Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound, computed tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the detection of pancreatic cancer in patients with jaundice or cholestasis.

A prospective study of jaundiced and/or cholestatic patients (N = 220) was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the detection of pancreatic cancer. Thirty-one patients had the final diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and two patients had a cancer of the papilla of Vater. The sensitivities of US, CT and ERCP were 60%, 97%, 89% and specificities were 92%, 92%, 94%, respectively. The differences in sensitivity between US and other methods were statistically significant (US vs. CT p less than 0.01, US vs. ERCP p less than 0.05). In US studies, most false negative results were caused by unsatisfying visualization. On the basis of this study, we recommend CT as a diagnostic test of pancreatic cancer, if pancreatic cancer is suspected as a cause of jaundice and/or cholestasis.     

ERCP在胆囊切除术后胆总管结石诊断与治疗中的价值评价

目的：评价内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对胆囊切除术后胆总管结石的诊断和治疗价值。方法：选择2005年1月～2007年12月期间在我院经ERCP检查者152例,将ERCP检查结果与B超、CT检查结果进行比较,对发现胆总管结石的患者行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术（EST）取石。结果：83例胆囊切除术后胆总管结石患者,ERCP检测正确率显著高于B超、CT检测结果,差异有统计学意义（X2=53.05,X2=26.38,P〈0.05）。内镜取石成功率为93.8（76/81）,结石一次性清除率为81.6（62/76）,并发症发生率为6.2（5/81）;其中急性胆管炎1例,急性胰腺炎3例,消化道活动性出血1例。结论：ERCP是一种诊断和治疗胆囊切除术后胆总管结石的有效方法,其可作为胆囊切除术后胆总管结石的首选方法。     

磁共振胰胆管造影对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值研究

目的　评价磁共振胰胆管造影 (MRCP)对梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值 ,并与B超、CT、ERCP PTC对照分析。方法　收集 93例梗阻性黄疸患者 (良性梗阻 6 2例 ,恶性梗阻 31例 )MRCP、B超、CT、ERCP及PTC检查资料进行比较分析。结果　 93例MRCP检查均一次成功 ,胰胆管显示满意 ,对胆道梗阻程度判定和定位诊断准确率 10 0 %。MRCP结合原始MR图像对胆道结石诊断准确性 10 0 % ,与B超及CT比较 ,χ2 检验 ,P <0 0 1。恶性梗阻患者MRCP结合原始MR图像共 2 1例直接显示肿块大小、部位、范围及周围脏器侵犯情况。结论　MRCP结合原始MRI对胆道结石的诊断具有较高价值 ,可作为胆道结石患者B超筛选后的首选检查方法 ;对于恶性梗阻性黄疸患者所获得胆道系统完整资料较CT、EPCP更为全面 ,但壶腹部小的占位性病变还需进一步进行ERCP检查     

对80岁以上高龄患者应用逆行性胰胆管造影的有效性与安全性研究

目的评估≥80岁高龄患者应用逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）的有效性和安全性。方法对53例患者进行积极的术前准备,合并有心肺等疾病的患者予以有效的治疗。根据ERCP检查结果制订治疗方案。结果92．45％（49／53）实施了治疗性ERCP。其中36例胆总管结石患者接受了乳头括约肌切开（EST）并成功取出结石,行鼻胆引流管置人（ENBD）术42例,内支架置人术7例。并发症发生率9．43％（5／53）,无严重并发症及死亡发生。结论治疗性ERCP对≥80岁高龄患者是安全和有效的,高龄不应成为限制该项技术麻用的禁恩。     

The effects of flumazenil on alertness and hypoxia in elderly patients after ERCP

It is not known whether hypoxia, associated with upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures when midazolam sedation is used without narcotics, persists into the post-procedure recovery period. Thirty consecutive patients aged over 60 years, undergoing ERCP using midazolam sedation alone, were monitored clinically and by pulse oximetry before, during and for 2 hours after the procedure. They were randomized prospectively to receive either 0.5 mg flumazenil or normal saline on extubation. Results show that patients were most hypoxic in the first 30 minutes after the procedure and that mean oxygen saturation had not returned to pre-sedation values by 2 hours. Treatment with flumazenil increased alertness 2 minutes after the procedure, and was associated with a significantly higher arterial oxygen saturation at 15 minutes.     

