新型降眼压药物bimatoprost的药理作用及其临床疗效

青光眼治疗的主要目标是防止高眼压损害视神经导致视力丧失。理论上可以通过增强视神经对高眼压的耐受力或将眼压降到安全水平来达到这一目的。虽然实验研究已经证明某些药物有视神经保护作用，但在临床上，视神经保护治疗仍在探讨和验证之中，因此目前现代青光眼的治疗仍旨在降低眼压。     

青光眼性视神经损害的成因及其防治（二）

第二部分:保护青光眼视神经功能的研究,一、保护青光眼患者视功能的根本方法——降低眼压从青光眼性视神经损害的成因方面考虑,眼压是重要的因素。临床发现,青光     

青光眼的药物治疗

青光眼是全球第二位致盲眼病，其病因尚未完全明了，目前的有效治疗是降低眼压，因眼压是导致青光眼患者视野丧失的最危险因素，一旦确诊需长期治疗。青光眼的降眼压药物有多种，可根据用药后的降眼压效果正确选择。除了降眼压外，还应注意保护视网膜神经节细胞或增强视神经对高眼压的抵抗力。由于目前尚无有效“神经保护的治疗”方案，因此只能应用降眼压药物以减少或预防视网膜神经节细胞的丧失。     

原发性青光眼视神经损害的发生机制

关于原发性青光眼的发病机制,目前有许多学说,但每种学说都不能完全说明青光眼视神经损害的具体机制。综合分析发现,每个正常人或青光眼患者身上都具有致视神经损害因素和抗视神经损害因素,青光眼发生与否是这两种因素相斗争的结果。眼压虽然不是青光眼视神经损害的唯一因素,但仍然是青光眼最主要和最稳定的危险因素。另外,血循环因素和免疫因素也是导致青光眼视神经损害的重要原因。本文综合分析了近年来有关原发性青光眼视神经损害机制的研究,并以独特的视角分析了眼压对青光眼视神经损害的具体机制。     

青光眼的视神经保护策略

目前对青光眼的治疗方法主要是通过药物或手术降低眼压,然而单纯降低眼压并不足以防止青光眼引起的视神经进行性损害,其他病理机制也很可能导致视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cell,RGC)和视神经的损伤。所有可能造成RGC凋亡的因素如谷氨酸毒性、营养因子中断、血管异常、胶质细胞活化及一氧化氮的毒性等,均可能与青光眼的病变有关。虽然目前尚无一种被完全公认的青光眼发生机制,     

谁动了我的视神经？ -正常眼压性青光眼视神经损害探因

正常眼压性青光眼和高眼压原发性开角型青光眼是一个“连续体”。本文基于病理生理学,探讨了正常眼压性青光眼中眼压与视神经损害的关系,认为视盘筛板是上述关系及其“连续体”概念的中间环节,眼压和筛板共同构成青光眼视神经损害的始动因素。（眼科,2020, 29： 87-89）     

低颅压与正常眼压性青光眼的关系

青光眼作为导致人类不可逆性盲的头号杀手,是一组慢性进行性视神经病变疾病。虽然病理性眼压增高是青光眼发展的主要危险因素,但是其视神经病变机制始终不明。而且有部分患者眼压处于正常值范围内,却依然发生了青光眼性视神经损害,被称为“正常眼压性青光眼”。因此,我们不得不考虑,除眼压外还有其他因素参与青光眼视神经的损害。近年来有研究表明:颅内压与眼压的失衡有可能是正常眼压性青光眼的原因之一,本文就颅内压与正常眼压性青光眼的关系做一综述。     

关于青光眼定义之商榷

试图提出一个与目前研究及认识水平相适应的青光眼定义，即“青光眼是由于病理性高眼压以及其他相关因素，引起进行性视神经损害，导致视乳头进行性凹陷性萎缩和视功能、特别是视野损害的一类眼病”。定义强调4点：①视神经对眼压的耐受性有较大的个体差异；②眼压升高的机械压迫和血供障碍共同参与了青光眼的视神经损害，病理性高眼压是主要因素；③青光眼性视神经损害，导致眼底改变的特点是视乳头进行性凹陷性萎缩；④在青光眼性视功能损害方面，视野改变是主要的且具有特征性。本文从眼压、眼底、视野、青光眼视神经损害机制以及视神经保护五个方面对青光眼定义进行了阐述。用比较简明的语言揭示了青光眼的内涵，提出较为全面、科学的青光眼定义。     

