尿常规及尿培养与尿路感染诊断相关性探讨

尿路感染是临床常见的感染性疾病,诊断延误或治疗不当在临床工作中并不少见。尿液检测对尿路感染诊断至关重要,临床上应用最多的是干化学法检测联合尿液流式细胞仪的尿常规以及尿培养。本文重点讨论干化学检测和流式细胞仪检测尿液有形成分与尿培养结果的解读及其与尿路感染诊断的相关性,以期对临床工作提供借鉴。     

钙结合蛋白S100A12在急性感染性疾病中应用价值的研究进展

近年来,急性感染性疾病的新型生物学标志物不断被发现,其中钙结合蛋白S100A12主要在人外周血细胞中表达,是一种炎性反应蛋白,也是钙结合蛋白S100家族的重要成员。钙结合蛋白S100A12检测方法简单、方便、快捷,在急性感染性疾病尤其是败血症、脓毒症、细菌性肺炎的鉴别诊断、严重程度评估、治疗等方面具有较高的临床应用价值,可作为急性感染性疾病的新型生物学标志物。本文主要综述了钙结合蛋白S100A12在急性感染性疾病中的应用价值,以期为提高临床急性感染性疾病诊治水平提供参考。     

浅谈消毒供应中心细节管理与预防和控制医院感染关联性分析

现代医院正朝着"无菌化"方向发展,消毒供应中心在院内感染控制中占据重要作用。由于传统管理模式的不足,医院感染预防与控制制度不完善,影响了感染性疾病防控工作成效。基于消毒供应中心管理思想转变趋势下,引入"细节管理"成为医院感染控制要点,有助于提高院内无菌化机制建设水平。本文分析了消毒供应中心管理与感染性疾病控制的关联性,提出切实可行的细节化管理方案。     

16S rRNA甲基化酶基因在鲍曼不动杆菌中的分布

目的调查国内6个省市25家医院临床分离鲍曼不动杆菌中介导高水平氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药的16SrRNA甲基化酶基因armA、rmtA、rmtB的分布情况。方法收集2004年12月-2005年12月国内6省市8家省级医院、浙江省11个地区17家市级医院临床分离的700株鲍曼不动杆菌。琼脂稀释法测定其对妥布霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、异帕米星、奈替米星5种氨基糖苷类抗生素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值；PCR筛选三种甲基化酶基因armA、rmtA、rmtB，克隆测序明确基因型；脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）分析菌株的同源性；质粒抽提、接合试验及Southern杂交确定armA基因定位。结果对妥布霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、异帕米星、奈替米星的耐药率分别为67．7％、70．9％、75．7％、63．5％和71．5％。对5种氨基糖苷类抗生素全部耐药的菌株有377株，其中334株检出armA基因；未发现rmtA、rmtB阳性菌株。armA基因阳性菌株PFGE分型以A、B、C为主。碱裂解法反复抽提未得到质粒，多次接合试验未成功；Southern杂交显示，armA基因分别位于克隆A、B、c菌株染色体ApaⅠ酶切PFGE约220、300、220kb大小的PFGE片段上。结论16SrRNA甲基化酶基因armA在鲍曼不动杆菌中广泛存在，armA基因位于鲍曼不动杆菌的染色体上。     

2013年美国《感染性疾病微生物学实验室诊断应用指南》简介--部分病毒综合征

本文主要介绍和讨论2013年美国感染性疾病学会和美国微生物学会联合推荐的《感染性疾病微生物学实验室诊断应用指南》中关于几种重要的病毒综合征的临床微生物学实验室检查。     

甲硝唑的临床应用

甲硝唑的临床应用济钢集团总公司医院（２５０１０１）孙庆，叶长东甲硝唑（灭滴灵）为硝酸亚胺唑羟乙基衍生物，可用于治疗由厌氧菌所致的各种感染性疾病和阴道滴虫病、阿米巴病、口腔疾病等，已在临床广泛应用。常用于以下疾病：①妇科滴虫病：甲硝唑对滴虫有强大的杀灭...     

《中国感染与化疗杂志》征稿征订启事

正《中国感染与化疗杂志》由教育部主管,复旦大学附属华山医院主办,由著名感染性疾病诊治及抗感染药物临床应用专家张婴元教授主编。本刊为全国一级学术刊物,国际标准刊号ISSN 1009-7708,国内统一标准刊号CN31-1965/R。本刊旨在通过学术交流提高感染性疾病的诊断及抗感染治疗水平。刊登稿件内容为:(1)感染性疾病的病原诊断研究:包括细菌、支原体、衣原体、真菌、病毒和寄生虫等病原;(2)抗感染新药临床评价;(3)细菌耐药性监测、细菌耐药机制研究;(4)医院感染防治;(5)抗感染药体外、体     

掌握必要的相关学科知识是合理治疗感染性疾病的基础

一、感染性疾病的诊治是呼吸科医师必备的本领 感染性疾病在临床上的重要性是众所周知的,合理应用抗感染药物是每位临床医生必备的基本功.遗憾的是,现在很多专科医师往往只注重本专科内的理论与技术,没有兴趣,也没有精力掌握好感染性疾病的诊治技巧.     

