Prader-Willi综合征认知障碍分析

<正>Prader-Willi综合征(Prader-Willi syndrome, PWS)又称小胖威利综合征,系15号染色体q11～q13区域基因表达异常导致的神经发育障碍性疾病[1]。大部分PWS为散发病例,发病率为1/20 000～1/15 000[2],其发病机制包括[3-4]:①父系15号染色体q11-q13区域缺失(DEL),导致该位点的等位基因丢失或易位;②母系单亲二倍体(mUPD),即两条15号染色体均来自母亲;③印迹缺陷,即父源染色体15号染色体q11-q13区域发生基因突变。     

伴有11号染色体异常的2例急性髓细胞白血病研究

目的 分析涉及11号染色体短臂p15和11号染色体长臂q23的AML患者的遗传学特点,并结合形态学、免疫表型特点,进一步认识伴有11号染色体异常的AML患者特征.方法 以一组系列相关的单克隆抗体射门的三色流式细胞术对2例伴有11号染色体异常的AML患者进行检测,以常规R显带和骨髓穿刺涂片进行形态学分析.结果 2例AML患者形态学诊断均为M5,例1遗传学分析显示为t(4;11)(q21;q23),例2遗传学分析显示为t(5;11)(q31;p15).免疫表型显示例1为CD13 ,CD15 ,CD33 ,CD117 ,CD34 ,CD19 ,HLA-DB 胞质MPO-,例2为CD15 ,CD13 ,CD14 ,CD11B ,CD71 ,HLA-DR ,胞质MPO ,CD19 ,CD34 .结论 t(4;11)(q21;q23)和t(5;11)(q31;p15)易位发生在AML患者中较少,我们研究的2例伴有11号染色体异常的患者都表现为急性髓细胞白血病-M5,免疫表型显示为髓系伴CD19表达.     

染色体跳跃易位与罗伯逊易位

染色体跳跃易位(Jumping Translocation)是指一条(供体)染色体的相同片断易位到不同的(受体)染色体上,它涉及一种罕见的染色体镶嵌类型。1979年Lejeune等在一个Prader-Willi综合征(PWS)患者身上发现3个不同的细胞系,它们分别是t(5p;15q),t(8q;15q),t(12q;15q),这表明15号染色体长臂的一部分,分别易位到5号,8     

急性早幼粒细胞白血病的基因重排

1957年Hillstead首先将急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)从急性非淋巴细胞白血病中区分出来,予以命名,并描述其临床特征。1976年Golomb等发现APL有第17号染色体(chr.17)的长臂部分缺失,即del 17(q11～21),之后又证实这缺失部分移位至第15号染色体的长臂上,形成t(15;17)(q22;q21),当时     

治疗慢性粒细胞性白血病的新动向

慢性粒细胞性白血病（CML）的发病率约占成人白血病的15％～20％。近10近来,对CML致病的分子基础的研究及其早期治疗有较大进展,但对晚期病人的治疗仍显得束手无策。超过90％的CML病人白细胞内存在着一种philadclphia（Ph）染色体,是由1个22号染色体与1个9号染色体的长臂相互融合而成,即（9;22）（q34;q21）移位。这种Ph染色体携带着BCR-ABL融合基因,通过酪氨酸激酶催化,表达为一种磷蛋白（P210）,P210~（BCR-ABL）在     

High frequency loss of heterozygosity on the long arms of chromosomes 13 and 14 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Southern China

目的：分析鼻咽癌（NPC）13号染色体长臂（13q）和14号染色体长臂（14q）上21个位点的等位基因杂合子丢失（LOH）,并分析这些位点的LOH与NPC临床病理及EBV感染的关系。方法：用聚合酶链反应（PCR）为基础的微卫星多态性分析技术结合基因扫描和基因绘图技术对60例NPC进行LOH分析。结果：13q染色体发生一个或多个位点LOH频率为78％,高频率LOH（大于30％）位点集中于13q12.3-q14.3和13q32附近。14q染色体发生至少一个位点LOH的频率为80％,高频率丢失位点集中于14q11-q13、1q421-q24和14q32附近。13q31-q32位点的LOH与低滴度血清EBV EA/IgA有关;14q染色体的LOH与NPC细胞的分化差有关。结论：华南地区鼻咽癌在13q和14q染色体发生高频率的LOH,这些缺失区可能存在多个在NPC发生发展过程中起重要作用的肿瘤抑制基因。     

