河南省开封地区临床病人肠道寄生虫感染调查

目的了解开封地区人肠道寄生虫感染状况,尤其是机会性致病原虫和人兽共患寄生虫的流行情况。方法采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法、甲醛-乙酸乙酯-改良抗酸染色法和卢戈碘液染色法对该地区门诊和住院病人6093份粪便样品进行了检查。结果检出肠道寄生虫8种,总感染率为1．49％,首次摸清了人环孢子虫感染的流行状况,感染率为0．85％;蓝氏贾第虫和粪类圆线虫感染率次之,分别为0．16％和0．15％;蛔虫、人隐孢子虫和阿米巴原虫感染率均为0．10％．钩虫感染率为0．08％,结肠小袋纤毛虫感染率为0．02％,混合感染感染率为0．05％。结论开封地区临床病人肠道寄生虫感染率较低,但仍应进一步开展健康教育,普及卫生知识,提高自我保健意识和自我保健能力,预防寄生虫病的发生和流行。     

Prevalence of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections in Tianjin,China

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has recently been recognized as an important respiratory pathogen, especially in children. At present, our understanding of the characteristics of hMPV from China is very limited. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were taken from 310 hospitalized pediatric patients. Twenty (6.5%) of them were infected with hMPV, and they all developed pneumonia. Sixty five percent (13/20) of the cases were under 12 months. Phylogenetic analysis of F gene fragments indicated that three sub-genotypes of hMPV(A2a/A2b, B1,B2) circulated in Tianjin and A2b was the predominant subtype. The Vero-E6 cell line was better than LLC-MK2 for hMPV isolation. Three hMPV strains were successfully isolated using the Vero-E6 cell line.     

河南省林州地区儿童肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

目的为了解林州地区儿童肠道寄生虫的感染情况,尤其是机会性致病原虫和人兽共患寄生虫的流行情况。方法2007年10月至2008年5月,对林州地区8个乡镇进行了调查。采用卢戈氏碘液染色法、饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法、改良抗酸染色法和分子生物学方法对林州地区23个调查点的1949名15岁以下儿童进行了检测。结果寄生虫总感染率为1.33%（26/1949）,共查出6种肠道寄生虫,其中原虫和蠕虫均为3种,感染率分别为0.72%和0.62%。男女寄生虫感染率分别为1.27%（14/1103）和1.42%（12/846）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。姚村镇、城郊乡、茶店乡、临淇镇、五龙镇、东姚镇、横水镇和采桑镇儿童感染率分别为1.76%、1.42%、0.83%、2.71%、0.00%、0.74%、1.45%、0.75%和1.33%,各个乡镇之间感染率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。首次摸清了林州地区儿童隐孢子虫感染的流行状况,感染率为0.15%。对分离到的1例等孢球虫进行了分子鉴定,序列分析结果显示与雀类的一种球虫Atoxoplasma sp.（AY331571）最为接近,同源性达99.4%,表明可能为鸟类粪便污染所致。结论 林州地区儿童肠道寄生虫感染率较低,但仍应进一步开展健康教育,普及卫生知识,提高自我保健意识和自我保健能力。预防寄生虫病的发生和流行。     

Prevalence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in pigs in Henan, China

The distribution and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in pigs differ among geographic areas and studies. To characterize the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in pigs in Henan, China, a total of 1,350 fecal samples from 14 farms in ten prefectures in Henan Province were examined. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 8.2% (111/1,350), with the highest infection rate (79/383 or 20.6%) in 1–2-month-old piglets and the lowest infection rates in 3–6-month-old pigs. Cryptosporidium-positive samples from 108 animals were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene, and 35 were further analyzed by DNA sequencing of the PCR products. Two Cryptosporidium species/genotype were identified, including Cryptosporidium suis (94/108) and the Cryptosporidium pig genotype II (14/108). C. suis infection was more common in younger piglets whereas the pig genotype II was relatively common in older pigs. These findings suggest that pigs are not a major source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium in the study area.     

