长期低剂量接触有机磷农药效应标志物研究进展

有机磷酸酯类农药（OP）是我国大陆目前生产和使用最多的一种农药,其长期低剂量接触多见于生产、仓储、销售、混配、施用等过程,在农药的职业危害控制中占有十分重要的地位。探讨长期低剂量接触OP的效应标志物,对于及时发现职业接触人群早期健康损害,预防和控制慢性农药中毒具有十分重要的意义。     

004 有机磷农药的雌性生殖毒性研究进展

有机磷农药广泛应用于农业生产和居住环境。由于发现有机磷农药暴露与胎儿神经管畸形、内脏畸形等出生缺陷有关，故其生殖毒性及其机制的研究成为近年来环境医学领域关注的热点。本文综述了有机磷农药对雌性生殖系统的毒性作用、对性周期和性行为的影响以及对生殖结局的毒性作用，并探讨其产生生殖毒性的可能机制。     

有机磷农药的雌性生殖毒性研究进展

有机磷农药广泛应用于农业生产和居住环境。由于发现有机磷农药暴露与胎儿神经管畸形、内脏畸形等出生缺陷有关,故其生殖毒性及其机制的研究成为近年来环境医学领域关注的热点。本文综述了有机磷农药对雌性生殖系统的毒性作用、对性周期和性行为的影响以及对生殖结局的毒性作用,并探讨其产生生殖毒性的可能机制。     

职业接触有机磷农药对男工生殖机能影响的初探

有机磷农药对人体的毒性主要是由于抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶 (Ach E)而引起毒蕈碱样和烟碱样症状、中枢神经系统症状及迟发神经病 [1 ,2 ,3] 。对雄 (男 )性生殖系统的影响目前均来自动物实验和急性中毒的研究 [4,5 ] 。但长期慢性接触 ,对男性生殖机能的影响少见报道 ,为了解长期慢性接触能否对男性的生殖机能产生不良影响 ,我们对某化工厂有机磷作业工人进行健康监护并对部分男工进行精液检查 ,结果如下。1　对象与方法1 .1　对象选择农药厂有机磷生产工人为暴露组 ,以毛毯厂生产工人为对照组。在一般健康检查及生殖器官检查无异常后选择暴露组…     

长期接触有机磷农药对工人心血管系统的影响

选择102名有机磷农药生产工人为接触组．90名机关职员作为对照组,进行全血ChE活性、心电图、心率、血压等项目检查。提示长期接触低剂量有机磷农药对心脏可能存在一定程度的影响。     

有机磷农药的雄性生殖毒性

有机磷农药(OPPs)的广泛使用给环境和人类健康带来了严重威胁,长期接触OPPs可造成生殖毒性。本文拟从动物实验和人群研究两方面对有机磷农药生殖毒性及其可能机制作一简要介绍。     

有机磷农药作业工人行为功能的测验

本文采用WHO推荐的神经行为核心测验方法,对41名有机磷作业工人进行测验。结果发现,长期低浓度接触有机磷农药可影响人的行为功能,表现为注意力/反应速度、听记忆、心理运动/眼手协调、感知/运动速度、视感知/记忆和运动稳定性功能明显地低于对照组。这些表现在全血胆碱酯酶活性降低前即可存在。其行为测验总分与接触工龄有明显的负相关,各分测验之间,反应时与数字跨度、反应时与目标追踪、数字跨度与数字译码、视觉保留与目标追踪4对测验相关性最好。     

有机磷农药对作业女工健康及生殖功能的影响

鉴于妇女的特殊生理特点,职业危害对于女工健康及其后代的影响已逐步受到各国专家的关注。为探讨有机磷农药对作业女工健康及生殖功能的影响,保护女工及其子代健康,对某农药厂长期接触有机磷农药的76名女工进行了调查,结果报告如下。     