综合性医院呼吸科443例发热患者临床诊断分析

目的探讨呼吸科发热患者的病因构成和临床特点,为发热患者的病因诊断提供有价值的线索。方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2014年12月在安徽医科大学第一附属医院呼吸科住院且最终确诊的发热患者并按年龄分为45岁组,45~59岁组及≥60岁组三组,对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 443例发热患者中,感染性疾病321例(72.5%),肺炎最常见168例(37.92%);非感染性疾病122例(27.5%),肺癌105例(23.7%)。45岁组:共有80例,其中感染性疾病71例(88.75%),其中肺炎40例(50.00%);急性气管支气管炎12例(15.00%);结核性胸膜炎10例(12.50%)。非感染性疾病9例(11.25%),其中肺癌7例(8.75%);45~59岁组:共有93例,其中感染性疾病56例(60.21%)肺炎33例(35.48%);肺脓肿、慢阻肺急性加重各5例(均5.38%)。非感染性疾病39例(41.94%),其中肺癌35例(37.53%)。≥60岁组:共有270例,其中感染性疾病195例(72.22%),其中肺炎95例(35.18%);慢阻肺急性加重42例(15.56%)。非感染性疾病75例(27.78%),其中肺癌63例(23.33%);ANCA相关性血管炎8例(2.96%)。结论综合性医院呼吸科发热患者主要病因为感染性疾病,其中肺炎所占比例最高;在非感染性疾病中,各年龄组均以肺癌为首位,应该引起临床上重视。     

感染性疾病的现状与未来

感染性疾病主要包括两部分,一部分是传染性比较强的能够引起较大规模流行的传统“传染病”,另一部分是传染性比较小的不易引起较大规模流行的感染性疾病(目前尚无公认的名称,暂称之为“感染症”,包括医院内感染以及临床各科所发生的感染)。以下仅就感染性疾病的现状及下一世纪的展望谈一点自己的看法。     

Control of intraabdominal hemorrhage and shock: a comparison of fluid resuscitation, MAST, and balloon occlusion

Our study examined the efficacy of four treatment modalities in controlling hemorrhage and achieving hemodynamic stabilization in hemorrhagic shock: intravenous fluid replacement (IV); military antishock trousers used concomitantly with fluids (MAST); balloon occlusion at the level of the diaphragm with concomitant fluid replacement (balloon); and a combination of MAST inflation, balloon occlusion, and fluid resuscitation (MAST and balloon). Twenty-eight mongrel dogs were anesthetized, and the spleen was exposed and completely crushed. The abdomen was closed, and treatment was initiated and continued for four hours or until the dog died. For all conditions the hematocrit dropped during the course of the experiment; balloon occlusion was effective at slowing this drop (P less than .0001), but MAST had no statistically significant effect. Animals with balloons bled more slowly into the abdominal cavity than did animals in the other two groups (P less than .0001). MAST also were effective at slowing the bleeding (P less than .05). Of the balloon and the MAST and balloon dogs, all except one survived the entire four hours; this difference between balloon and nonballoon dogs is significant (P = .002). MAST did not have a statistically significant effect on survival. Perfusion pressure (PP) declined during the course of the experiment, and the balloon was effective at slowing this decline (P less than .0001); none of the other comparisons was statistically significant.     

Use of fab fragments of digoxin-specific antibodies in the therapy of massive digoxin poisoning

A case of massive digoxin ingestion with multiple arrhythmias, consisting of high grade A-V block and ventricular ectopy not responsive to lidocaine, is described. The arrhythmias ceased following administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments. The patient improved and was transferred to the psychiatric unit.     

Comparison of intravenous and oral routes of theophylline loading in acute asthma

In a prospective, randomized clinical trial, 19 patients with an acute exacerbation of asthma were given a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV (n = 10) or oral route (n = 9) of administration following treatment with epinephrine. Plasma concentrations of theophylline were measured prior to giving the loading dose, and one, two, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing spirometric measurements prior to giving the loading dose, and one, three, and 24 to 48 hours later. Side effects also were recorded. In the IV group, the mean peak plasma theophylline concentration was 15.1 micrograms/mL one hour after loading, and in the oral group the mean peak serum theophylline concentration was 14.2 micrograms/mL three hours after loading. There was no correlation between theophylline concentrations and normalized change in spirometric values. There was no significant difference in spirometric values between the IV and oral groups. Nausea was slightly more common in the IV group. We conclude that there is no therapeutic advantage to giving a loading dose of aminophylline by the IV route rather than orally in patients with mild-to-moderate exacerbation of asthma initially treated with epinephrine.     

