针刺临床试验干预措施报告标准的修订:CONSORT声明的扩展

"针刺临床试验干预措施报告标准"(STandards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture,STRICTA)于2001年和2002年在5种期刊上发表。该指南以对照检查清单及解释的形式供作者和期刊编辑使用,旨在提高针刺临床试验报告的质量,尤其是对其中干预措施的报告,因而有助于对这些试验的解释和重复。随后对STRICTA的应用及影响的述评都强调了STRICTA的价值,也提出了改进和修订的建议。为使修订过程顺利进行,STRICTA工作组、CONSORT工作组和中国Cochrane中心于2008年开始合作。召集成立的有47名成员的专家组对清单的修改稿提出了电子版反馈意见。在后来于弗莱堡(Freiburg)召开的见面会上,由21名专家组成的工作组进一步修订了STRICTA对照检查清单,并计划如何对其进行发布。新的STRICTA对照检查清单作为CONSORT的正式扩展版,包含6项条目及17条二级条目。这些条目为报告针刺治疗的合理性、针刺的细节、治疗方案、其他干预措施、治疗师的背景以及对照或对照干预提供了指南。而且,作为修订工作的一部分,...     

CONSORT 2010说明与详述：报告平行对照随机临床试验指南的更新

大量证据显示随机对照临床试验（randomised controlled trial,RCT）的报告质量不理想。报告不透明,则读者既不能评判试验结果是否真实可靠,也不能从中提取可用于系统综述的信息。最近的方法学分析表明,报告不充分和设计不合理与对治疗效果产生评价偏倚有关。这种系统误差对RCT损害严重,而RCT正是以其能减少或避免偏倚而被视为评价干预措施的金标准。为了提高RCT的报告质量,一个由专家和编辑组成的工作组制定了临床试验报告的统一标准（Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials,CONSORT）声明。CONSORT声明于1996年首次发表,并于2001年更新。声明由对照检查清单和流程图组成,供作者在报告RCT时使用。许多核心医学期刊和主要国际性编辑组织都已认可CONSORT声明。该声明促进了对RCT的严格评价和解释。2001年,在对CONSORT进行修订时,人们就已经清楚地认识到,解释和说明制定CONSORT声明的原理,有助于研究人员等撰写或评价临床试验报告。一篇CONSORT说明与详述文章于2001年同2001版CONSORT声明一起发表。2007年1月的专家会议之后,对CONSORT声明作了进一步修订并已发表,即＂CONSORT2010声明＂。这次更新对原版对照检查清单作了文字上的修改,使其更为明晰,并收入了与一些新近才认识到的主题相关的建议,如选择性报告结局产生的偏倚。说明与详述文件旨在加强人们对CONSORT声明的理解、应用和传播,这次也作了大量修订,对每一项新增或更新的清单条目的含义和增改理由进行了解释,提供了优秀的报告实例,还尽可能地提供了相关的经验性研究的参考文献。文中收入了若干流程图实例。＂CONSORT2010声明＂、其说明与详述文件,以及相关网站（www.consort-statement.org）,对于改进随机临床试验报告必将有所裨益。     

采用CONSORT和STRICTA评价针刺治疗更年期综合征随机对照试验报告质量

目的:探讨采用CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准评价国内针刺治疗更年期综合征临床随机对照试验质量。方法:系统检索CNKI、CBM、VIP和WANFANG 4个数据库,手工检索所有中文针灸期刊与中医药核心期刊,纳入针刺治疗更年期综合征的随机对照试验,并采用国际公认的CONSORT声明和报告针刺临床试验中干预措施的国际标准(STRICTA)进行报告质量评价。结果:共纳入37篇文献。根据CONSORT条目,纳入的文献中,12篇(32.43%)描述了研究背景;11篇(29.73%)正确描述了产生随机分配序列的方法 ;仅1篇(2.70%)描述了实施者流程;尚没有文献提及分配隐藏机制、实施及样本量的计算。根据STRICTA条目,在37篇文献中有8篇(21.62%)报道了针刺深度;16篇(43.24%)提及针刺反应;15篇(40.54%)提及针具类型;6篇(16.22%)报告了治疗师的专业技能。结论:目前针刺治疗更年期综合征的随机对照试验研究报告质量普遍不高。今后应采用CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准进行规范报告。     

采用CONSORT和STRICTA评价针刺治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫随机对照试验报告质量