Emergence and characterization of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocus aureus infections in Denmark, 1999 to 2006

The epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections has changed worldwide. From being strictly nosocomial, MRSA is now frequently found as a community-associated (CA) pathogen. Denmark has been a low-prevalence country for MRSA since the mid-1970s but has in recent years experienced an increasing number of CA-MRSA cases. The aim of this study was to describe the emergence of CA-MRSA infections in Denmark. All Danish MRSA specimens and corresponding clinical data from 1999 to 2006 were investigated. Isolates were analyzed by antibiotic resistance and molecular typing and were assigned to clonal complexes (CC). Clinical data were extracted from discharge summaries and general practitioners' notes, from which assessments of community association were made for all infected cases. CA-MRSA cases constituted 29.4% of all MRSA infections (n = 1,790) and an increasing proportion of the annual numbers of MRSA infections during the study period. CA-MRSA was associated with a young age, skin and soft tissue infections, and non-Danish origin. Transmission between household members was frequently reported. Molecular typing showed >60 circulating clones, where 89.4% of the isolates belonged to five CC (CC80, CC8, CC30, CC5, and CC22), 81.2% carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec IV, and 163/244 (69.4%) were positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin. Clinical and microbiological characteristics indicated that import of MRSA occurs frequently. Resistance to > or =3 antibiotic classes was observed for 48.8% of the isolates. The emergence of CA-MRSA in Denmark was caused by diverse strains, both well-known and new CA-MRSA strains. The results suggest multiple introductions of MRSA as an important source for CA-MRSA infections in Denmark.     

Prevalence of human parechoviruses in central nervous system infections in children: A retrospective study in Shanghai,China

Human parechoviruses (HPeV) are associated with central nervous system (CNS) infections and sepsis‐like illnesses. However, data from China are not available. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, age, and seasonal distributions and genotypes of HPeV infections in children with CNS related disease in Shanghai, China. Of 776 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from children with CNS‐related diseases under the age of 16 years during the years 2008–2011, 68 (9%) were identified to be HPeV positive. The annual prevalence varied remarkably: 1% (2/153) in 2008, 7% (12/177) in 2009, 15% (23/153) in 2010, and 11% (31/293) in 2011. The virus was detected in all age groups of children ranging from 2 days to 13 years and the median age was 14 months. Of the 31 positive samples that were genotyped successfully, 28 were HPeV1 and 3 were HPeV3. This study provided data on the molecular epidemiology of HPeV infections in CNS‐related diseases in Shanghai, China and suggest that the screening for HPeV by PCR should be included in the routine viral testing of CSF. J. Med. Virol. 85:320–326, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Strongyloid nematodes in the caeca of donkeys in Henan Province,China

Thirty-four donkeys from Henan Province, China, were examined at necropsy for strongyloid nematodes in the caecum (February 2006 to January 2007). Twenty-two species, including 18 Cyathostominae (small strongyles) and 4 Strongylinae (large strongyles), were identified. The five most prevalent Cyathostominae were Cylicocyclus nassatus (73.5%), Coronocyclus labratus (70.6%), Coronocyclus labiatus (67.6%), Cyathostomum tetracanthum (61.8%) and Coronocyclus coronatus (52.9%), accounting for 70.2% of all species identified; C. labratus (124.2 ± 256.4), Cyathostomum tetracanthum (96.4 ± 210.5) and Cylicocyclus nassatus (80.9 ± 117.1) had the greatest mean abundance, whereas Strongylus vulgaris was the most prevalent (88.2%) of the Strongylinae and had the highest mean abundance (34.9 ± 37.8). The numbers of species per donkey ranged from 1 to 15 (with a median of 7.1). Only a small percentage (5.9%) of donkeys were infected by a single species, whereas the other donkeys had infections with multiple species.     

郑州市某医院住院病人肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

目的为了解郑州市住院病人肠道寄生虫感染状况,尤其是人兽共患寄生虫的流行情况。方法采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法、甲醛—乙酸乙酯—改良抗酸染色法和卢戈碘液染色法对该地区某医院住院病人4836份粪便样品进行了检查。结果检出肠道寄生虫6种,总感染率为1.26%,发现了卡耶坦氏环孢子虫感染病例,且感染率最高,为0.45%;蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫、圆线虫和钩虫感染率次之;混合感染病例1例,感染率为0.02%。结论郑州市住院病人肠道寄生虫感染率较低,但机会性原虫感染病例增加,应加强健康教育,普及卫生知识,提高自我保健意识和能力,预防寄生虫病的发生和流行。     

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women with cervical cancer or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Henan province,central China

To evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its genotype among women with cervical lesions in Henan Province, central China. A total of 1317 cervical scrapes from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1) (n = 91), CIN2/3 (n = 466), and cervical cancer (CC; n = 760) were collected from 2013 to 2018, and then tested for HPV genotypes using polymerase chain reaction followed by flow-through hybridization assay. The prevalence of HPV was 62.64% for patients with CIN1, 86.91% for patients with CIN2/3%, and 89.21% for patients with CC. In total, the HPV prevalence was 86.56%, and the most common HPV type was HPV16 (58.77%) followed by HPV58 (10.33%), 18 (7.67%), 52 (6.61%), and 33 (5.54%). In this study, the high-risk HPV cumulative attribution rate of nine-valent vaccine coverage was markedly higher than that of bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine coverage in each histopathological category or overall (P < .001). Single HPV infection was the main infection category in each histopathological diagnosis, and the total infection rate was 65.83% (867/1317; P < .001). The prevalence of HPV16 or single HPV infection increased with the severity of cervical lesions (P < .001). HPV16, 58, 18, 52, and 33 may be predominant high-risk factors for cervical lesions in Henan Province. The nine-valent prophylactic HPV vaccine is more effective than a bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine for protecting women from CC in the region.     

Prevalence of human T-Cell lymphotropie virus infections in Germany

The extent of human T-cell lymphotropic retorvirus HTLV-I and HTLV-II infections in the general population in central Europe has not been investigated fully. Two hundred forty-eight thousand blood donors from southern Germany were examined serologically for antibodies to the human lymphotropic retroviruses HTLV-I and HTLV-II: 0.021% were confirmed postive and 0.056% were “indeterminate”. A limited number of seropositives and “indeterminate” samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR): the seropositives were confirmed as positive and 43% of the “indeterminate” samples were PCR-positive. The range of 0.021% HTLV-positives in 248,000 donors, i.e. about two in 10,000 individuals, mirrors closely the published data for the United States. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in esophageal and cervical cancers in the high incidence area for the two diseases from 2007 to 2009 in Linzhou of Henan Province,Northern China

The etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cancer has been well established. However, it is inconclusive whether HPV plays the same role in esophageal carcinogenesis. In this study, we detected HPV infection in 145 frozen esophageal tissues, including 30 normal epithelium (ENOR), 37 dysplasia (DYS) and 78 invasive squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and in 143 frozen cervical tissues composed of 30 normal epithelium (CNOR), 38 intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 75 invasive squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). The patients and symptom-free subjects enrolled in this study were from a high-incidence area for both ESCC and CSCC, Linzhou City, Northern China, from 2007 to 2009. The HPV infection analysis was conducted by using an HPV GenoArray Test Kit. We found that the high-risk HPV types accounted for more than 90 % of the HPV-positive lesions of esophagus and cervix tissues. The prevalence of high-risk HPV types increased significantly during the progression of both esophageal and cervical carcinogenesis (positive rate in esophageal tissues: 33 % ENOR, 70 % in DYS and 69 % in ESCC; positive rate in cervical tissues: 27 % in CNOR, 82 % in CIN and 88 % in CSCC; P < 0.001, respectively). Infection with the high-risk HPV types increased the risk for both DYS and ESCC by 4-fold (DYS vs. ENOR: OR = 4.73, 95 %CI = 1.68-13.32; ESCC vs. ENOR: OR = 4.50, 95 %CI = 1.83-11.05) and increased the risk for both CIN and CSCC by 12-fold and 20-fold (CIN vs. CNOR: OR = 12.18, 95 %CI = 3.85-38.55; CSCC vs. CNOR: OR = 20.17, 95 %CI = 6.93-58.65), respectively. The prevalence of high-risk types in ESCC patients was lower than that in CSCC patients (P = 0.005) and was significantly associated with the degree of ESCC tumor infiltration (P = 0.001). HPV 16 was the most prevalent subtype in both esophageal and cervical tissues. Single HPV infection increased significantly along with the progression of ESCC and maintained a high level in cervical tissues, regardless of whether they were CNOR or CSCC tissues. Our results showed that infection with HPV, especially the high-risk types, was positively associated with both esophageal and cervical cancers, suggesting that HPV also plays a role in the etiology of ESCC in the high-incidence area.     

