常耳听骨链重建能直观显示锤、砧骨的大小、形态及相互关系,砧镫关节呈"L”形,镫骨前后脚及底板显示欠佳.12例患者中,3例胆脂瘤型及1例肉芽肿型中耳炎患者,3D图像显示有不同程度听小骨破坏,与手术所见基本相符.1例肉芽肿型、2例单纯型中耳炎及2例颞骨骨折患者听骨链3D图像均显示正常.2例中耳畸形显示听骨链发育异常.1例神经鞘瘤病显示听小骨被肿瘤组织破坏.结论螺旋CT三维重建技术能很好显示正常及异常听骨链的立体影像,有利于中耳炎、中耳畸形及其它耳部病变的诊断.     

HRCT和MRI对慢性中耳炎的诊断价值

目的 探讨HRCT及MRI对慢性中耳炎的诊断价值。资料与方法 回顾性分析经病理及临床证实的72例慢性中耳炎的HRCT和MRI表现，并进行对比分析。结果 HRCT显示听小骨链破坏。移位（33/61），中耳乳突骨质破坏（33/61），乳突气房消失（54/61），鼓室及鼓窦黏膜增厚，积液（55/61），乙状窦，鼓室盖破坏及半规管瘘（4/61），HRCT也能显示鼓室内及外耳道异常软组织影，MRI不能显示岩骨细微的骨质结构。渗出性慢性中耳炎显示长T1长T2信号影（10/10）。肉芽肿型中耳炎显示为T1长T2信号影（4/6）或短T1长T2信号影（2/6），增强后明显强化，胆脂瘤型中耳炎表现为短T1长T2信号（7/11）或等T1长T2信号（4/11），增强后不强化或环形强化。结论 HRCT显示听小骨及乳突骨质结构较佳。对手术及听力恢复有指导意义。MRI则能确定软组织病变性质，可区别肉芽组织和胆脂瘤。     

听骨链螺旋CT三维表面遮盖显示技术的临床应用

目的 探讨听小骨螺旋CT三维表面遮盖显示技术(SSD)的临床应用价值及相关的技术要点。资料与方法 对43例患者进行螺旋高分辨率CT扫描，利用密集放大的重建图像，采用手动编辑，先移去听小骨周围的骨质，仅保留听小骨，用经编辑的轴位图像进行SSD三维成像。结果 40侧正常耳的听小骨三维SSD显示了听小骨的细微结构，还反映了听小骨之间的关系。病变听小骨的三维SSD重建图像与轴位图像的表现基本相符；慢性中耳炎25耳中，22耳进行了听小骨SSD成像，10耳见有骨质破坏；先天性外、中耳畸形16耳均见有听小骨发育不良；外伤后听力下降5耳中，1耳锤砧关节脱位和1耳并有移位的锤骨骨折在听小骨三维SSD成像直观地显示。结论 螺旋CT扫描和三维SSD有利于听小骨的显示和病变的诊断。     

MSCT的MPR矢状位重建对慢性化脓性中耳炎的临床应用价值

目的探讨MSCT的MPR矢状位重建对慢性化脓性中耳炎的临床手术应用价值。方法对61例76耳慢性化脓性中耳炎行MSCT检查,在轴位HRCT及矢状位MPR图像上观察中耳结构及病变显示情况并与手术结果进行对照。结果矢状面MPR图像可良好显示颞骨结构及其周围结构的毗邻关系,对面神经鼓室段及垂直段、乙状窦板及颈静脉球等结构显示尤佳。在MPR矢状位重建图像上38耳中耳炎可见中耳骨壁及听骨链的“人”字形结构有不同程度的破坏。16耳(肉芽肿型5耳,胆脂瘤型11耳)面神经管破坏鼓室段12耳,乳突段4耳,其中3耳胆脂瘤型的面神经管鼓室段和乳突段均有骨质破坏;骨性半规管受累伴骨质破坏12耳;解剖变异有乙状窦前置8耳,乙状窦的前壁至外耳道后壁的最短距离约0.4～0.8cm,平均0.6cm;2例高位颈静脉球;均得到手术证实。结论矢状位MPR图像对慢性中耳炎累及面神经骨管损伤程度、位置及与周围位置的毗邻关系的显示具有重要的临床应用价值。     