男性因素不孕与家族性染色体易位t(1;13)(q24;q10)

报道了1例兄妹家庭中,哥哥遗传于母亲的t(1;13)(q24;q10)染色体易位。病例有清楚的易位点在1号染色体长臂和13号染色体长臂之间。以上所提及的染色体易位可能与APOE和M TH FR基因型及低叶酸营养状况有关。男性因素不孕与家族性染色体易位t(1;13)(q24;q10)@Sazci A$Dept. of Med. Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kocaeli, Derince 41900, Kocaeli , Turkey.Dr @Ercelen N @Ergul E @Akpinar G @刘亦恒…     

荧光原位杂交检测急性髓性白血病21号染色体复杂核型异常

目的对急性髓性白血病（AML）患者可能出现的21号染色体复杂核型异常进行研究。方法AML患者共50例,其中成人37例,儿童13例,采用荧光原位杂交技术（FISH）,运用多种位点特异性DNA探针（染色体全染、特殊位点、双色易位融合探针）进行杂交。结果50例AML中,7例患者出现21号染色体异常（14％）,包括21号染色体数量和结构上的异常。其中4例儿童AML出现21号染色体三倍体,1例合并复杂的核型变化：47～49,XX,der（1）t（1;17）（p36．1;q23）,＋4,＋10,der（11）t（11;17）（q23;q23）,-17,-18,＋20,＋21。3例成人AML出现21号染色体结构的变化,即t（8;21）（q22;q22）。其中1例患者出现复杂的核型变化,即der（21）,t（8;21）（q22;q22）,dup（15q）。结论AML常合并有21号染色体畸变。儿童及成人AML出现21号染色体畸变的方式不同：前者多见21号染色体数量上的变化,而后者多见21号染色体结构上的变化。     

慢性粒细胞白血病的治疗现状及进展

慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）是发生于造血干细胞的克隆性恶性肿瘤.在1960年,Nowell和Hungerford首先发现CML病人具有获得性的染色体异常,名之为费城染色体（Philadelphia,Ph）.1973年,Rowley发现它是9号和22号染色体长臂间交互易位的结果,即t（9;22）（q34;q11）.1983年以后,证实了9号染色体上c-abl与22号染色体上bcr基因交互易位,在22号染色体上所形成的BCR-ABL融合基因,表达P210^bcr/abl融合蛋白,有很强的酪氨酸激酶活性,可使一系列信号蛋白发生持续性的磷酸化,导致白血病的发生.CML病人经历慢性期、加速期、急变期三个阶段,各自的中位数时间分别为3～4年;6～9个月;3～6个月.CML治疗不能满足于完全血液学缓解（CHR）,还要达到完全细胞遗传学缓解（CCR）,进而提高CML分子学缓解率达到治愈的目的.     

父源单亲二倍体Angelman综合征1例 报道并文献复习

Angelman综合征（angelman syndrome，AS）是一种由15号染色体长臂在11~13区（15q11~13）从头微缺失或父源性的15号染色体相关单亲二倍体等引起的遗传性相关的神经源性疾病，临床表现多样，临床诊断有一定困难。本文现回顾性分析1例Angelman综合征患儿的临床资料。患儿，男，1岁3个月，发现全面发育迟缓9个月，入院见表观异常，语言、运动发育落后，基因检测提示父源单亲二倍体，并复习国内外相关文献以了解该病的报道情况，为AS的临床诊治提供参考，以提高临床工作者对该病的认识。     