ERCP and acute pancreatitis

Acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) is a serious complication of biliary stones disease and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The role of ERCP in the management of ABP has been the focus of discussion in recent years. In this report, we evaluated a protocol of emergency Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) (within 24 hours) and early ERCP (within 72 hours). From July 1997 to July 2000, were observed 45 patients (19 man and 26 women) with acute biliary pancreatitis. Mean age of patients was 63.4 years (range 21-87 years). Diagnosis of ABP was based on anamnesis and clinical assessment and was confirmed by specific laboratory data (hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, total and fractionated bilirubinemia, gamma-GT, transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, hypocalcemia, hyperglycemia, leukocytosis). Ultrasound scanning within 24 h of admission was performed in 45 patients (100%) and it revealed gallbladder stones and muddy bile in 39 patients (87%). Computed tomography (CT) performed in all patients, showed a severe acute pancreatitis in the second or subsequent week following admission. The severity of acute pancreatitis was established by Glasgow's criteria and by clinical details of patients. ERCP and Endoscopic Sphinterotomy (ES) was performed in all 45 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. Twenty-six patients (57%) were classified as having a severe attack (> 4) 19 as having a mild attack by Glasgow's criteria. ERCP associated with ES was performed within 24 hours in 22 patients (49%), 11 (50%) showed a severe attack and 11 (50%) showed a mild attack. A total of 2 complications (4%) occurred and the mortality was of 2 patients (4%). In 23 patients (51%) ERCP and ES was performed within 72 hours after conservative therapy, 8 (35%) showed a mild attack and 15 (65%) showed a severe attack. A total of 5 complications (9%) occurred and the mortality was of 3 patients (6%). Our study showed that ERCP with endoscopic sphincterotomy can be performed safely by skilled endoscopist, without adverse consequences soon after the onset of acute biliary pancreatitis even within the first 24 hours and it showed that is better than ERCP within 72 hours after conservative therapy.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for difficult common bile duct stones: initial New Zealand experience

AIM: Common bile duct (CBD) stones can usually be managed by open surgery, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or radiological intervention. At times, however, these methods are either unsuccessful or inappropriate. We report our initial experience of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for CBD stones that had either been unsuccessfully managed by conventional techniques, or in cases where these techniques were associated with a high level of risk. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records of cases receiving ESWL for CBD was undertaken. The aspects reviewed were: indications, outcome and completions from the procedure. RESULTS: ESWL was used in the management of eight patients (three male, five female, age range 24-83, mean 54 years). The indications in five cases were failure of open surgery, ERCP or radiological techniques to clear the duct. In the other three cases, ERCP was unsuccessful and there was significant coincidental medical illness (morbid obesity with diabetes, and severe ischaemic heart disease). CBD clearance was achieved in seven cases. In one unsuccessful case, the duct was cleared after two open procedures. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL can be used to clear CBD stones. It should only be used, however, where prior CBD drainage has been achieved, preferably by endoscopic sphincterotomy. Morbid obesity is a relative contraindication to the use of ESWL. If ESWL fails, a period of time should be allowed to elapse before open surgery because of distortion of soft tissue planes. ESWL can be a useful technique in dealing with some difficult CBD stones.     

Endoscopic palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice

Patients referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) over a 12 month period who had a diagnosis of malignant obstructive jaundice prior to or confirmed by the procedure were reviewed. Insertion of a biliary endoprosthesis was attempted in 23 out of 26 patients and was successful in 19 (82%). A significant fall in bilirubin was seen in 15 (79%) of those who had a successful procedure. The only early complication was cholangitis in two patients. Late complications were related to occlusion of the endoprosthesis and replacement was required in six patients. Endoscopic palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice is a useful technique and should be considered as the initial procedure in all patients considered to have nonresectable malignancy.     