大麻素及其在抗青光眼方面的作用

目前青光眼的治疗主要是控制眼压和保护视神经,而大麻素有降低眼压和保护视神经的潜在作用,有可能成为抗青光眼的药物。     

原发性开角型青光眼与24h眼压及眼灌注压的研究进展

原发性开角型青光眼是一类早期无明显临床症状,但随病情进展将导致不可逆的视神经损害及视野缺损的致盲性眼病。眼压是原发性开角型青光眼诊断及评定治疗效果的简单而又重要的指标。临床上,一些治疗中的原发性开角型青光眼患者白天就诊时间所测眼压已达靶眼压,但视神经损害却仍在进展,研究表明可能与夜间眼压的升高、24 h较大的眼压波动及夜间眼灌注压的降低有关。因此,我们对原发性开角型青光眼与眼压及眼灌注压波动的相关文献予以综述,以更好的理解三者之间的关系。     

New perspectives on target intraocular pressure

The evidence in support of intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering to reduce risk of glaucoma onset or progression is strong, although the amount and quality of IOP reduction is less well defined. The concept of a target IOP includes a percentage reduction, calculated IOP, or a predetermined IOP figure or range. Yet none of these strategies have been validated. In addition, our understanding of the way IOP influences glaucoma risk is continuously evolving. Examples of this include the data on IOP fluctuation and lamina cribrosa and cerebrospinal fluid pressure differentials. That these variables are not included in target IOP calculation potentially undermines its accuracy and usefulness. We summarize the evidence for target IOP, new developments in our understanding of IOP and glaucoma pathogenesis, as well as emerging strategies for setting targets and assessing response to treatment.     

曲伏前列腺素治疗残余性青光眼的疗效

目的:观察曲伏前列腺素对残余青光眼的降眼压效果。方法:对12例14眼残余青光眼患者(21mmHg≤眼压≤30mmHg)滴用曲伏前列腺素滴眼液,每晚1次,共观察3mo,记录用药前、用药后1wk;1,2,3mo的眼压。结果:所有患者用药后降眼压效果明显,3mo内平均降眼压幅度在37.69%～38.44%之间。结论:曲伏前列腺素可以作为残余青光眼眼压不甚高的患者的首选降眼压药物。     

原发性闭角型青光眼持续高眼压下的复合式小梁切除术

目的 探讨持续高眼压下行复合式小梁切除术治疗原发性急性闭角型青光眼的手术特点及治疗效果.方法 对30例(30只眼)眼压控制不良的原发性急性闭角型青光眼患者行复合式小梁切除术.结果 30只眼手术均顺利完成,未出现爆发性脉络膜上腔出血、玻璃体脱出等严重的并发症.术后2-12月,30只眼中24只眼眼压控制在10-21 mmHg,5只眼加用降眼压药物眼压控制正常;20只眼视力较术前有所提高.结论 对持续高眼压下用药治疗不理想的原发性急性闭角型青光眼,应果断行手术治疗,以防视功能进一步受损,只要术前考虑全面,术中精心操作,术后周全护理,持续高眼压状态下行复合式小梁切除术是安全、有效的.     

葡萄膜巩膜途径降眼压机制治疗青光眼的研究进展

房水排出障碍导致的眼压升高是引起青光眼发病的主要原因,而降眼压仍是目前青光眼治疗的主要方法。房水外流主要通过传统的小梁网途径和非传统的葡萄膜巩膜途径,通过非压力依赖性的葡萄膜巩膜途径降低眼压以治疗青光眼越来越受到重视。本文综述了应用药物和手术从葡萄膜巩膜途径降眼压机制治疗青光眼的研究进展。     

玻璃体抽吸术在药物难控制性急性闭角型青光眼治疗中的应用

目的:探讨玻璃体抽吸术在药物难控制性急性闭角型青光眼治疗中的作用。方法:回顾分析我院住院患者共60例60眼,男28例,女32例,入院诊断符合急性闭角型青光眼发作期临床特征,且药物治疗24h后眼压仍>21mmHg的急性闭角型青光眼患者,其中控制眼压为21～35mmHg者26眼(43%),眼压～50mmHg者18眼(30%),50mmHg以上者16眼(27%)。视力范围为光感～0.3。所有患者行局部麻醉下睫状体平坦部玻璃体抽吸术治疗,吸出玻璃体液0.4～1.0mL,术后继续观察眼压、视力、前房深度变化,眼压控制稳定后分别进行单纯抗青光眼术、青光眼白内障联合人工晶状体置换术,或白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术。出院后门诊观察,随访6～12mo。结果:患者60例60眼急性闭角性青光眼行玻璃体抽吸术后,第3d检测眼压≤21mmHg者14眼(23%),眼压为～35mmHg者29眼(48%),眼压～50mmHg者13眼(22%),眼压>50mmHg者4眼(7%);抽吸术后视力增加2行的为28眼(47%),视力增加1行的24眼(40%),视力不增加的8眼(13%);58眼前房深度增加(97%);抽吸术后并发前房出血16眼(27%)。眼压控制稳定后分别进行单纯抗青光眼术14眼,青光眼白内障联合人工晶状体置换术28眼,白内障摘除人工晶状体植入术18眼。观察随访6～12mo,眼压控制≤17mmHg者54眼,眼压≤21mmHg者4眼,眼压为～35mmHg者2眼,未见视网膜脱离、黄斑囊样水肿等并发症。结论:玻璃体抽吸术应用在药物难控制性急性闭角型青光眼能明显降低眼压,为各种青光眼手术的治疗实施提供安全可靠的条件,有助于视功能保护和恢复,提高疗效。     