慢性中耳炎的HRCT诊断

目的探讨慢性中耳炎的HRCT特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法回顾性分析105例慢性中耳炎患者术前临床和HRCT检查资料,并与手术病理结果对照.结果36例胆脂瘤型中耳炎HRCT表现为鼓室或/及鼓窦内团块状软组织影和骨质改变,包括听骨硬化、移位、破坏,盾板破坏及中耳腔扩大,有的还伴有乙状窦、天盖、水平半规管的破坏.69例渗出肉芽型中耳炎HRCT表现多呈斑片状、条索状或网状软组织影,部分可见液平,听骨移位及破坏较轻.结论依据中耳腔内软组织影的分布、形态及骨质改变等特点,大多数慢性中耳炎可籍HRCT做出诊断或鉴别诊断.     

Is there a role for virtual otoscopy in the preoperative assessment of the ossicular chain in chronic suppurative otitis media? Comparison of HRCT and virtual otoscopy with surgical findings

The aim of this study was to assess the role of virtual otoscopy and 3D ossicular reconstruction in the preoperative assessment of the ossicles in chronic suppurative otitis media. Thirty three patients of chronic suppurative otitis media with conductive deafness (air–bone gap > 35 dB) were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent axial multidetector CT. The axial CT data set was utilized for multiplanar 2D reformations as well as virtual otoscopy (VO) and 3D reconstructions. The imaging findings on these two techniques were read independently by two radiologists with respect to different parts of the ossicular chain by using a three-point scoring system and were compared with surgical findings. Both imaging techniques had comparable accuracy for evaluation of larger ossicular parts. However, for evaluation of stapes superstructure, VO/3D images were more accurate (85.29%) than 2D images (76.97%). Assessment of the lenticular process and incudostapedial joint by HRCT and 2D reformatted images was not reliable (P > 0.1); however, significant correlation (P < 0.001) was present between VO/3D and the operative findings. Virtual otoscopy improves evaluation of the ossicular chain particularly that of smaller structures such as the lenticular process, incudostapedial joint and stapes superstructure which may influence decisions regarding planning of ossiculoplasty.     

Evaluation of high-resolution CT after tympanoplasty.

The temporal bones of 28 patients who underwent tympanoplasty were evaluated with high-resolution CT (HRCT). Seventeen patients had undergone tympanoplasty with a columella, used to form an ossicular reconstruction. The incus body was used as the columella in 4 patients and a prosthesis was used in 13 patients. No columella was used in the other 11 patients. After tympanoplasty, CT demonstrated normal appearance in 8 patients. Of the other 20 patients, 16 were diagnosed with chronic otitis media, and 4 were diagnosed with recurrent cholesteatoma on the basis of follow-up CT examinations. Seven underwent reoperation. In all 4 patients with recurrent cholesteatoma, the diagnosis was pathologically confirmed at reoperation. In 1 patient diagnosed with chronic otitis media, the pathological diagnosis was recurrent cholesteatoma. The columellae in 8 of the 17 patients could not be identified on CT because of surrounding soft tissue mass, but in the other 9 patients the condition of the ossicular reconstruction was well demonstrated. Prosthesis dislocation was apparent in 2 patients. We recommend HRCT examination in the follow-up of tympanoplasty patients.     

CT evaluation of prosthetic ossicular reconstruction procedures: what the otologist needs to know.

Postoperative otologic evaluation of patients who have undergone ossicular reconstruction is often difficult. However, thin-section computed tomography (CT) can help determine the type of prosthesis used for reconstruction and adequately assess for complications that may be causing postoperative conductive hearing loss. A variety of prostheses may be used in ossicular reconstruction (eg, stapes prosthesis, incus interposition graft, Applebaum prosthesis, Black oval-top prosthesis, Richards centered prosthesis, Goldenberg prosthesis) and can usually be identified at CT by their shapes and locations. Several causes of prosthetic failure are readily demonstrated at CT, including recurrent cholesteatoma and otitis media, formation of granulation tissue or adhesions, and various mechanical problems (eg, subluxation, dislocation, extrusion, fracture, bending). Perilymphatic fistula can be difficult to identify at CT but may be suggested by the presence of pneumolabyrinth, unexplained middle ear effusion, or fluid accumulation within the mastoid air cells. The presence of soft tissue within the oval window niche 4-6 weeks following surgery may indicate poststapedectomy granuloma or fibrosis. Familiarity with the normal and abnormal CT appearances of ossicular prostheses will enable the radiologist to assist the otologist in identifying patients in whom revision surgery is most appropriate.     