Bartter综合征临床诊治体会(附3例报告)

目的探讨成人Bartter综合征临床特点。方法对该院3例成人Bartter综合征发病情况、临床表现、实验室检查、治疗等进行综合分析。结果成人Bartter综合征其临床特点有：水、电解质及酸碱失衡；血清肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮明显增高，血压正常；经补钾、消炎痛、依那普利、安体舒通等综合治疗，效果明显。结论成人Bartter综合征常有低钾血症、低氯性碱中毒，肾素、血管紧张素及醛固酮升高，血压正常有助于鉴别诊断。     

巴特综合征临床分析

目的 总结巴特综合征的临床特点,探讨其发病机制.方法 回顾性分析天津医科大学总医院内分泌科2006年11月至2010年5月的6例巴特综合征病例.结果 6例患者发病年龄13～35岁,男女比例为5∶1.临床上以乏力(6/6)、发作性四肢软瘫(1/6)、肢体麻木(5/6)、手足搐搦(4/6)等为主要表现;血压正常;实验室检查出现持续性低血钾、代谢性碱中毒(6/6),有血浆肾素活性(6/6)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(6/6)及醛固酮(2/6)升高;三角肌活检病理:肌纤维肿胀变性坏死、肌细胞纤维化和肌横纹消失,多种免疫复合物沿肌膜沉积;肾穿刺病理:肾小球旁器增生(5/6)和肾脏多种免疫复合物沉积.补钾及甲泼尼龙等治疗后症状缓解.结论 巴特综合征的临床特点包括乏力、肢体麻木抽搐、正常血压、低血钾性碱中毒及高肾素活性.检查电解质、血气分析及肾素血管紧张素醛固酮水平可明确诊断.不排除免疫因素参与本疾病过程.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of Bartter syndrome and investigate its pathogenesis. Methods The clinical data of 6 cases of Bartter syndrome at our hospital from November 2006 to May 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Results The onset age of Bartter syndrome was 13-35years old. The main symptoms included weakness (6/6), paralysis ( 1/6 ), numbness ( 5/6 ) and tetany (4/6). All patients had normal blood pressure. The biochemical tests showed persistent hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis (6/6) and hyperreninemia. The pathological examination of deltoid muscle biopsy showed the swelling, degeneration and necrosis of myocytes and the deposition of immunocomplex in myolemma. And the pathological examination of renal biopsy showed the hyperplasia of juxtaglomerular apparatus (5/6) and the deposition of immunocomplex.All symptoms were relieved after a therapy of potassium supplementation or a combination of indomethacin, spironolactone and immunosuppressant.Conclusion When such clinical features as weakness, paralysis, tetany, hypokalemic alkalosis and normotension are encountered, Bartter syndrome should be suspected. Serum electrolytes, blood gas analysis and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system should be examined for a definite diagnosis. The treatment of choice includes potassium and magnesium supplementation or in combination with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, aldosterone antagonist and immunosuppressant. Immunologic mechanism may participate in the course of Bartter syndrome.     

成人Bartter综合征2例报道并文献复习

目的 分析成人Bamer综合征的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析2例本病。结果 2例均为青年女性，均有不同程度的多饮、多尿、肌无力和抽搐；实验室检查均表现为低血钾、代谢性碱中毒，血肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮明显升高，而血压正常；补钾、补镁、安体舒通等治疗后症状缓解，血钾水平升高。结论 成人出现双下肢乏力，低血钾碱中毒，而血压正常时需考虑本病，本病行立-卧位肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮测定可基本诊断，必要时行肾穿刺活检；治疗以补钾为主，辅助治疗包括补镁、前列腺素合成酶抑制剂、醛固酮拮抗剂等。     