[目的] 采用试验报告统一标准(CONSORT)和报告针刺临床试验中干预措施(STRICTA)标准评价针刺治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫随机对照试验的报告质量。 [方法] 计算机检索Cochrane 图书馆临床对照试验数据库、PubMed、中国知识基础设施工程、维普等数据库。文种限制为中英文。纳入针刺治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫的随机对照试验, 并采用CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准进行报告质量评价。[结果] 共纳入针刺治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫随机对照研究28篇文献。根据CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准对纳入文献进行分析, 无文献提及随机分配方案的隐藏、样本量的计算方法和治疗师资历。大部分研究对随机方法描述不清、盲法使用率低、未使用流程图、不良反应报道少、针刺细节报道不充分等问题。[结论] 目前针刺治疗糖尿病胃轻瘫的研究报告质量普遍较低。今后应采用国际公认的CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准对针刺疗法进行规范报告。     

用CONSORT和STRICTA对针刺治疗颈性眩晕随机对照试验的质量评价

目的 以CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准为标准,评价近20年来针刺治疗颈性眩晕随机对照临床试验质量,探讨提高针刺临床随机对照试验质量的方法.方法 计算机检索与手工检索相结合.中文文献通过检索CNKI、CBM、万方、维普数据库等医学数据库,结合手工检索相关期刊,英文文献通过检索ZADL(浙江省高校数字图书馆)数据库,筛选出符合研究标准的“针刺治疗颈性眩晕随机对照临床试验”,并采用CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准对纳入文献进行质量评价.结果 纳入针刺治疗颈性眩晕临床随机对照试验文献共计36篇.根据CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准对纳入文献进行分析,大部分文献存在针刺细节报道不充分、无针刺治疗医生的资历、无对照组干预措施分析等问题,而随机方法介绍、随机隐藏盲、样本量计算、意向治疗分析的描述为0.结论 目前针刺治疗颈性眩晕随机对照试验的质量普遍较低,影响报道的可靠性和同质可比性.为提高针灸临床试验可靠性和质量,应该将CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准引入针刺临床试验设计并严格执行.     

CONSORT 和 STRICTA 标准对针刺治疗偏头痛的随机对照试验报告质量的评价

目的:采用CONSORT和STRICTA标准对针刺治疗偏头痛随机对照试验的报告质量进行评价。方法:以中文和英文为语种限制,系统检索Cochrane图书馆临床对照试验数据库、PubMed、OVID、Med-line、EBSCO、EMbase、中国生物医学文献数据库、中文科技期刊全文数据库、中文学术期刊全文数据库、万方数据库共10个数据库,手工检索所有中文针灸杂志、中医药核心期刊及已纳入文献的参考文献。对筛选出的针刺治疗偏头痛的随机对照试验文献,采用国际公认的CONSORT声明和报告针刺临床试验中干预措施的国际标准(STRICTA)进行报告质量的评价。结果:根据CONSORT条目,在纳入的针刺治疗偏头痛的95篇报告中,53篇(55.8%)描述了各组的基线情况和临床特征;34篇(35.8%)提及产生随机分配序列的方法;仅有11篇(11.6%)分配方案隐藏充分;15篇(15.8%)采用盲法的文献中只有7篇采用双盲;13篇(13.7%)提及样本含量的计算。根据STRICTA条目,在95篇文献中有41篇(43.2%)报道了针刺深度,49篇(51.6%)报道了针刺反应,69篇(72.6%)报道了刺激方式,79篇(83.2%...     

采用CONSORT与STRICTA对针灸治疗实证眩晕的RCT质量报告

[目的]以CONSORT声明和STRICTA为标准,评价近年来国内外针灸治疗实证眩晕的RCT(临床随机对照试验)质量,探讨提高针灸临床随机对照试验质量的方法。[方法]计算机检索与手工检索相结合。系统检索CNKI、CBMdisc、万方和VIP、PubMed 5个医学文献数据库。文种限制为中文和英文。手工检索相关期刊文献。筛选出符合针灸治疗实证眩晕(肝阳上亢型、痰湿中阻型、瘀血阻窍型)的随机对照试验,并采用国际公认的CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准进行报告质量评价。[结果]纳入针灸治疗实证眩晕的临床随机对照试验20篇均为中文文献。通过分析,大部分文献存在随机方法描述不清和无随机隐藏、盲法使用率低、无样本量计算、无意向治疗分析、针刺细节报道不充分、无针刺治疗医生的背景等问题。[结论]目前针灸治疗实证眩晕随机对照试验的质量普遍较低,影响报道的可靠性与同质可比性。为提高针灸临床试验可靠性和质量,应该将CONSORT声明和STRICTA标准引入针灸临床试验设计并严格执行。     

