国际骨关节炎研究学会髋与膝骨关节炎治疗指南——第一部分:对现有治疗指南的严格评价及对近期研究依据的系统回顾

目的 为制定一个可持续更新、基于循证医学和国际共识的髋、膝骨关节炎(OA)治疗指南,国际骨关节炎研究学会(OARSI)进行了一系列前期工作--对现有治疗指南进行严格评价及对近期研究依据进行系统性回顾.方法来自相关领域的16位专家(涵盖两大洲6个国家)组成该治疗指南研究小组,并邀请3位评价非英语文献的专家.在MEDLINE、EMBASE、SCI、CINAHL、AMED、Cochrane Library数据库,7个治疗指南网站以及Google上系统性检索OA治疗指南,4个由4人组成的评审小组对符合纳入及排除标准的治疗指南采用指南研究与评价评审表(AGREE)法进行评估,并对其适用范围、利益相关人员是否参与研究、严谨性、叙述是否清楚、可行性、编写的独立性以及总体质量进行百分制打分,对指南中论述及推荐的疗法加以总结.对每一种疗法的循证依据均经系统性回顾(2002年1月至2006年1月)进行更新.采用专门针对系统性回顾和随机对照研究评估的Oxman-Guyatt和Jadad方法,对各个循证依据分别在可能性、效能、需治疗数、相关风险、优势比、生活质量调整寿命年(QALY)费用等方面进行评分.结果 一共检索到1462个治疗指南,其中23个符合纳入/排除标准.基于专家意见,或循证依据,或两者皆有的得分,分别为28%、41%和51%(P=0.001).各方面评分从指南质量的18%到指南应用范围的67%不等.其中13个治疗指南已成为特定方面的治疗指南,包括5个用于初级护理、3个用于风湿病学、3个用于理疗、2个用于骨伤学,而有10个可普遍应用.同时,有14个治疗指南没有特别针对髋关节或膝关节,8个则专用于膝关节,只有1个专用于髋关节.在这些指南中涉及到51种不同的疗法,但只有20种被广泛推广应用.2002年1月至2006年发表的随机对照研究结果验证了一些疗法的有效性,如锻炼、有氧训练、水疗、非类固醇类消炎镇痛药(NSAID)等.近期不能确定其有效性的疗法有超声、推拿、冷热敷.这些疗法的不良反应也是各有不同.非选择性NSAID类药物的胃肠道风险及罗非昔布增加心肌梗死风险的证据均再次证实.其他药物潜在的相关不良反应,目前还尚无定论.结论 现有的23个OA治疗指南中有单纯源于专家观点的,也有源于循证研究或两者兼具的.51种疗法中有20种得到这些指南的广泛认同.上述表明现时仍存在着单纯源于专家建议的疗法;对现有治疗指南严格评价后发现,其总体质量不是很理想;广泛认可的疗法可能没有相关循证研究依据的支持.理想的OA治疗指南应将专家普遍的认可和循证研究依据的支持统一起来,并在其编写的独立性、应用的风险性及优越性等问题上有所侧重.通过这次对现有OA治疗指南的回顾,我们认识到现有的这些指南中存在一些不足.在今后OA治疗指南的修订中,有必要经常对一些新的循证依据进行系统性回顾.     

PROSPECT: a practical method for formulating evidence-based expert recommendations for the management of postoperative pain

Background

Many patients still suffer severe acute pain in the postoperative period. Although guidelines for treating acute pain are widely published and promoted, most do not consider procedure-specific differences in pain experienced or in techniques that may be most effective and appropriate for different surgical settings. The procedure-specific postoperative pain management (PROSPECT) Working Group provides procedure-specific recommendations for postoperative pain management together with supporting evidence from systematic literature reviews and related procedures at http://www.postoppain.org

Methods

The methodology for PROSPECT reviews was developed and refined by discussion of the Working Group, and it adapts existing methods for formulation of consensus recommendations to the specific requirements of PROSPECT.

Results

To formulate PROSPECT recommendations, we use a methodology that takes into account study quality and source and level of evidence, and we use recognized methods for achieving group consensus, thus reducing potential bias. The new methodology is first applied in full for the 2006 update of the PROSPECT review of postoperative pain management for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Conclusions

Transparency in PROSPECT processes allows the users to be fully aware of any limitations of the evidence and recommendations, thereby allowing for appropriate decisions in their own practice setting.     

Radiographic assessment of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Recommendations: recommended guidelines.

Pathological lesions of osteoarthritis, demonstrated by conventional radiography, can be assessed by scoring systems and/or measurement with a quite acceptable reproducibility. Scores are recommended for a rough staging of osteoarthritis and of bone changes. Measurement is recommended for assessment of joint space narrowing progression. A good assessment of progression implicates a perfect reproducibility of the radiographic image of the joint. Accuracy of standard radiograph is improved by some views such as the hip profile and the schuss view.     