Concurrence of Bartter syndrome and minimal change nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome （NS） is a common disease in children with a group of symptoms including heavy proteinuria （≥50 mg/kg per 24 hours）, hypoalbuminaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and edema. Bartter syndrome （BS） is a clinically and genetically heterogenous kidney disease characterized by hypokalemia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, obvious increase of rennin, angiotesin II, and normal blood pressure. Cases of Banter syndrome were frequently reported in recent years, but the Bartter syndrome accompanied by nephrotic syndrome as the first symptom has not been previously reported. Although BS is not classically associated with proteinuria, there have been a few reported cases of concomitant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis （FSGS） with BS.1-6 Recently, Hanevold et al5 and Sardani et al7 respectively described an African American child with BS and proteinuria whose renal biopsy revealed findings consistent with Clq nephropathy （ClqN）, as well as the expected hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus （JGA） which is characteristic of BS. It was previously reported that BS was first diagnosed, and then gradually proteinuria followed, but the simultaneous presence of BS and NS is unusual. We herein present a boy with BS and NS whose renal biopsy revealed findings consistent with glomeruli minimal change disease and BS.     

An unusual cause of failure to thrive in a child

Classic Bartter syndrome, depending on the severity, presents during childhood or adolescence as failure to thrive and may be incorrectly labelled as protein-energy malnutrition, particularly in children from a low socioeconomic stratum. We encountered a 5-year-old boy who was asymptomatic till the age of 3 years. Despite adequate dietary intake, he was admitted and managed in various hospitals as a case of protein-energy malnutrition. On evaluation, he had unusual features in the form of persistent hypokalaemia and polyuria leading us to suspect a renal tubular disorder. Treatment of the condition resulted in good weight gain and normalization of serum electrolytes.     

Clinical Findings and Genetic Analysis of Nine Mexican Families with Bartter Syndrome

BackgroundBartter's syndrome (BS) is a group of salt-wasting tubulopathies characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercalciuria, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and low or normal blood pressure. Loss-of-function variants in genes encoding for five proteins expressed in the thick ascending limb of Henle in the nephron, produced different genetic types of BS.AimClinical and genetic analysis of families with Antenatal Bartter syndrome (ABS) and with Classic Bartter syndrome (CBS).MethodsNine patients from unrelated non-consanguineous Mexican families were studied. Massive parallel sequencing of a gene panel or whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the causative gene.ResultsProband 1 was homozygous for the pathogenic variant p.Arg302Gln in the SLC12A1 gene encoding for the sodium-potassium-chloride NKCC2 cotransporter. Proband 3 was homozygous for the nonsense variant p.Cys308* in the KCNJ1 gene encoding for the ROMK potassium channel. Probands 7, 8, and 9 showed variants in the CLCKNB gene encoding the chloride channel ClC-Kb: proband 7 was compound heterozygous for the deletion of the entire gene and the missense change p.Arg438Cys; proband 8 presented a homozygous deletion of the whole gene and proband 9 was homozygous for the nonsense mutation p.Arg595*. A heterozygous variant of unknown significance was detected in the SLC12A1 gene in proband 2, and no variants were found in SLC12A1, KCNJ1, BSND, CLCNKA, CLCNKB, and MAGED2 genes in probands 4, 5, and 6.ConclusionsGenetic analysis identified loss-of-function variants in the SLC12A1, KCNJ1, and CLCNKB genes in four patients with ABS and in the CLCNKB gene in two patients with CBS.     