改进中药临床试验报告的参考条目

为改进中药临床试验报告质量，本文在《草药随机对照临床试验的报告：CONSORT声明细则》的基础上，结合中医药的特点，制定了中药临床试验报告的参考条目。本条目沿用了草药CONSORT声明的22项要求，对其中11项的部分内容根据中医药特点进行了细化和增减，并根据中成药和汤药两大类临床试验的特点，争别对参考条目进行细化；最目突出了受试者（participant）、干预措施（intervention）、对照（control）和结局（outcome）四个方面的内容。制定中药临床武验报告的参考条目旨在提高中药临床试验报告的质量，并为杂志编辑和审稿人员提供参考。     

CONSORT 2010声明：报告平行对照随机临床试验指南的更新

CONSORT声明被广泛用于提高随机对照临床试验的报告质量。Kenneth Schulz等对CONSORT声明的最新版本CONSORT2010作了详细说明,该版本基于新获得的方法学证据和经验的积累对报告指南作了更新。为了鼓励更多的人使用＂CONSORT2010声明＂,本文可从bmj.com免费获取,也将在Lancet,Obstetrics and Gynecology,PLoS Medicine,Annals of Internal Medicine,Open Medicine,Journal of Clinical Epidemiology,BMC Medicine和Trials等杂志发表。     

报告非药物随机对照临床试验的CONSORT扩展声明：说明与详述（一）

正确报告随机对照临床试验（randomized controlled trial,RCT）是严格评价试验结果真实性与有效性的必要前提。含22项条目清单和流程图的CONSORT（Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials）声明旨在通过改进RCT的报告来解决这一问题。然而,《CONSORT声明》中没有专门论及那些适用于非药物治疗（如手术、技术干预、仪器设备、康复理疗、心理治疗和行为干预等）临床试验的具体问题。此外,相当多的证据表明非药物临床试验的报告仍然需要改进,因此CONSORT小组针对评估非药物治疗的临床INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS试验制定了《CONSORT扩展声明》。为制定《CONSORT扩展声明》以规范非药物临床试验的报告,33名专家于2006年2月在法国巴黎组织召开了讨论会议,并就此达成了共识。与会者扩充了原有《CONSORT声明》中的11项条目,新增了1项条目,修改并重新制定了报告流程图。 为便于充分理解和执行《CONSORT扩展声明》,CONSORT小组通过对文献的回顾编制了这一说明与详述文本,旨在为正确报告非药物临床试验提供范例。本扩展声明,连同《CONSORT声明》以及《CONSORT声明》的其他扩展本,将有助于改进非药物治疗领域RCT的报告。     

Initial experience of occluding special type patent ductus arterioses using the Amplatzer vascular plug

Background Occluders licensed for clinical use are not fit for some special Krichenko E patent ductus arterioses.The Amplatzer vascular plug I (AVP1) has not been licensed for use for closure of patent...     

临床试验设计中样本含量的理解

我们知道,临床试验的设计包括“专业设计”和“统计设计”两部分内容,统计设计中需要面对的重要问题之一就是“样本含量”估计问题,究竟需要招募多少例“研究对象”才能够真正达到“样本含量”的要求（统计学要求和临床专业要求）,     

Chinese herbal medicine Xinfeng Capsule in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis： study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND： Rheumatoid arthritis （RA）, as a common systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease, affects approximately 1 in 100 individuals. Effective treatment for RA is not yet available because current research does not have a clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of RA. Xinfeng Capsule, a patent Chinese herbal medicine, has been used in the treatment of RA in recent years. Despite its reported clinical efficacy, there are no large-sample, multicenter, randomized trials that support the use of Xinfeng Capsule for RA. Therefore, we designed a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of Xinfeng Capsule in the treatment of RA. METHODS AND DESIGN： This is a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial on the treatment of RA. The participants will be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group at a ratio of 1：1. Participants in the experimental group will receive Xinfeng Capsule and a pharmaceutical placebo （imitation leflunomide）. The control group will receive leflunomide and an herbal placebo （imitation Xinfeng Capsule）. The American College of Rheumatology （ACR） Criteria for RA will be used to measure the efficacy of the Xinfeng Capsule. The primary outcome measure will be the percentage of study participants who achieve an ACR 20% response rate （ACR20）, which will be measured every 4 weeks after randomization. Secondary outcomes will include the ACR50 and ACR70 responses, the side effects of the medications, the Disease Activity Score 28, RA biomarkers, quality of life, and X-rays of the hands and wrists. The first four of the secondary outcomes will be measured every 4 weeks and the others will be measured at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. DISCUSSION： The result of this trial will help to evaluate whether Xinfeng Capsule is effective and safe in the treatment of RA. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This trial has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. The identifier is N CT01774877.     