Clinical practice guidelines for management of neuropathic pain: expert panel recommendations for South Africa

Neuropathic pain (NeuP) is challenging to diagnose and manage, despite ongoing improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Many patients do not respond satisfactorily to existing treatments. There are no published guidelines for diagnosis or management of NeuP in South Africa. A multidisciplinary expert panel critically reviewed available evidence to provide consensus recommendations for diagnosis and management of NeuP in South Africa. Following accurate diagnosis of NeuP, pregabalin, gabapentin, low-dose tricyclic antidepressants (e.g. amitriptyline) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine and venlafaxine) are all recommended as first-line options for the treatment of peripheral NeuP. If the response is insufficient after 2 - 4 weeks, the recommended next step is to switch to a different class, or combine different classes of agent. Opioids should be reserved for use later in the treatment pathway, if switching drugs and combination therapy fails. For central NeuP, pregabalin or amitriptyline are recommended as first-line agents. Companion treatments (cognitive behavioural therapy and physical therapy) should be administered as part of a multidisciplinary approach. Dorsal root entry zone rhizotomy (DREZ) is not recommended to treat NeuP. Given the large population of HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa, and the paucity of positive efficacy data for its management, research in the form of randomised controlled trials in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) must be prioritised in this country.     

Incontinence-associated dermatitis: consensus statements, evidence-based guidelines for prevention and treatment, and current challenges

In 2010, an international consensus conference was held to review current evidence regarding the pathology, prevention, and management of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). The results of this literature review were published in a previous issue of this Journal. This article summarizes key consensus statements agreed upon by the panelists, evidence-based guidelines for prevention and management of IAD, and a discussion of the major challenges currently faced by clinicians caring for these patients. The panelists concur that IAD is clinically and pathologically distinct from pressure ulcers and intertriginous dermatitis, and that a consistently applied, structured, or defined skin care program is effective for prevention and management of IAD. They also agreed that differential assessment of IAD versus pressure ulceration versus intertriginous dermatitis remains a major challenge. Panel members also concur that evidence is lacking concerning which products and protocols provide the best outcomes for IAD prevention and treatment in individual patients. Issues related to differential assessment, product labeling and utilization, staff education, and cost of care are the primary focus of this article.     

OARSI osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology assessment system: A biomechanical evaluation in the human knee

The study compared the OARSI osteoarthritis cartilage histopathology assessment system with the biomechanical quality of human in vivo cartilage samples. In a prospective cohort study, 84 patients (100 knees) with varus deformity of the knee were included between May, 2010 and January, 2012. Osteochondral samples underwent biomechanical and histologic analysis. The dynamic modulus significantly (p < 0.001) decreased with each advancing grade of degeneration from OARSI Grade 0 (surface intact) to OARSI Grade 4 (erosion). For the aggregate modulus, there were significant (p < 0.001) differences between OARSI Grade 0 and OARSI Grade 1 as well as between OARSI Grade 1 and OARSI Grade 2. From OARSI Grade 2 to OARSI Grade 5, no differences in aggregate modulus occurred. The new OARSI grading system provides useful information about the functional properties of cartilage. There is a significant difference in cartilage stiffness between samples with intact surface and no signs of degeneration (OARSI Grade 0) and samples with intact surface and early signs of arthritis (OARSI Grade 1). Surgeons performing joint preserving procedures have to be aware that in knees with an intact cartilage surface (OARSI Grade 0/1), significant differences in the biomechanical properties may exist. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:135–140, 2016.     

Clinical practice guidelines for rest orthosis,knee sleeves,and unloading knee braces in knee osteoarthritis

ObjectiveTo develop clinical practice guidelines concerning the use of bracing – rest orthosis, knee sleeves and unloading knee braces – for knee osteoarthritis.MethodsThe French Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Society (SOFMER) methodology, associating a systematic literature review, collection of everyday clinical practice, and external review by multidisciplinary expert panel, was used.ResultsFew high-level studies of bracing for knee osteoarthritis were found. No evidence exists for the effectiveness of rest orthosis. Evidence for knee sleeves suggests that they decrease pain in knee osteoarthritis, and their use is associated with subjective improvement. These actions do not appear to depend on a local thermal effect. The effectiveness of knee sleeves for disability is not demonstrated for knee osteoarthritis. Short- and mid-term follow-up indicates that valgus knee bracing decreases pain and disability in medial knee osteoarthritis, appears to be more effective than knee sleeves, and improves quality of life, knee proprioception, quadriceps strength, and gait symmetry, and decreases compressive loads in the medial femoro-tibial compartment. However, results of response to valgus knee bracing remain inconsistent; discomfort and side effects can result. Thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs has been reported with the braces. Braces, whatever kind, are infrequently prescribed in clinical practice for osteoarthritis of the lower limbs.ConclusionModest evidence exists for the effectiveness of bracing – rest orthosis, knee sleeves and unloading knee braces – for knee osteoarthritis, with only low level recommendations for its use. Braces are prescribed infrequently in French clinical practice for osteoarthritis of the knee. Randomized clinical trials concerning bracing in knee osteoarthritis are still necessary.