学校恐怖症患儿局部脑血流灌注特征的初步研究

目的 探讨学校恐怖症患儿局部脑血流灌注（rCBF）特征。方法 对17例学校恐怖症患儿（研究组）和11名正常儿童（对照组）分别进行单光子发射型计算机断层显像检查，对研究组进行儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛选量表的评估，比较两组rCBF的差异，以及rCBF与焦虑程度的关系。结果 研究组左右额叶、右颞顶叶、左尾状核＋壳核、左右颞叶、左丘脑＋海马（P=0．05）、左右颞枕叶以及左右枕叶rCBF低于对照组（P≤0．01）；研究组右颞顶叶及右颞叶rCBF低于左侧（P〈0．05）；未发现焦虑程度与rCBF的改变存在相关性（P〉0．05）。结论 学校恐怖症患儿可能存在rCBF障碍。     

强迫症患者局部脑血流灌注研究

目的　探讨强迫症(OCD)患者局部脑血流灌注(rCBF)特点及临床症状与rCBF的关系。方法　对2 8例符合国际疾病分类第1 0版(ICD 1 0 )强迫障碍诊断标准患者和1 5名正常人进行单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)脑显像分析。用耶鲁 布朗强迫评定量表(YBOCS)、Hamilton焦虑量表(HAMA)和Hamilton抑郁量表(HAMD)对患者临床症状进行评定。结果　OCD患者两侧丘脑、顶叶和基底神经节的平均放射性计数百分数(PMRC)显著高于正常组;右颞PMRC明显低于正常组;且正常组两侧颞叶和顶叶PMRC值差异非常显著。在强迫恐惧/洗涤、回避组,YBOCS强迫行为分量表评分与右基底PMRC显著正相关(r =0 .70 1 )。结论　OCD患者两侧丘脑、顶叶和基底神经节的血流灌注增加和功能亢进;右颞血流灌注减少和功能低下,两侧颞叶和顶叶血流灌注的不对称性与正常人显著不同,后者的不对称性非常显著;在强迫恐惧/洗涤、回避组,强迫行为与右基底节功能增强有关。     

阿尔茨海默病的神经心理学和单光子发射计算机断层扫描研究

目的验证单光子发射计算机断层扫描（ＳＰＥＣＴ）在阿尔茨海默病（ＡＤ）诊断中的价值,并了解其与神经心理测定的相关性。方法对２２例ＡＤ和２３名年龄、性别及教育程度均相匹配的正常人进行神经心理学有关量表的评定和ＳＰＥＣＴ检查。结果ＡＤ组各神经心理学测验量表评分及ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值均低于正常对照组。两组男性间ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值在左右颞上回的差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）,左颞下回、左右丘脑和扣带回的差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。两组女性间ＳＰＥＣＴ放射性计数比值在左右颞上、颞下回及左右顶叶的差异有非常显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。轻度与中、重度ＡＤ之间右顶叶的差异有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）。ＡＤ患者的简易智能状态检查评分与右顶叶放射性计数比值相关（ｒ＝０．５１,Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＳＰＥＣＴ对ＡＤ早期诊断具有重要意义,并与神经心理测定值有一定相关性。     

偏侧帕金森病猴模型的脑血流灌注SPECT活体显象研究

给恒河猴右侧颈内动脉注射神经毒药物甲基-苯基-四氢吡啶(MPTP)后,产生右侧黑质神经元脱失,黑质纹状体多巴胺(DA)浓度明显降低,以及左侧帕金森样症状。投予抗帕金森病(PD)药物治疗显著地改善帕金森样症状。采用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT),以~(99m)Tc-ECD作为显象剂显示偏侧PD猴模型的脑血流灌注,发现猴模型建立3个月内的损毁侧脑的脑血流灌注明显减低,8个月时的损毁侧脑的脑血流灌注转为正常。结果表明脑血流灌注的变化反映了PD的病理生理变化过程。     