长期接触有机磷农药对机体血液指标的影响

目的观察分析南京市某有机磷农药生产企业人员外周血象（包括WBC、PLT、RBC和Hb）、丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）和胆碱酯酶（CHE）结果的变化情况,探讨不同工种、不同工龄、不同性别与研究指标之间的关系,为减少职业危害提供科学依据。方法对2013年某有机磷农药生产企业1 138名人员和某外厂692名未接触有机磷农药的工人进行外周血象、ALT和CHE检测分析。结果有机磷组的WBC为（6.0±1.47）×10^9/L,PLT为（158.2±52.29）×10^9/L,RBC为（4.59±0.49）×10^12/L,Hb为（137.3±15.93）g/L,ALT为（24.9±19.78）U/L,CHE为（248.3±85.43）U/L,均在正常参考范围内;但WBC、PLT、RBC、Hb和CHE均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）。不同工种间,PLT、Hb、RBC、ALT和CHE的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,操作工的WBC为（5.97±1.47）×10^9/L,PLT为（155.7±51.55）×10^9/L,RBC为（4.58±0.49）×10^12/L,Hb为（137.1±16.0）g/L,ALT为（24.1±17.33）U/L,CHE为（236.3±86.06）U/L,均低于管理人员,差异均有统计学意义。随着接害工龄的增加,血液检查的各项指标有逐渐降低的趋势,其中,5-15 a组的CHE为（213.6±83.85）U/L,RBC（4.49±0.52）×10^12/L,Hb为（133.9±16.99）g/L,显著低于〈5 a组,差异有统计学意义。CHE的异常率在性别间差异有统计学意义。结论长期接触有机磷农药对生产工人的外周血象,ALT和CHE有一定的负面影响,对工龄5-15年的影响尤为明显。     

国外有机磷农药神经发育毒性研究

有机磷农药目前占我国农药使用量的80%以上,长期低水平暴露对婴幼儿神经系统发育的影响不容忽视。有机磷农药毒作用机制研究甚多,众多研究表明,乙酰胆碱酯酶除水解乙酰胆碱外,还可能作为一种可分泌到胞外调控细胞增殖与轴突生长的神经营养因子,在神经系统发育的关键时期影响神经细胞的生长、分化和脑的正常功能。本文就近年来国外有机磷农药神经发育毒性研究概况及进展作一综述。     

生物标志物用于有机磷农药的迟发性神经毒性研究

[目的]通过3种有机磷农药三唑磷(Triazophos,Tri)、丙硫磷(Prothiophos,Pro)和三甲基苯基磷酸酯(Tri-orthocresylphosphate,TOCP)对莱亨种系海兰母鸡的作用来探讨有机磷农药的迟发性神经毒性效应及其对生物标志物的影响。[方法]试验设计Tr(i4mg/kg体重)组、Pro(200mg/kg体重)组、TOCP(750mg/kg体重)组以及阴性对照(植物油)组,各组神经毒性症状观察动物数均为8只。被试鸡在给药前10min皮下注射硫酸阿托品(10mg/kg)以防止急性中毒死亡,然后用咽颊部滴注自然吞咽方法1次染毒,观察其在21d内的运动状态神经毒性症状、体重及摄食变化。到期取脑、脊髓、坐骨神经进行髓鞘磷脂的组织化学检查(Pal-Weigert法髓鞘染色)。神经毒性症状程度按Hollingshaus(1981)的标准分类。各组生化指标测定动物数均为15只(染毒方法同前),在试验的第1、3、7、14、21天取血测定全血胆碱酯酶活性变化,取脑组织测定神经病靶酯酶(NTE)。[结果]Tri、Pro组各有1只鸡死亡。Tri、Pro组的神经毒性症状积分与对照组相比差异均无显著性,TOCP组与对照组相比差异有非常显著性。Tri、Pro组的体重与阴性对照组相比差异均无显著性,TOCP组的体重在第1~2周与阴性对照组相比差异有显著性,第3周与时差异有非常显著性。Tri、Pro、TOCP组的全血胆碱酯酶(BChE)活性下降,在第1~7天与对照组相比差异有非常显著性;在第14天Tri、Pro组与对照组相比差异非常显著,TOCP组与对照组相比差异有显著性。Tri、Pro组的NTE活性下降,在第3天与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),抑制率<40%;TOCP组的NTE活性下降,在第1~14天与阴性对照组相比差异均有非常显著性(P<0.01),抑制率在第1~3天达到70%以上,与对照组相比差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。3种OPs对生物标志物的影响均非常明显,BChE和NTE的最大抑制均发生在第3天;Tri和Pro对NTE的抑制率均<40%,TOCP则>70%,最高达到86%。病理组织学的脑、脊髓、坐骨神经检查,Tri、Pro组未见脱髓鞘,TOCP组见脱髓鞘病变。[结论]Tri和Pro未见迟发性神经毒性效应,TOCP有迟发性神经毒性作用。BChE可作为有机磷的接触生物标志物,NTE可作为有机磷的效应生物标志物。     