Prevalence and trends of aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella worldwide, 1999-2010

Shigellosis causes diarrheal disease in humans in both developed and developing countries, and multi-drug resistance in Shigella is an emerging problem. Understanding changing resistance patterns is important in determining appropriate antibiotic treatments. This meta-analysis systematically evaluated aminoglycoside resistance in Shigella. A systematic review was constructed based on MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. Random-effect models or fixed-effect models were used based on P value considering the possibility of heterogeneity between studies for meta-analysis. Data manipulation and statistical analyses were performed using software STATA 11.0. By means of meta-analysis, we found a lower resistance to three kinds of aminoglycosides in the Europe-America areas during the 12 year study period than that of the Asia-Africa areas. Kanamycin resistance was observed to be the most common drug resistance among Shigella isolates with a prevalence of 6.88% (95%CI: 6.36%-7.43%). Comparison of data from Europe-America and Asia-Africa areas revealed that Shigella flexneri resistance was greater than the resistance calculated for Shigella sonnei. Importantly, Shigella sonnei has played a significant role in aminoglycoside-resistance in recent years. Similarly, data showed that resistance to these drugs in children was higher than the corresponding data of adults. In conclusion, aminoglycoside-resistant Shigella is not an unusual phenomenon worldwide. Distribution in Shigella resistance differs sharply based on geographic areas, periods of time and subtypes. The results from the present study highlight the need for continuous surveillance of resistance and control of antibiotic usage.     

Prevalence of herpesvirus, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, and treponemal infections in Southeast Asian refugees.

Sera obtained for treponemal serology (VDRL) from 193 Southeast Asian refugees representing five ethnic groups seen in a primary care clinic were examined for antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), human herpes-virus-6 (HHV-6), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). The seroprevalence was highest for EBV (99%), followed in decreasing order by CMV (95%), HHV-6 (26%), and HTLV-1 (0.6%). The VDRL was positive in 15% of patients. The highest seroprevalence to HHV-6 was noted in the Chinese (33%) and the lowest in the Laotian hilltribes, the Mien and Hmong (14%). Antibody to HHV-6 was most prevalent among patients under 20 and those between 60 and 69 years of age. Differences were not found among ethnic groups in the seroprevalence of HTLV-1, EBV, or CMV.     

Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection in Harbin,Northeast China

This study aimed to investigate the overall prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among women examined at a hospital in Harbin and to evaluate the impact of HPV types on the natural outcome and state of cervical cytology. A total of 2,938 female outpatients from the affiliated hospital of Harbin Medical University were enrolled. Rapid hybridization gene chip and liquid-based cytology tests were used to detect HPV genotypes and cervical cytology. The overall prevalence of HPV in women who came to this hospital was 36.45 %. The majority were infected with a single strain, and the high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) type constituted the largest proportion. HPV16 and 58 were the most common types, while the genotypes of single low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) were not the same in different age groups. HPV53, 16 and 81 were the most common types in multiple HR-HPV infection; HR-HPV16, 33, 81 and LR-HPV 6, 44, 43 were the most common in HR and LR-HPV infection. In total, 44.1 % of the women with HSIL and 44.0 % with ASCUS were positive for HR-HPV16. Multiple HPV infections and single HPV infections had no effect on the natural outcome after half a year. HPV16, 81 and 35 had a better natural outcome, followed by HPV52 and 53, but HPV58, 59 and 18 had a bad outcome after half a year. This is the first study to show that the distribution of HPV types is different in Harbin than it is in other regions. These findings will provide guidance for the vaccination program in this area.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Shigella species in Asmara, Eritrea, northeast Africa.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diarrheal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. Of the bacterial causes of dysentery, Shigella are the major enteropathogens with outbreak potential and common development of antimicrobial resistance. This study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of different spp. of Shigella in Asmara, Eritrea. METHODS: Diarrheic stool specimens of a total of 2,420 children were screened for Shigella organisms over a period of 3 years using standard methods. The Shigella isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern by the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: Of the 84 Shigella isolates, 54 were Shigella flexneri and 20 were Shigella dysenteriae type 1. High rates of resistance were observed against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; 6% of the S. flexneri isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. CONCLUSION: The study emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring of the occurrence of Shigella organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for the successful treatment and control of Shigella dysentery, and also for the development of public health policy for populations at risk for shigellosis.