儿童交替性偏瘫的临床特征和脑血流灌注改变

目的探讨儿童交替性偏瘫的临床特点及脑血流改变。方法对近23年收治的11例患儿的临床资料进行分析,并对6例患儿应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描进行脑血流灌注观察,其中4例在发作间期,1例在发作期,1例在发作间期和发作期均进行测定,以兴趣区法作半定量分析。结果11例患儿的临床特征一般为18个月内起病,表现为频繁发作的交替性偏瘫、短暂的眼球震颤、肌张力异常、舞蹈徐动样动作,常伴自主神经功能紊乱和认知功能减退;睡眠可缓解上述症状。2次发作期单光子发射计算机断层扫描均示偏瘫对侧脑血流减少,5次发作间期均正常。结论本病的主要临床特征为一般18个月内起病的反复发作的交替性偏瘫,伴锥体外系症状及智能障碍;发作期偏瘫对侧脑血流减少。     

中药复智散对阿尔茨海默病患者局部脑血流灌注的影响

目的用单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)评价复智散对阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者局部脑血流灌注影响。方法对AD患者24例(AD组)、健康对照者12名(NC组)进行神经量表测定,AD组复智散治疗前和规范治疗40d后行SPECT评价局部脑血流和MMSE、ADAS-noncog神经量表测定。结果复智散能改善AD患者所观察脑区的脑血流灌注(P<0.05),以顶叶、额叶和扣带回区尤为明显(P<0.01),并能改善记忆力、语言、定向力及行为和情感等临床症状(P<0.01)。结论复智散可通过提高AD患者局部脑血流灌注而改善其认知和非认知功能。     

不同部位脑出血SPECT局部脑血流动态变化

目的　研究自发性脑出血患者局部脑血流变化与临床病情及预后的关系。方法　 30例对照者和 5 5例自发性脑出血患者用SPECT局部脑血流显像辅以半定量方法进行研究。结果　不同出血部位血流功能变化率依次为丘脑 (18.73± 4 .73)脑叶 (17.6± 5 .6 2 )壳核浅表型 (9.77± 4 .97)壳核深部型 (2 .77± 2 .0 1)血流功能变化率与患者的ADL积分成正相关。结论　根据局部脑血流恢复情况可以判断病情、估计预后。     

应用单光子发射计算机断层扫描脑血流灌注显像评价颈内动脉球囊闭塞试验后大脑耐受性

目的 评估单光子发射计算机断层扫描(SPECT)脑血流灌注显像在球囊闭塞试验(BOT)中的评价效用.方法 31例颈内动脉瘤患者接受了暂时性BOT.在闭塞球囊排空前5min,大约740MBq锝标双半胱乙脂(99mTc-ECD)由静脉注入,随后进行单光子发射计算机断层扫描.所得图像进行视觉分析、分级(正常、轻度、中度和重度灌注减低)并计算患侧/健侧(L/N)感兴趣区内放射性计数比值.结果 SPECT提示了24例受试者在暂时性球囊闭塞后出现了异常灌注,而只有4例出现了神经症状.正常血流灌注组L/N比值范围为0.98±0.03(7例),轻度血流灌注减低组L/N比值范围为0.89±0.03(11例),中度血流灌注减低组L/N比值范围为0.81±0.03(7例),重度血流灌注减低组L/N比值范围为0.66±0.04(6例),各组间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).结论 BOT联合负荷SPECT评价颈内动脉闭塞后的大脑耐受性是一种易行、客观、敏感的方法,所得初步结果需更多病人数量来证实.     

