肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压

目的:分析肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压的疗效.方法:回顾性分析1994年3月～2005年6月,共进行134例肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术,手术采用深低温间断停循环的方法进行.结果:总手术死亡率为9.7%,呈逐年下降(2004年为4.5%).主要死亡原因为气道出血、右心功能衰竭、败血症.再灌注肺水肿23例(17.2%),死亡1例.手术后平均肺动脉压力、平均动脉血氧分压、平均动脉血氧饱和度、平均肺血管阻力(PVR)、心脏指数(CI)均较术前改善,有显著统计学差异(P<0.01).92%的患者术后随访,最长10年.术后3月、1年、3年的生存率分别为(89.5±2.6)%,(87.8±2.9)%和(83.3±3.5)%.3年术后随访94%的患者心功能达到NYHA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级.结论:肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术是治疗慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压有效治疗手段.合理的手术适应证、外科技术和围手术期处理是成功的关键.     

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压治疗和预后

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)的首选治疗方法是肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术(PTE).手术指征是患者具有明显呼吸困难的症状并且静息或运动时血流动力学状态或通气功能受损;术前必须进行右心导管和肺动脉造影检查,目的是测定肺血管阻力(PVR)和明确肺动脉栓塞(PE)的部位和范围:一般要求PVR在300～2000 dynes/(s·cm-5)之间,平均800～1000 dyne/(s·cm-5);[1]肺动脉造影显示肺动脉栓塞50%以上,且累及主肺动脉、肺叶和近段肺段动脉时具有手术指征[2].     

慢性肺动脉栓塞血栓内膜剥脱术围手术期管理

目的　探讨慢性肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术围手术期管理的方法。方法　总结 7例慢性肺动脉栓塞剥脱术 (PTE)病例的临床资料。结果　 7例在体外循环下行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术 ,1例围术期死亡 ,6例存活。术后 2周测不吸氧状态下动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度均有显著改善 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,术后 2周超声心动测肺动脉收缩压显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,生活质量明显改善。结论　术前术后积极降低肺动脉高压、纠正心功能不全 ,术后防治肺水肿及再栓塞的形成是肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术围手术期管理的关键。     

慢性肺血栓栓塞症的血栓内膜剥脱术治疗

目的:报道7例慢性肺血栓栓塞症患者肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术外科治疗体会。方法:1999年3月至2002年11月,共收治7例慢性肺血栓栓塞症患者,术前心功能NYHA分级Ⅳ4例,Ⅲ2例,Ⅱ1例;6例在体外循环下,1例在非体外循环下,行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术。结果:术后6例存活,1例围术期死亡。术后2周测不吸氧动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度,均有显著改善(P<0.05),术后2周超声心动测肺动脉收缩压显著降低(P<0.05),随访显示NYHA Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级2例,生活质量明显改善。结论:肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术是治疗慢性肺血栓栓塞症的有效手段。     

体外膜肺氧合在肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术围术期的应用

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)在慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)患者行血栓内膜剥脱术(PTE)中的应用。方法回顾性分析安贞医院自2008年9月至2014年1月,因PTE术后不能顺利脱离体外循环(CPB)或出现PTE术后相关并发症而应用ECMO辅助治疗的7例患者,均采用静脉-动脉ECMO模式进行支持,以患者生存和死亡结果将其分为两组。回顾分析这些患者的临床资料,以及辅助原因,辅助相关并发症等。结果 7例患者中成功脱机6例,存活4例,死亡3例。结论对PTE术后伴有严重并发症或PTE术后脱机困难的危重症患者,应用ECMO治疗有一定的临床价值。     

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension,CTEPH)是导致严重肺动脉高压(pulmonary artery hypertension,PAH)的主要原因之一。CTEPH在临床上并不少见,但由于认识不足,常延误诊断和治疗,致使患者死亡。CTEPH是由于肺动脉被未完全及机化的血栓阻塞,继而引起肺动脉阻力增加。该病发病率有逐年上升趋势。在无干预状态下,CTEPH无有效的内科治疗方法,肺动脉内膜剥脱术(pulmonary thromboendarterctomy,PTE)是较好的可选择的外科治疗手段。肺移植术仅是PTE不可行时的替代性治疗。     

肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术的体外循环管理

我院2003年收治了1例慢性肺动脉栓塞的病人,在体外循环(CPB)下行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术,现将CPB管理经验作如下介绍:1资料与方法1.1临床资料男性,29岁,体重48kg,反复咳嗽、咯血、进行性劳力性呼吸困难。左下胸隐痛,心功能Ⅲ级。术前行肺动脉造影和同位素血流灌注扫描分别显示:左主肺动脉、右下肺动脉栓塞,左肺、右肺中下叶肺梗塞。彩色超声心动图示:右室内血栓,重     

肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术的围手术期处理

目的　探讨肺动脉栓塞围手术期的处理方法。方法　总结 8例肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术 (PTE)患者的临床资料及近中期结果。结果　 7例在体外循环下行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术 ,1例在非体外循环下手术。 1例围手术期死亡 ,7例存活。术后 2周测不吸氧状态下动脉血氧分压、血氧饱和度 ,均有显著改善 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,术后 2周超声心动测肺动脉收缩压显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,术后随访 1～ 2 4个月 ,心功能提高到NYHAⅠ级 4例 ,Ⅱ级 3例 ,生活质量明显改善。结论　术前术后积极降低肺动脉高压、纠正心功能不全 ,术后防治肺水肿及再栓塞的形成是肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术围手术期处理的关键     

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压

慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTEPH)是公认的一种肺动脉栓塞并发症.美国大约每年有500～2500名患者罹患该病--人数占急性肺动脉栓塞存活患者的0.1%～0.5%.和其他类型的肺动脉高压(PAH)一样,若未得到正确而及时的干预,CTEPH可以进展为右心衰竭甚至死亡;但绝大多数CTEPH患者可以通过手术的干预而治愈.因此,CTEPH和其他类型的PAH进行明确的鉴别诊断非常关键.肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术(PTE)是一种专门治疗CTEPH的肯定有效的措施.     

电子束CT在慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压诊断与外科治疗中的应用

目的:探讨电子束CT(EBCT)检查在慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压(CTPH)诊断及外科治疗前后的应用价值。方法:2003年12月~2006年5月,我院共有8例经临床病史、实验室检查及EBCT检查确诊的CTPH患者成功接受了肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术(PTE),并于术后1~2周内接受了EBCT复查,对其手术前后EBCT的影像学表现及相应临床指标的对应关系进行了综合分析。结果:术前EBCT检查8例患者中主肺动脉或左右肺动脉干内显示附壁充盈缺损共7支,肺叶动脉及肺段动脉显示部分充盈缺损共28支、缺支共6支;2例患者于肺窗可见"马赛克征",3例可见条索影;CT测量主肺动脉直径平均为36.5mm。PTE术后复查EBCT显示所有患者肺动脉及分支内充盈缺损均有不同程度减少、消失,其中左右肺动脉及主肺动脉内附壁充盈缺损均消失,血栓清除率达100%,22支肺叶及肺段动脉充盈缺损影消失,6支完全闭塞的肺血管分支开通,血栓清除率82.4%(28/34),CT测量主肺动脉直径平均为34.2mm,较术前回缩。8例患者临床症状的缓解程度与EBCT血栓征象消除状况有良好的一致性。结论:EBCT对CTPH的诊断和治疗有重要指导价值,也是PTE手术治疗后随访的可靠方法。     

Journey of a patient with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is a key outcome determinant and a leading cause of death for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In this report, we followed the 5-year clinical journey of a patient with CTEPH. The tricuspid pressure gradient was significantly increased in the early phase of CTEPH and “normalized” at the late phase of this patient’s clinical journey, but this “normalized” gradient is not a positive treatment response but rather an ominous sign of advancing right heart failure owing to an exhaustion of RV contractile function. Thus, appropriate interpretation of the tricuspid pressure gradient change is of importance for assessing RV dysfunction and treatment outcome during follow-up in patients with CTEPH. Besides systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), other RV functional parameters such as tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV fractional area change, and RV longitudinal strain, together with clinical markers, may provide additional guidance regarding functional improvement or progression in patients with CTEPH.     