肉芽肿型和胆脂瘤型中耳炎的X线平片与CT对照观察

目的:探讨CT和X线平片在诊断慢性中耳炎中的作用。方法:搜集经手术病理证实的肉芽肿型和胆脂瘤型中耳炎33例,术前同时行CT和X线平片检查,比较分析其CT和X线表现,并与手术结果对照。结果:33例中,肉芽肿型中耳炎6例,胆脂瘤型中耳炎2 7例,X线平片和CT发现乳突骨质破坏分别为18例和32例,两者差异有显著性意义(P<0. 0 5 ) ;鼓窦入口扩大分别为13例和2 0例,破坏区边缘硬化分别为10例和17例,两者之间差异均无显著性意义(P >0 .0 5 ) ;CT发现7例外耳道软组织病灶和2 4例听小骨破坏中的2 3例,而X线平征均不能显示。结论:X线平片可作为中耳炎的初选检查方法,CT是中耳炎的重要检查手段     

Ossicular erosions in the dry ear: CT diagnosis

Erosions of the ossicular chain that occurred as a complication of noncholesteatomatous chronic otitis media were studied with computed tomography (CT) in 55 patients. The incus (particularly the long and lenticular processes) was the ossicle most commonly involved (50 cases). Coronal and axial CT sections were complementary in the diagnosis of these erosions. Fibrous replacement of the incudostapedial articulation was diagnosed in four cases on axial CT scans when an unusually wide joint was present.     

Congenital middle-ear deafness: CT study

Computed tomography (CT) was used to study 25 patients with congenital conductive hearing loss and normal external auditory canals. Deformities were subdivided according to ossicular, fenestral, and cholesteatomatous origin. Isolated ossicular deformities were found in 14 patients (five bilateral), cholesteatoma in eight, oval-window nondevelopment (with ossicular deformity) in one, and normal studies in two (congenital stapes fixation at the level of the annular ligament). Ossicular deformities may be subdivided into incudostapedial disconnections into incudostapedial disconnections (most common), malleoincudal fixations, and stapes fixations. Most are due to developmental anomaly of the first or second branchial arch. The stapes has a dual origin (second arch and otic capsule). A cholesteatoma is defined as congenital only if there is no history of otitis and the tympanic membrane is intact. In this series, six were in the middle ear proper, and two were within the attic beyond otoscopic view. Their CT appearance, with one exception, was essentially identical to that of acquired lesions.     

CTVE对胆脂瘤型中耳炎听骨链病变的诊断价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT仿真内镜（CTVE）对胆脂瘤型中耳炎听骨链病变的诊断价值。方法：比较28耳胆脂瘤型慢性中耳炎听骨链的CTVE表现与临床手术所见。结果：CTVE显示的胆脂瘤型中耳炎听骨链破坏与手术所见基本相符，但对听骨链的细微病变价值有限，结论：CTVE是一种全新的多角度立体地观察听骨链结构的非侵入性影像手段。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎的CT诊断

本文回顾性分析了经手术病理证实的４９耳胆脂瘤型中耳炎和８耳胆固醇性肉芽肿的临床和ＨＲＣＴ检查资料。中耳胆脂瘤的ＣＴ表现为：（１）鼓室、鼓窦内软组织影和骨质破坏；（２）听骨移位及破坏；（３）鼓膜增厚、内陷、穿孔；（４）严重者可破坏乙状窦板、天装置、半规管和面神经管等。笔者对后天性胆脂瘤的组织密度、颞骨各部位胆脂瘤的ＣＴ诊断，胆固醇肉芽肿的病理机制、临床和ＣＴ表现、与胆脂瘤的鉴别诊断等进行了探讨。     

CT two-dimensional reformation versus three-dimensional volume rendering with regard to surgical findings in the preoperative assessment of the ossicular chain in chronic suppurative otitis media

Purpose

To assess the role of three-dimensional volume rendering (3DVR) in the preoperative assessment of the ossicular chain in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).