超声内镜与内镜逆行胰胆管造影联合检查对胆总管壶腹区病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声内镜、内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）联合检查对胆总管壶腹区病变的诊断价值.方法 91例患者均行B型超声、CT及超声内镜检查,部分行ERCP检查.并将超声内镜及超声内镜联合ERCP与B型超声、CT、ERCP对胆总管壶腹区病变诊断结果进行比较.结果 超声内镜、ERCP对胆总管壶腹区病变诊断的阳性率分别为94.5%（86/91）、90.2%（74/91）.超声内镜诊断胆总管结石及慢性胰腺炎的准确率为100%,超声内镜联合ERCP检奁对结石及肿瘤的诊断阳性率分别为100%、97%.结论 超声内镜对胆总管壶腹区病变的诊断率高于腹部B型超声、CT及ERCP,联合ERCP对病变的定位及定性诊断有较高的价值,指导规范临床治疗.     

The Role of Ultrasound for the Personalized Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Cervical Dystonia

The visualization of the human body has frequently been groundbreaking in medicine. In the last few years, the use of ultrasound (US) imaging has become a well-established procedure for botulinum toxin therapy in people with cervical dystonia (CD). It is now undisputed among experts that some of the most relevant muscles in this indication can be safely injected under visual US guidance. This review will explore the method from basic technical considerations, current evidence to conceptual developments of the phenomenology of cervical dystonia. We will review the implications of introducing US to our understanding of muscle function and anatomy of common cervical dystonic patterns. We suggest a flow chart for the use of US to achieve a personalized treatment of people with CD. Thus, we hope to contribute a resource that is useful in clinical practice and that stimulates the ongoing development of this valuable technique.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影结合增强CT扫描对胰腺癌诊断价值的研究

目的评价经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）结合增强CT扫描对胰腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析本院2006年10月至2009年10月收治的胰腺癌患者68例,其中33例行ERCP检查,68例行增强CT扫描检查,并与68例体表B超（B-US）检查结果对照。结果ERCP的诊断准确率为87.88%（29/33）,增强CT扫描为88.24%（60/68）,B-US为47.06%（32/68）,ERCP结合增强CT扫描为96.97%（32/33）。ERCP诊断胰腺癌的准确率显著高于B-US,ERCP结合增强CT扫描诊断准确率明显高于单纯ERCP、增强CT扫描及B-US（均P〈0.05）。结论ERCP在胰腺癌诊断中有重要价值,必要时结合增强CT扫描可以进一步提高诊断的准确性。     

ERCP 对肝移植术后胆漏的诊疗效果评价

摘要： 目的 评估经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在原位肝移植术（OLT）后对胆漏的诊疗作用。方法 回顾 分析我院 2013 年 3 月—2016 年 2 月间共 12 例 OLT 术后经临床、 磁共振胰胆管成像术（MRCP）或术中 ERCP 证实 为胆漏患者的资料, 包括胆漏及其合并症的临床症状、 发生时间、 发生部位、 诊疗过程、 疗效等临床资料, 评价 ERCP 的诊疗价值。结果 本组 12 例均为男性, 年龄 35~62 岁, 平均（49.75±8.55）岁。11 例成功行经内镜鼻胆管引流术 （ENBD）, 成功率 91.7%; 胆漏治愈率 91.7% （11/12）; 无 ERCP 相关严重并发症及死亡病例发生; 其中 9 例合并胆管狭 窄和 （或） 伴胆管结石/胆栓者在进行初次 ERCP 诊疗时行内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术 （EST）, 并于胆漏愈合 2 周后行进一步 ERCP 治疗。除 1 例 ENBD 未成功者外, 其余随访效果良好。结论 ERCP 是 OLT 术后不同类型胆 漏的安全及有效的微创治疗方法。     