Pulmonary artery injury management during pulmonary thromboendarterectomy

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy （PEA） is the recommended treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension （CTEPH）.1 Pulmonary artery injury is a major risk factor during PEA performed at less experienced surgical centers and is associated with adverse short-term consequences.In-hospital mortality may be as high as 15% in some PEA case series,with pulmonary artery injury and persistent pulmonary hypertension as the principal etiologies.2 Many techniques have been used to prevent pulmonary artery injury during PEA,but once the injury occurs,the prognosis is poor and may even result in death.Out of 202 PEA procedures performed at our surgical center,we successfully managed two cases of severe pulmonary artery injury and report our experience in the present case series.Keywords：chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary thromboendarterectomy; pulmonary artery injury     

Pulmonary oligemia maneuver can alleviate pulmonary artery injury during pulmonary thromboendarterectomy procedure

Background Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) has evolved as a treatment of choice for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). This study aimed to characterize if pulmonary oligemia maneuver (POM) can alleviate pulmonary artery injury during PTE procedure.

Methods A total of 112 cases of CTEPH admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital from March 2002 to August 2011 received PTE procedure. They were retrospectively classified as non-POM group (group A, n=55) or POM group (group B, n=57). Members from group B received POM during rewarming period, whereas members from group A did not.

Results There were three (5.45%) early deaths in group A, no death in group B (0) (Fisher’s exact test, P=0.118). Six patients in group A needed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as life support after the PTE procedure, no patients in group B needed ECMO (Fisher’s exact test, P=0.013). The patients in group B had a shorter intubation and ICU stay, lower mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), higher partial pressure of oxygen in artery (PaO₂) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO₂) and less medical expenditure than patients in group A. With a mean follow-up time of (58.3 ± 30.6) months, two patients in group A and one patient in group B died. The difference of the actuarial survival after the procedure between the two groups did not reach statistical significance. Three months post the PTE procedure, the difference of residual occluded pulmonary segment between the two groups did not reach statistical significance (P=0.393).

Conclusion POM can alleviate pulmonary artery injury, shorten ICU stay and intubation time, and lower down the rate of ECMO after PTE procedure.

     

Pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: preliminary exploration in China

Background Pulmonary endarterectomy is safe and effective surgical treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pulmonary endarterectomy in treatment of thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Methods A retrospective study of 15 patients who underwent pulmonary endarterectomy in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital was performed. Obvious pulmonary hypertension and hypoxemia were observed in all patients. Bilateral pulmonary endarterectomy was performed under cardiopulmonary bypass with profound hypothermic circulatory arrest. Results Two patients （2/15） died of residual postoperative pulmonary hypertension and bleeding complication. The other 13 cases had significant decrease in systolic pulmonary artery pressure （（92.8＋_27.4） mmHg vs. （49.3＋18.6） mmHg） and pulmonary vascular resistance （（938.7±464.1） dynes.s.cm5 vs. （316.8±153.3） dynes＇s.cm5）, great improvement in cardiac index （（2.31：LK）.69） L.min-l.m2 vs. （3.85±1.21） L.min-l.m2）, arterial oxygen saturation （0.67±O.11 vs. 0.96±0.22） and mixed venous 02 saturation （0.52±0.12 vs. 0.74±0.16） postoperatively compared to preoperative data. Mid-term follow-up showed that the cardiac function of all cases returned to NYHA class I or II, with great improvement in 6-minute walking distance （（138±36） m） and quality of life. Conclusions Bilateral pulmonary endarterectomy using cardiopulmonary bypass with the aid of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest can effectively reduce pulmonary hypertension and provide good mid-term hemodynamic and symptomatic results with low surgical mortality rate and few complications.     

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a review

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a unique form of pulmonary hypertension resulting from obstruction of the pulmonary artery by fibrotic thromboembolic material, usually initiated by recurrent or incomplete resolution of pulmonary embolism. This distinct form of pulmonary hypertension is classified under Group 4 of the World Health Organization classification. Further investigations are usually initiated, with transthoracic echocardiography followed by right heart catheterisation and pulmonary angiography as the gold standard. Definitive treatment is usually in the form of surgical pulmonary endarterectomy. Inoperable CTEPH is medically treated with pharmacological agents such as phosphodiesterase Type 5 inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators and prostacyclin. Recent developments have made balloon pulmonary angioplasty a viable option as well.