Materials and methods

Sixty-six patients with CSOM were included in this prospective study. Temporal bone was scanned with a 128-channel multidetector row CT and the axial data was transferred to the workstation for multiplanar reformation (MPR) and 3DVR reconstructions. Evaluation of the ossicular chain according to a three-point scoring system on two-dimensional reformation (2D) and 3DVR was performed independently by two radiologists. The evaluation results were compared with surgical findings.

Results

2D showed over 89% accuracy in the assessment of segmental absence of the ossicular chain in CSOM, no matter how small the segmental size was. 3DVR was as accurate as 2D for the assessment of segmental absence. However, 3DVR was found to be more accurate than 2D in the evaluation of partial erosion of segments.

Conclusion

Both 3DVR and 2D are accurate and reliable for the assessment of the ossicular chain in CSOM. The inclusion of 3DVR images in the imaging protocol improves the accuracy of 2D in detecting ossicular erosion from CSOM.     

CT features of chronic maxillary osteomyelitis in adults]

CT findings were reviewed in four adult patients with chronic maxillary osteomyelitis (CMO) that was histologically proved. The CT features of CMO included bone destruction and soft tissue mass, predominantly in the inferior portion of the maxillary antrum (all 4 cases), thickening of the antral wall (3 cases) and abnormal soft tissue around the antrum associated with or without bony wall destruction (3 cases). CMO could not be distinguished from cancer of the maxillary antrum on CT because of the similar findings. However, abnormal soft tissue around the antrum together with an undestructed bony antral wall may be useful for differentiating the two diseases.     

Malleus bar as a rare cause of congenital malleus fixation: CT demonstration.

Among congenital ossicular anomalies without external ear atresia, malleus fixation is least common. We report a case of congenital malleus fixation by a bony bar connecting the malleus neck to the posterior tympanic wall, which was depicted on thin-section CT scans.     

Tuberculous otitis media: findings on high-resolution CT

We describe two cases of tuberculous otitis media studied with high-resolution computed tomography (CT). Findings included extensive soft tissue densities with fluid levels in the tympanic cavity, the antrum, the mastoid and petrous air cells. Multifocal bony erosions and reactive bone sclerosis were seen as well. CT proved valuable for planning therapy by accurately displaying the involvement of the various structures of the middle and inner ear. However, the specific nature of the disease could only be presumed. Correspondence to: D. Lungenschmid     

Synthetic ossicular replacements: normal and abnormal CT appearance

Twenty-two patients with synthetic ossicular replacements were studied with computed tomography (CT). Twelve patients had total ossicular replacement prostheses (TORPs), and ten patients had partial ossicular replacement prostheses (PORPs). Good results were achieved in 12 patients (eight with TORPs and four with PORPs). Four of these prostheses were clearly visible on CT scans, six were discernible, and two were not identified. In the ten patients with unsatisfactory surgical results, CT was performed before surgical revision. It disclosed subluxation of the prosthesis in four patients and fibrous tissue fixation in four. In two patients the CT scan appeared normal; surgery disclosed lateralization of the graft with a nonfunctioning interface.     

MSCT在胆脂瘤型中耳炎中的应用

目的:分析胆脂瘤型中耳炎的MSCT表现,探讨MSCT在临床的应用价值。方法:分析32例经手术、病理证实胆脂瘤型中耳炎的MSCT特征,及其对临床的指导作用。结果:胆脂瘤型中耳炎的MSCT表现有鼓室及鼓窦内软组织密度影;听小骨破坏;周围结构如盾板、半规管、面神经管可破坏,其中盾板常见。结论:MSCT可以清楚显示中耳胆脂瘤的部位、形态、听小骨及周围结构的破坏情况有助于明确诊断,为手术治疗提供依据。