MRCP与ERCP对阻塞性黄疸诊断价值的比较

目的：比较磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）和内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对阻塞性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：30例阻塞性黄疸患者分别行MRCP和ERCP，其中1例行ERCP失效改行经皮肤胆管造影（PTC）。MRCP采用重T2加权及超快自旋回波水成像技术进行，ERCP按常规方法进行。结果：30例行MRCP和29例，ERCP均获成功。MRCP和ERCP总的诊断准确率分别为90％和96．7％；对恶性狭窄的诊断准确率分别为66．6％和88．9％；对胆总管结石诊断的准确率为100％。结论：MRCP为无创性检查，可作为阻塞性黄疸病因诊断的首选方法，但不能取代ERCP，两者结合可弥补各自的不足，提高对阻塞性黄疸病因诊断的准确性。     

内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术在肝胆管疾病中的诊断、治疗价值

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术（ERCP）在胆胰疾病中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析行ERCP诊断、治疗的100例胆胰疾病患者的临床资料并与B超、CT诊断进行比较。结果100例患者行ERCP诊断、治疗,成功95例（95．0％）;行ERCP单纯诊断的64例,经内镜括约肌切开取石（EST）36例,其中胆总管单发结石14例,多发结石19例;ERCP、B超和CT诊断率分别为96．0％、39．O％和64．0％,ERCP诊断率高于B超和CT（Х^2=7．05,P〈0．01,Х^2=3．83,P〈0．05）;术后并发症胃肠道出血2例（2．0％）、急性胆管炎1例（1．0％）;急性胰腺炎2例（2．0）％,均经内科保守治疗全愈。结论ERCP对胆胰疾病是一种有效的诊断、治疗手段。     

Review article: antibiotic prophylaxis for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

This review examines the evidence for antibiotic prophylaxis in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopan-creatography (ERCP), and provides detailed advice about suitable antibiotic regimens in appropriate high-risk patients. Ascending cholangitis and infective endocarditis are potential complications of endoscopic ERCP. The pathophysiology of these two complications is quite separate and different sub-groups of patients require prophylaxis with appropriate antibiotic regimens. Ascending cholangitis results from bacterial infection of an obstructed biliary system, usually from enteric Gram-negative microorganisms, resulting in bacteraemia. There is incomplete drainage of the biliary system after ERCP in up to 10% of patients who require stenting. Antibiotics started in these patients will probably reduce the frequency of cholangitis by 80%. If antibiotics are restricted to this group, approximately 90% of all patients having an ERCP will avoid antibiotics, but 80% of cholangitic episodes will be prevented. Infective endocarditis may result from the bacteraemia caused at the time of the ERCP in patients with an abnormal heart valve. Antibiotic prophylaxis, in particular covering alpha-haemolytic streptococci, should be started before the procedure in this defined high-risk group.     

Effect of pouched reconstruction after total gastrectomy on ERCP and ENBD--report of two cases

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) are well known to be useful but these procedures are rarely indicated in patients after total gastrectomy, because the endoscopic approach is more difficult in the patients with standard reconstructions such as Roux-en-y esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy. Gastric replacement with various enteric reservoirs after gastrectomy has been used to improve the postprandial symptoms and nutrition of patients after total gastrectomy. We have been performing jejunal pouch double tract reconstruction (JPD) after gastrectomy and the patients' postoperative course has been satisfactory. In this report, we describe two cases of biliary tract disorders after total gastrectomy. One was choledocholithiasis and the other was bile leakage after cholecystectomy. In each case, we performed ERCP, and treated with ENBD tube placement, and we obtained satisfactory results. We emphasize that ERCP and ENBD are also useful and easy procedures for biliary tract disease in postgastrectomy patients with JPD reconstruction as well as in patients who have not undergone intestinal reconstruction. The advantages of JPD reconstruction are not only improving the postprandial symptoms and the nutrition of patients after total gastrectomy, but that it provides an easy endoscopic approach to the papilla of Vater.     