The role of central nervous system on hypoglycemia and the feasibility of the brain theory in traditional Chinese medicine on treatment of diabetes mellitus

The central nervous system （CNS） plays a key regulatory role in glucose homeostasis. In particular, the brain is important in initiating and coordinating protective counterregulatory responses when blood glucose levels fall. This may due to the metabolic dependency of the CNS on glucose, and protection of food supply to the brain. In healthy subjects, blood glucose is normally maintained within a relatively narrow range. Hypoglycemia in diabetic patients can increase the risk of complications, such as heart disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The clinical research finds that the use of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has a positive effect on the treatment of hypoglycemia. Here the authors reviewed the current understanding of sensing and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, and discuss combining traditional Chinese and Western medicine and the theory of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in diabetes treatment. Furthermore, the authors clarify the feasibility of treating hypoglycemia on the basis of TCM theory and CNS and have an insight on its clinical practice.     

Efficacy of Different Iron Controlling Fortificants in Wheat Flour in Iron Deficiency

Objective To observe the different impacts of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA on body iron store of anemic school students. Methods Four hundreds anemic students at the age of 11-18 years were divided into four groups. Of which, three consumed different iron fortificants from wheat flour as food vehicle for six months and one consumed non-fortified flour （control）. The fortification level of electrolytic iron, FeSO4, and NaFeEDTA was 60 mg Fe/kg, 30 mg Fe/kg, and 20 mg Fe/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 6 months and hemoglobin （Hb）, serum ferritin （SF）, and transferrin receptor （TfR） were measured. Results The hemoglobin levels in three intervention groups increased, the increments of Hb in the NaFeEDTA group were significantly higher than that in the other groups. SF and TfR levels increased in the tested groups and body iron store in the NaFeEDTA group was higher than that in the other groups. These parameters did not show any significant changes in the control group. Conclusion NaFeEDTA and FeSO4 tortified wheat flour has positive impacts on iron status in anemic students and NaFeEDTA is more effective than FeSO4, while electrolytic iron is less effective in improving iron store in anemic students.     

Effects of the aqueous extract of Schizandra chinensis fruit on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety in rats

Background We previously demonstrated that the aqueous extract of the Schizandra chinensis fruit （AESC） ameliorated Cd-induced depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain through antioxidant activity.In the present study,we investigated the effect of AESC on anxiety-like behavior and the levels of norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol （a metabolite of norepinephrine） in different brain regions during ethanol withdrawal in rats.Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 3 g/kg of ethanol （20％,w/v） or saline by daily intraperitoneal injection for 28 days followed by three days of withdrawal.During withdrawal,rats were given AESC （100 mg.kg 1.d-1 or 300 mg.kg 1·d1,P.O.） once a day for three days.Thirty minutes after the final dose of AESC,the anxiogenic response was evaluated using an elevated plus maze,and the plasma corticosterone levels were examined by radioimmunoassay.Meanwhile,the concentrations of norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and hippocampus were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography.Results Rats undergoing ethanol withdrawal exhibited substantial anxiety-like behavior,which was characterized by both the decrease in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and the increased level of corticosterone secretion,which were greatly attenuated by doses of AESC in a dose-dependent manner.The high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that ethanol withdrawal significantly increased norepinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus,while not significantly altering them in the hippocampus.Similar to the results from the elevated plus maze test,the AESC significantly inhibited the elevation of norepinephrine and its metabolite in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions These results suggest that AESC attenuates anxiety-like behavior induced by ethanol withdrawal through modulation of the hypothalamic norepinephrine system in the brain.     

Relevance of muscle biopsy for diagnosing multifocal motor neuropathy

Multifocal motor neuropathy （MMN） is a rare,.focal,inflammatory,demyelinating disease of the peripheral nerves with pure motor involvementJ MMN is clinically characterized by slowly progressive,asymmetric,distal,upper limb predominant weakness,in the absence of sensory disturbances） Weakness is usually multifocal and connected to a distinct motor nerve,such as the musculocutaneous nerve resulting in biceps weakness,the posterior interosseus nerve resulting in finger drop,the median,ulnar,or radial nerve resulting in dexterity problems or grip weakness,or the peroneal nerve resulting in a foot drop.Onset of clinical manifestations is between 20 and 50 years of age.The prevalence of MMN is reported as 1-2 per 100 000.2 MMN is three times more frequent in men as compared to women.