消除饮用水中有机磷农药的初步研究

目的 进行饮用水中有机磷农药的消除.方法 以1605和DDV为研究对象,通过柱操作对吸附材料进行筛选.结果 3#吸附剂对1605和DDV均有99.9%的消除效果,其消除1605为2级动力学反应,吸附等温线合于佛罗因德利希吸附等温线.结论 3#吸附剂对于消除饮用水中有机磷农药有应用前景.     

慢性有机磷农药接触对羧基酯酶活力的影响

目的　酯酶不仅在有机磷农药解毒中发挥重要作用 ,而且与心血管疾病有密切关系。我们研究3种酯酶 (丁酰胆碱酯酶BchE、羧酸酯酶CarbE和对氧磷酶PonE)的酶活力在一般人群中的特点 ,探讨有机磷农药慢性接触对酶活力的影响 ,为其他研究提供基线资料。方法　选取 10 0名无有机磷农药接触的对照人群和 75名长期接触有机磷农药的生产工人 ,检测外周血酯酶活力 ,描述正常成人酶活力的特点 ,分析有机磷接触对酯酶活力的影响。结果　对照人群BchE均值为 (78 3± 30 4 )mmol/(ml·h) ;CarbE均值为(36 2 7± 195 0 )nmol/(ml·min) ;PonE均值为 (332 6± 96 2 )nmol/(ml·min)。 3种酶活力在人群中均呈正态分布。有机磷农药接触工人BchE活力为 (2 7 3± 2 1 7)mmol/(ml·h) ;CarbE活力为 (2 35 6± 10 4 0 )nmol/(ml·min) ;PonE活力为 (30 7 8± 10 7 0 )nmol/(ml·min)。结论　 3种酯酶活力无年龄和性别差异。有机磷接触工人的BchE和CarbE活力与对照人群比较 ,差异有显著性 ,说明有机磷能抑制BchE和CarbE活力 ,而对对氧磷酶活力无抑制作用。提示 ,BchE和CarbE活力可以作为反映有机磷农药接触     

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure in School-Aged Children Living in Rice and Aquacultural Farming Regions of Thailand

Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) are widely used in agricultural sectors in Thailand. Previous studies have documented that children residing in agricultural areas have higher exposure to OPs than children living in other residential areas. The objective of this study was to quantify urinary biomarkers of OP exposure and determine the environmental conditions and activities that predict their levels among children living in Central Thailand farming regions. In October 2011, 53 6–8-year-old participants were recruited from Pathum Thani Province, Thailand. Twenty-four lived in rice farming communities at Khlong Luang District where OPs are the pesticides used frequently. Twenty-nine participants, living in aquacultural farming communities at Lum Luk Ka District where OPs are not used, were recruited to serve as controls for pathways of exposure (e.g., residential, dietary) other than occupational/paraoccupational exposures encountered in rice farming. Household environments and participants’ activities were assessed using a parental structured interview. Urine samples (first morning voids) were collected from participants for OP urinary metabolite (i.e., dialkylphosphates [DAPs] and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol [TCPy]) measurements. The levels of most urinary OP metabolites were significantly higher in participants who lived in a rice farming community than those who lived in an aquacultural farming community (P < .05). The results from linear regression analysis revealed that the frequency of OP application on rice farms (∑DAP: P = .001; TCPy: P = .001) and living in a rice farming community (∑DAP: P = .009; TCPy: P < .001) were significant predictors of urinary DAP metabolite levels in participants. Increasing TCPy levels were significantly related to proximity to rice farm (P = .03), being with parent while working on a farm (P = .02), playing on a farm (P = .03), and the presence of observable dirt accumulated on the child’s body (P = .02). In conclusion, OP metabolite levels among children who live in rice farming communities were strongly influenced by farming activity, household environments, and child behaviors, suggesting that these are the primary pathways in which children living in these agricultural communities in Thailand were exposed to OPs.     