内镜下十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术与开腹手术联合治疗伴乳头功能紊乱的胆管结石

目的 :介绍联合应用EST及外科手术处理内镜下治疗困难的伴有乳头功能紊乱的胆管结石。方法 :本组 5例病人先行ERCP了解胆管结构、结石大小、部位及乳头排空情况 ,后行EST及胆管探查取石术。结果 :所有病人术后T管造影均示乳头排空良好。无胆管炎再发。结论 :建议对所有胆管结石病人先行ERCP ,对内镜下治疗困难且伴有乳头功能紊乱者联合应用EST及外科治疗无需重建消化道 ,是一种有效的治疗方法。     

Biopharmaceuticals approved in the EU 1995-1999: a European Union-United States comparison.

The European Union's (EU) centralized procedure for new drug review was implemented in 1995 to unify the regulatory process and provide EU-wide marketing authorizations for innovative medicinal products. Goals were instituted to ensure the timeliness of the various steps of the process. The EU approved 27 biopharmaceutical products through the centralized procedure during 1995-1999. This study documents the success of the EU in meeting the timeline goals for the group and for separate categories of biopharmaceuticals (recombinant proteins, monoclonal antibodies, and antisense oligonucleotides). A subset of the 27 biopharmaceuticals approved in the EU were also approved in the United States (US). We compared EU and US approval times for these products by product category and by review status (exceptional/non-exceptional circumstance in the EU and priority/standard in the US).     

ERCP诊断梗阻性黄疸的价值探讨（附63例分析）

ERCP诊断梗阻性黄疸的价值。63例梗阻性黄疸行ERCP检查。结果显示恶性胆道梗阻32例，占56%；良性梗阻25例，占44%。胰胆管未显影6例，插管成功率为90.5%。外科手术治疗的33例ERCP诊断与术后诊断比较，ERCP对胆总管结石的诊断符合率为100%，对肿瘤诊断符合率77.8%。主要是胰腺癌、胆管癌、胆囊癌及壶腹周围癌等，ERCP用于梗阻性黄疸鉴别诊断可提供很有价值或决定性诊断资料，本文对梗阻性黄疸行ERCP检测并与术后诊断进行对比，探讨其对病因的诊断价值。     

Cost Effectiveness of the Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in High-Risk Patients in Canada

BACKGROUND: The cost effectiveness of drug-eluting stents in Canada is debated and deserves further evaluation in high-risk patients. METHODS: We performed an economic analysis from the third-party payer perspective based on the clinical results and resource-utilization data of the C-SIRIUS (The Canadian Study of the Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in the Treatment of Patients with Long De Novo Lesions in Small Native Coronary Arteries) trial, which examined the safety and efficacy of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) versus bare metal stents (BMS) in high-risk patients with single long de novo lesions in small coronary arteries. Only inpatient costs were considered, including physician fees. We postulated that the incremental cost required to avoid a repeat revascularization (RR) procedure with BMS versus simple balloon angioplasty (BA) could be considered the willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid restenosis in Canada. We assessed the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of SES compared with BMS in these high-risk patients compared with WTP. Results are expressed in 2003 Canadian dollars. RESULTS: With a 7% absolute reduction in the need for RR compared with BA, BMS are associated on average with an ICER of US dollars 12,551/RR avoided (RRA) in Canada. In C-SIRIUS, SES further reduced the need for RR at 1 year from 22% to 4% (p = 0.015) compared with BMS. With a 1.5 stent-to-lesion (STL) ratio and an SES retail price of US dollars 2,700 compared with US dollars 700 for BMS, the ICER of SES versus BMS was US dollars 11,275/RRA -- borderline cost effective compared with the implicit WTP of US dollars 12,551 for such health benefit in Canada. Using a lower STL ratio (1.2) would improve the ICER to US dollars 7941/RRA. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of long lesions in small vessels with SES increases net healthcare costs. However, the ICER for SES compares favorably with the currently accepted comparator, i.e. BMS, to reduce coronary restenosis -- at least for higher risk patients undergoing single-vessel revascularization.