阿尔茨海默病患者的脑单光子体层摄影术及磁共振显像的研究

），和第四脑室（F＝4．10）体积高于对照组，差异有显著或非常显著性（P＜0．05－0．01）。（5）AD组各级年龄组间的MRI指标差异均无显著性。（6）AD组与对照组的同年龄组MRI比较，AD组存在灰质体积缩小，总脑脊液，脑室外脑脊液和第三脑室体积增加，右侧海马体积萎缩。（7）AD组的聚类分析结果，以左顶叶，右顶叶的SPECT计数值为变量，AD可被聚为I，Ⅱ，Ⅲ三类，简明智力状态检查评分分别为20－26，13－19，5－11，（8）左海马体积，右海马体积与扣带回，双侧顶叶，丘脑，枕叶及右侧基底节放射性计数比值存在高度相关性。结论：AD患者功能性和结构性改变较增龄性改变范围广，幅度大，其双侧海马体积与顶叶及部分边缘系统灌注相关，提示上述结构共同参与AD的病理机制，双侧顶叶灌注能对AD做有效的疾病程度分类。     

早发性与迟发性阿尔茨海默病患者大脑葡萄糖代谢的差异

目的初步探讨早发性阿尔茨海默病（AD）与迟发性AD患者大脑葡萄糖代谢的差异。方法对9例早发性AD、14例迟发性AD患者及分别与其年龄相匹配的29名年轻健康对照者和11名老年健康对照者进行^18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）PET脑显像。应用统计参数图对PET数据进行基于体素水平的图像分析。结果早发性AD组葡萄糖代谢相对于年轻对照组减低的脑区及其在Brodmann分区图（BA）的定位分别为双侧额上回（BA6，8）、额中回（BA6），左侧顶下小叶（BA39），右侧缘上回（BA40）、扣带回（BA31）等部位（P〈0．01）；迟发性AD组葡萄糖代谢相对于老年对照组葡萄糖代谢减低的脑区及其定位分别为双侧额上回（BA8）、额中回（BA6，8）、楔前叶（BA19）、右侧角回（BA39）等部位（P〈0．01）。结论尽管严重程度、病程及受教育水平相当，但是早发性AD患者大脑葡萄糖代谢减低的范围比迟发性AD更广泛，程度也更严重。不同发病年龄AD患者大脑葡萄糖代谢的差异可能是由于二者的认知储备能力不同所致。     

Cortical circumferential profile of SPECT cerebral perfusion in Alzheimer''s disease

We developed a semiautomatic method termed “cortical circumferential profiling” for objective analysis of cerebral cortex function in emission tomographic neuroimaging studies. This method treats cortex as a continuous ring near the outer brain edge. A computer algorithm samples the cortex at 60 contiguous, equiangular locations, using 1-cm² samples. These values are plotted as a function of cortical angle to produce the cortical circumferential profile. This method was used in a study of regional cerebral perfusion in 15 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 8 elderly control subjects using N-isopropyl [I-123]-iodoamphetamine. Cortical circumferential profiling decreases variability, examines the entire cortex within slices at preselected levels above the orbital-meatal line, and facilitates intrasubject and intersubject comparisons.     

老年性痴呆患者的局部脑血流灌注显像观察

目的　了解老年性痴呆 ( AD)患者的局部脑血流灌注显像 ( r CBF)的特点。方法　选 AD患者 1 4例、无痴呆老年人 ( NC) 1 0例进行了 r CBF检查。结果　与 NC组比较 ,AD患者出现大脑各叶的血流灌注减少 ,其左侧颞叶的灌注不良重于右侧。结论　 r CBF在 AD诊断中具有一定辅助意义。     

Cerebral blood flow is an earlier indicator of perfusion abnormalities than cerebral blood volume in Alzheimer's disease

The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether cerebral blood flow (CBF) can better characterize perfusion abnormalities in predementia stages of Alzheimer''s disease (AD) than cerebral blood volume (CBV) and whether cortical atrophy is more associated with decreased CBV or with decreased CBF. We compared measurements of CBV, CBF, and mean cortical thickness obtained from magnetic resonance images in a group of healthy controls, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) who converted to AD after 2 years of clinical follow-up (MCI-c), and patients with mild AD. A significant decrease in perfusion was detected in the parietal lobes of the MCI-c patients with CBF parametric maps but not with CBV maps. In the MCI-c group, a negative correlation between CBF values and cortical thickness in the right parahippocampal gyrus suggests an increase in CBF that depends on cortical atrophy in predementia stages of AD. Our study also suggests that CBF deficits appear before CBV deficits in the progression of AD, as CBV abnormalities were only detected at the AD stage, whereas CBF changes were already detected in the MCI stage. These results confirm the hypothesis that CBF is a more sensitive parameter than CBV for perfusion abnormalities in MCI-c patients.     