Bartter和Gitelman综合征临床特点比较

目的比较Bartter综合征（BarS）和Gitelman综合征（GitS）的临床特点。方法回顾性分析我院内分泌科近28年收治的36例诊断为BarS和GitS患者临床和生化特点。结果36例患者中,BarS组23例,平均年龄（30．6±9．86）岁,发病时平均年龄（28．5±9．58）岁,男女发病比例为11：12。GitS组12例,平均年龄（19．8±3．19）岁,发病时平均年龄（16．5±d．92）岁,男女发病比例为11：1。两组均以双下肢无力,发作性四肢软瘫,多饮、多尿,夜尿增加等症状为主;均表现为血钾降低、尿钾排出增加和代谢性碱中毒;但GitS组血镁和尿钙水平均显著低于BarS（P〈0．05）。BarS组有3例糖尿病,而GitS组则没有。卧立位醛固酮试验显示两组患者。肾素活性、血管紧张素Ⅱ及醛固酮升高、尿醛固酮升高;BarS组7例和GitS组3例患者行肾穿刺活检,肾脏病理表现为肾小球旁细胞增生（6／7vs2／3）、肾间质损害。结论BarS和GitS综合征临床症状和生化改变非常相似,但GitS组男性多见,具有显著的低血镁和低尿钙,而BarS患者可以合并糖尿病。     

Expression and function of CLC and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator chloride channels in renal epithelial tubule cells: pathophysiological implications

Cl(-) channels play important roles in the regulation of a variety of functions, including electrical excitability, cell volume regulation, transepithelial transport and acidification of cellular organelles. They are expressed in plasma membranes or reside in intracellular organelles. A large number of Cl(-) channels with different functions have been identified. Some of them are highly expressed in the kidney. They include members of the CLC Cl(-) channel family: ClC-K1 (or ClC-Ka), ClC-K2 (or ClC-Kb) and ClC-5. The identification of mutations responsible for human inherited diseases (Bartter syndrome for ClC-Kb and Dent's disease for ClC-5) and studies on knockout mice models have evidenced the physiological importance of these CLC Cl(-) channels, permitting better understanding on their functions in renal tubule epithelial cells. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl(-) channel, also expressed in renal tubule epithelial cells, is involved in the transepithelial transport of Cl(-) in the distal nephron. This short review focuses on intrarenal distribution, subcellular localization and function of the ClK(-1), ClC-K2 and ClC-5 Cl(-) channels in renal tubule epithelial cells, and the role of the CFTR Cl(-) channel in chloride fluxes elicited by vasopressin in the distal nephron.     

A novel splicing mutation in CLCNKB in a Chinese patient with Bartter syndrome type III

Bartter syndrome type Ⅲ is a Bartter syndrome subtype, which has a group of autosomal-recessive inherited disorders with clinical characteristics such as renal salt wasting, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis,elevated renin and aldosterone levels, with normal or low blood pressure.1 Unlike other subtypes that often begin in the neonatal period, type Ⅲ, due to mutations in the CLCNKB gene,2-4 is highly variable and usually presents as a ＂classic＂ Barrter variant characterized by an onset in early childhood and less severe or absent hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis.     

Bartter综合征二例家系报告与CLCNKB基因突变分析

目的 探讨儿童Bartter综合征的临床特点及CLCNKB基因突变分析。 方法 分析两个无血缘关系的Bartter综合征家系先证者及其家庭成员的临床资料,应用过柱法提取外周血DNA,针对Bartter综合征相关突变基因的外显子编码区设计引物、扩增,对PCR产物进行直接测序,与美国生物技术信息中心中的正常序列进行BLAST比对,从而发现可能存在的基因突变,最后多重连接探针扩增技术检测是否存在大片段缺失。 结果 两例家系的先证者检测均示:低钾血症、碱中毒、高肾素血症、高醛固酮血症。家系1先证者发现CLCNKB基因1~3、5~6、8、10~11、13~15、17~19号外显子大片段纯合缺失,分别遗传自父母;家系2先证者发现CLCNKB基因1~3、5~6、8、10~11、13~15、17~19号外显子大片段缺失与c.1881delC(p.Thr628fs)的复合杂合突变,分别遗传自父母。 结论 c.1881delC(p.Thr628fs)为移码突变,该变异国内外尚未见报道。CLCNKB基因突变为2个Bartter综合征家系的致病原因,确诊为Ⅲ型Bartter综合征,临床分型属于经典型。临床上可通过分子遗传学技术进行Bartter综合征的基因诊断,提高确诊率,及时治疗。