Impacts of Climate Change on Indirect Human Exposure to Pathogens and Chemicals from Agriculture

Objective

Climate change is likely to affect the nature of pathogens and chemicals in the environment and their fate and transport. Future risks of pathogens and chemicals could therefore be very different from those of today. In this review, we assess the implications of climate change for changes in human exposures to pathogens and chemicals in agricultural systems in the United Kingdom and discuss the subsequent effects on health impacts.

Data sources

In this review, we used expert input and considered literature on climate change; health effects resulting from exposure to pathogens and chemicals arising from agriculture; inputs of chemicals and pathogens to agricultural systems; and human exposure pathways for pathogens and chemicals in agricultural systems.

Data synthesis

We established the current evidence base for health effects of chemicals and pathogens in the agricultural environment; determined the potential implications of climate change on chemical and pathogen inputs in agricultural systems; and explored the effects of climate change on environmental transport and fate of different contaminant types. We combined these data to assess the implications of climate change in terms of indirect human exposure to pathogens and chemicals in agricultural systems. We then developed recommendations on future research and policy changes to manage any adverse increases in risks.

Conclusions

Overall, climate change is likely to increase human exposures to agricultural contaminants. The magnitude of the increases will be highly dependent on the contaminant type. Risks from many pathogens and particulate and particle-associated contaminants could increase significantly. These increases in exposure can, however, be managed for the most part through targeted research and policy changes.     

双酚A人体内外暴露现状及对健康的影响

双酚A是一种环境内分泌干扰物,主要用于生产聚碳酸酯（polycarbonate,PC）和环氧树脂（epoxyresin,ER）.二者均广泛用于日常生活用品的生产,如太空杯、桶装水设备及食品罐内外壁涂层等。这些用品在使用和存放过程中,可能会有双酚A溶出进入食品和饮用水中,进而通过消化道进入体内,对人体健康造成影响。本文就双酚A的人体内、外暴露现状及对健康的影响进行综述,并提出若干需要重视的问题与展望。     

Oral exposure of mice to formulations of organophosphorous pesticides: gestational and litter outcomes

The purpose of this study was to examine gestational and litter outcomes in mice models from oral exposure to a mixture of formulations of organophosphorous pesticides used in local vegetable production. Male and female mice were exposed to premating and preconception, respectively, to a mixture of organophosphorous pesticide formulations for a period of 7 weeks. The pregnant dams were monitored during gestation and delivered by Caesarean section pre-partum. The percentages of resorptions and the resorptions/implantations ratios, in all the exposed groups, were significantly higher than the reference and the control groups. Percentages of litters with one or more lost embryos were observed in all the exposed groups and were significantly higher than the comparison groups. Fetal weights were significantly lower and the maternal weight gains per live fetus were significantly higher in the medium-dose-exposed groups than the control group. Percentages of fetuses with intra-uterine growth retardation at one standard deviation were significantly higher in all the exposed groups than the comparison groups.     

接触不同浓度混苯对作业人员的影响

目的通过观察血液中血细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板的变化情况及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物(GSH-Px)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化情况,探讨SOD、GSH-Px、MDA是否可以作为混苯对人体产生危害的早期敏感指标。方法采用横断面调查设计,对接触不同浓度混苯的作业人员以及对照组的人员进行对比研究,由专业人员进行血样、血清采集及化验。结果在血液系统各个指标还未发生变化的时候,血清学指标SOD、MDA、GSH-Px已经出现异常。结论血清学指标SOD、MDA、GSH-Px可以作为混苯作业工人机体适应性改变和代偿性反应的早期敏感的生物监测指标之一,也可考虑作为损伤的早期诊断和防治工作的理论依据。     

多溴联苯醚的环境暴露及健康危害

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)作为阻燃剂广泛用于家庭消费品中,是正在受到全球关注的新环境污染物。人类主要通过食物、室内空气污染等暴露PBDEs。过去30年,环境中与人体内的PBDEs水平不断增高。实验研究资料显示,PBDEs具有内分泌干扰作用,影响甲状腺激素和性激素。PBDEs具有肝脏毒性、神经毒性、生殖毒性、发育毒性,但毒作用机制不明确。人群研究资料非常匮乏。环境监测资料表明中国存在PBDEs环境暴露,而我国在PBDEs健康影响方面的研究几乎空白,应该引起重视。