1%派立明滴眼液联合0.25%贝特舒混悬液的临床降眼压疗效及安全性观察

目的:观察派立明滴眼液联合贝特舒混悬液对中国人青光眼患者的降眼压疗效及安全性方法:选取原发性开角型青光眼、高眼压症、术后残余青光眼患者共26例44只眼,给予派立明滴眼液及贝特舒混悬液早晚各2次点眼,共观察2个月,分别于用药后2周、4周、6周、8周复查,观察用药前后的眼压及不良反应。结果:派立明联合应用贝特舒每日2次点眼,降眼压效果显著且稳定,眼压平均降低5.03～6.65mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),平均降幅为20.55%～37.30%且不良反应少。结论:派立明滴眼液联合贝特舒混悬液对中国人具有良好的降眼压效果,毒副作用少,可作为临床上青光眼药物治疗的主要用药。     

Practical approach to medical management of glaucoma

Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is usually a chronic, slowly progressive disease. At present, all resources are directed towards reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), the only known causal and treatable risk factor for glaucoma, and medical management is frequently the first choice in most cases. With the introduction of innovative tools for early diagnosis and newer medications for treatment, decision-making in diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma has become more complex. The philosophy of glaucoma management is to preserve the visual function and quality of life (QOL) of the individual with minimum effects on QOL in terms of cost, side effects, treatment regime, follow-up schedules as well as socioeconomic burden. Our aim should be not to treat just the IOP, optic disc or visual field, but to treat the patient as a whole so as to provide maximum benefit with minimal side effects. In this article, we describe the scientific approach to medical management, mainly of POAG.     

Course of exfoliation and simplex glaucoma after primary trabeculectomy

AIM: To study the course of exfoliation and simplex glaucoma with respect to intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation and visual field survival after primary trabeculectomy. METHODS: Postoperative IOP regulation and complications were analysed prospectively in 95 patients. Mean follow up was 46 months. Visual field survival was studied by high pass resolution perimetry (HRP) in a subsample of 28 patients. RESULTS: Medical treatment was reinstated in 42% of exfoliation and in 36% of simplex glaucoma. In these patients, mean medicine free survival time, last untreated IOP, and mean IOP at the end of follow up were similar for both glaucoma types. Among patients with controlled postoperative IOP without added medication, mean IOP at the end of follow up was significantly lower in exfoliation glaucoma. Visual field deterioration and the pattern of complications were similar for both glaucoma types. CONCLUSION: The effect of trabeculectomy on IOP regulation was good in both types of glaucoma, and somewhat better in exfoliation glaucoma. The magnitude of IOP lowering could not separate patients with continued visual field deterioration from those in whom visual fields remained stable. Visual field preservation was similar for both glaucoma types.     

首诊漏诊、误诊青光眼29例临床分析

目的:呼吁眼科医师对眼压的足够重视。方法:回顾分析经视力、眼前段(含前房角)、眼底、眼压、视野、视觉电生理等检查诊断为青光眼,却在首诊以来的眼科病历中无眼压测量记录的29例患者的临床资料。结果:青光眼29例全部被漏诊或误诊。结论:对40岁以上的眼科患者和不同年龄的高度近视等原发性开角型青光眼的高危人群应常规进行眼压测量并记录,避免对青光眼的漏诊、误诊和医疗纠纷的产生。     

Failure of medical therapy despite normal intraocular pressure

The disease glaucoma is now defined by characteristic optic disc and visual field change, without specific reference to the intraocular pressure (IOP). Success of treatment is no longer judged by the mere attainment of IOP less than 21 mmHg. Controversy remains, however, in deciding appropriate management where optic disc and/or visual field damage continues to progress despite a 'normal' IOP having been achieved with medical treatment. A panel of international glaucoma experts has provided management recommendations in four clinical scenarios--open-angle glaucoma, open-angle glaucoma in a myopic contact lens wearer, uveitic glaucoma and open-angle glaucoma in combination with visually significant cataract--where optic nerve and visual field progression has continued despite an IOP less than 21 mmHg on full medical treatment. Surgical intervention with mitomycin trabeculectomy is the most favoured further therapy.