颅骨修补前后脑血流变化的CT灌注评价

目的探讨颅骨修补手术前后患者脑血流的变化。方法对24例早期行颅骨修补手术患者,在颅骨修补前1～2d和术后10～14d,应用16排螺旋CT做脑灌注扫描,记录大脑皮层、基底节和丘脑区域灌注图像上rCBV、rCBF、MTT及TTP等参数值。分析颅骨修补前后双侧大脑皮质,基底节和丘脑相关区域血流灌注数据的变化。结果颅骨修补术前患侧皮质区CBF明显低于对侧,和健侧相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后患侧在皮质区CBF显著上升,和术前相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。两侧基底节和丘脑区在术前术后脑血流相关数值虽有所上升,但前后相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论头颅CT灌注可以及时检测颅脑外伤后不同阶段脑组织血流量的变化,而颅骨修补术可以明显提高患侧大脑皮质区的脑血流量,进而可能促进神经功能恢复。     

Statistical maps of cerebral blood flow deficits in Alzheimer's disease.

Images of cerebral blood flow or metabolism are useful as adjunct to the differential diagnosis of cortical dementia. The aim of this study was to create statistical objective voxel maps of significant differences in regional cerebral blood flow between patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched healthy volunteers. Maps of significantly reduced cerebral blood flow were created based on a spatially normalized distribution of cerebral blood flow, measured with O-15-water and positron emission tomography in 16 Alzheimer's patients, compared to 16 healthy age-matched volunteers. After spatial normalization of voxel counts, the t-statistic of the cerebral blood flow deficit was determined from the local voxel-SDs. In the patients, significant reduction (P < 0.05) of the flow distribution was present in regions near the hippocampus, extending rostrally to the temporo-parietal region in both hemispheres, including the medial parietal cortex plus smaller frontal areas. The maximum reduction occurred in the left tapetum/hippocampus (53%, P = 0.061). In conclusion, statistical maps of cerebral blood flow deficits objectively reveal the location of deficits, identifying areas that are difficult to identify by subjective visual inspection of conventional sections of cerebral blood flow maps. This is particularly well illustrated by the pronounced flow reduction of the medial parietal cortices.     

Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow to changes in arterial pressure in mild Alzheimer's disease

Studies in transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP) demonstrate impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to changes in arterial pressure and suggest that cerebrovascular dysfunction may be critically important in the development of pathological Alzheimer''s disease (AD). Given the relevance of such a finding for guiding hypertension treatment in the elderly, we assessed autoregulation in individuals with AD. Twenty persons aged 75±6 years with very mild or mild symptomatic AD (Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5 or 1.0) underwent ¹⁵O-positron emission tomography (PET) CBF measurements before and after mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lowered from 107±13 to 92±9 mm Hg with intravenous nicardipine; ¹¹C-PIB-PET imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were also obtained. There were no significant differences in mean CBF before and after MAP reduction in the bilateral hemispheres (−0.9±5.2 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=−3.4 to 1.5), cortical borderzones (−1.9±5.0 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.10, 95% CI=−4.3 to 0.4), regions of T2W-MRI-defined leukoaraiosis (−0.3±4.4 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.85, 95% CI=−3.3 to 3.9), or regions of peak ¹¹C-PIB uptake (−2.5±7.7 mL per 100 g per minute, P=0.30, 95% CI=−7.7 to 2.7). The absence of significant change in CBF with a 10 to 15 mm Hg reduction in MAP within the normal autoregulatory range demonstrates that there is neither a generalized nor local defect of autoregulation in AD.     

Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging of resting-state cerebral blood flow in preclinical Huntington's disease

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain could be a powerful tool for discovering early biomarkers in clinically presymptomatic carriers of the Huntington''s disease gene mutation (preHD). The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity of resting-state perfusion MRI in preHD and to identify neural changes, which could serve as biomarkers for future clinical trials. Differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 18 preHD and 18 controls were assessed with a novel MRI method based on perfusion images obtained with continuous arterial spin labeling. High-resolution structural data were collected to test for changes of brain volume. Compared with controls, preHD individuals showed decreased rCBF in medial and lateral prefrontal regions and increased rCBF in the precuneus. PreHD near to symptom onset additionally showed decreased rCBF in the putamen and increased rCBF in the hippocampus. Network analyses revealed an abnormal lateral prefrontal pattern in preHD far and near to motor onset. These data suggest early changes of frontostriatal baseline perfusion in preHD independent of substantial reductions of gray matter volume. This study also shows the feasibility of detecting neural changes in preHD with a robust MRI technique that would be suitable for longitudinal multisite application.     

Regional cerebral blood flow measured by99mTc-HMPAO SPECT differs in subgroups of Alzheimer's disease

Summary Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a heterogeneous entity. Identifying AD subtypes might have impact in patients' response to different treatment strategies. We designed a study to examine regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in AD subtypes. To identify AD subtypes, we performed a cluster analysis including performance on memory, language, visuospatial, praxis, and executive functions. The rCBF measured by^99mTc-HMPAO SPECT was referred to the cerebellum. We examined 35 patients fulfilling the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria of probable AD and 13 age and sex-matched healthy cognitively intact controls. AD patients were at the early stage of the disease, their mean Mini-Mental Status (MMS) score (S.D.) was 22.5 (3.6). The cluster analysis revealed two AD subgroups: AD1 (N=12) and AD2 (N=23). The subgroups did not differ in age, sex, or global clinical severity as assessed by MMS and Brief Cognitive Rating Scale (BCRS). Both subgroups had equally impaired memory. The AD2 group was inferior to the AD1 group on verbal, visuospatial, praxic, and executive functions. The AD1 group showed reduced rCBF ratios in the temporal and parietal cortices and the amygdala compared to controls. The AD2 group differed from controls in the rCBF ratios of frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, basal ganglia, and amygdaloid regions bilateral and from AD1 in the rCBF ratios of frontal and temporal cortices. In AD patients, the rCBF ratios did not correlate with MMS or BCRS scores. In contrast, several significant correlations were found between decreases rCBF ratios and impairment of memory and other cognitive functions. In conclusion, a cluster analysis on neuropsychological test performance identified two AD subgroups that differed on the neuropsychological profile and on the rCBF in spite of similar global clinical severity.     

Impact of blood pressure changes in cerebral blood perfusion of patients with ischemic Moyamoya disease evaluated by SPECT

Our aim was to determine the impact of targeted blood pressure modifications on cerebral blood flow in ischemic moyamoya disease patients assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). From March to September 2018, we prospectively collected data of 154 moyamoya disease patients and selected 40 patients with ischemic moyamoya disease. All patients underwent in-hospital blood pressure monitoring to determine the mean arterial pressure baseline values. The study cohort was subdivided into two subgroups: (1) Group A or relative high blood pressure (RHBP) with an induced mean arterial pressure 10–20% higher than baseline and (2) Group B or relative low blood pressure (RLBP) including patients with mean arterial pressure 10–20% lower than baseline. All patients underwent initial SPECT study on admission-day, and on the following day, every subgroup underwent a second SPECT study under their respective targeted blood pressure values. In general, RHBP patients showed an increment in perfusion of 10.13% (SD 2.94%), whereas RLBP patients showed a reduction of perfusion of 12.19% (SD 2.68%). Cerebral blood flow of moyamoya disease patients is susceptible to small blood pressure changes, and cerebral autoregulation might be affected due to short dynamic blood pressure modifications.