Application of Granular Biocomposites Based on Homogenised Peat for Absorption of Oil Products

Among the various methods for collecting oil spills and oil products, including from the water surface, one of the most effective is the use of sorbents. In this work, three-component bio-based composite granular adsorbents were produced and studied for oil products’ pollution collection. A bio-based binder made of peat, devulcanised crumb rubber from used tyres, and part fly ash as cenospheres were used for absorbent production. The structure, surface morphology, porosity, mechanical properties, and sorption kinetics of the obtained samples were studied. Composite hydrophobicity and sorption capacity to oil products, such as diesel fuel (DF) and motor oil (MO), were determined. The obtained pellets are characterised by a sufficiently pronounced ability to absorb oil products such as DF. As the amount of CR in the granules increases, the diesel absorption capacity increases significantly. The case of 30-70-0 is almost three times higher than the granules from homogenised peat. The increase in q is due to two factors: the pronounced surface hydrophobicity of the samples (Θ = 152°) and a heterogeneous porous granule structure. The presence of the cenosphere in the biocomposite reduces its surface hydrophobicity while increasing the diesel absorption capacity. Relatively rapid realisation of the maximum saturation by the MO was noted. In common, the designed absorbent shows up to 0.7 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for MO and up to 1.55 g·g⁻¹ sorption capacity for diesel. A possible mechanism of DF absorption and the limiting stages of the process approximated for different kinetic models are discussed. The Weber–Morris diffusion model is used to primarily distinguish the limiting effect of the external and internal diffusion of the adsorbate on the absorption process.     

Role of microRNA in regulation of myeloma-related angiogenesis and survival

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease caused by clonal proliferation of plasma cells that result in monoclonal gammopathy and severe end organ damage. Despite the uniform clinical signs, the disease is very diverse in terms of the nature and sequence of the underlying molecular events. Multiple cellular processes are involved in helping the malignant cells to remain viable and maintain proliferative properties in the hypoxic microenvironment of the bone marrow. Specifically, the process of angiogenesis, triggered by the interactions between the malignant MM cells and the stroma cells around them, was found to be critical for MM progression. In this review we highlight the current understanding about the epigenetic regulation of the proliferation and apoptosis of MM cells and its dependency on angiogenesis in the bone marrow that is carried out by different microRNAs.     

RNA-Seq在老年神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病是老年人最常见的两种神经退行性疾病,但其发病机制及治疗是研究的热点。随着高通量测序技术的进步及成本的下降,RNA-Seq也成为神经退行性疾病机制研究及生物标志物发现的有力手段。RNA-Seq相对于microarray具有高灵敏度、高准确性、高重复性以及噪声低等优势,在阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病研究中有较为广泛的应用,包括检测差异表达基因,可变剪接、新长链非编码RNA预测分析和miRNAs调控等,但是容易受病理复杂性及样本等因素影响。目前阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病转录组研究相比于癌症等还不够深入,在临床诊断及治疗应用还面临较大挑战。但是随着新技术及新方法的发展,RNA-Seq将进一步推动神经退行性相关疾病的研究和临床转化。     

安徽巢湖市丝虫病控制、消除历程和监测报告

【摘要】 目的  回顾并总结巢湖市丝虫病的流行、控制,以及消除丝虫病的历程。 方法  统计分析1970~1989年在该市采取以消灭传染源、切断传播途径为主的防治策略,以及展开大规模防治的各个阶段。 结果  1989年,采用分层整群抽样调查方法调查,微丝蚴率下降至0.032%,以行政村为单位,微丝蚴率已控制在1.0%以下,达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准;1991年,经省级调查考核,认定全市已达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准。1996年,省级审评确认已达到卫生部颁布的消灭丝虫病标准。经过10年的监测和跟踪治疗,到2005年,全市丝虫病病原学监测未查见微丝蚴阳性者,解剖镜检人房内淡色库蚊1 348只,蚊体内均未查见人体幼丝虫。 结论  巢湖市达到了消除丝虫病的标准。     

Advanced Evaluation of the Freeze–Thaw Damage of Concrete Based on the Fracture Tests

This paper presents the results of an experimental program aimed at the assessment of the freeze–thaw (F–T) resistance of concrete based on the evaluation of fracture tests accompanied by acoustic emission measurements. Two concretes of similar mechanical characteristics were manufactured for the experiment. The main difference between the C1 and C2 concrete was in the total number of air voids and in the A300 parameter, where both parameters were higher for C1 by about 35% and 52%, respectively. The evaluation of the fracture characteristics was performed on the basis of experimentally recorded load–deflection and load–crack mouth opening displacement diagrams using two different approaches: linear fracture mechanics completed with the effective crack model and the double-K model. The results show that both approaches gave similar results, especially if the nonlinear behavior before the peak load was considered. According to the results, it can be stated that continuous AE measurement is beneficial for the assessment of the extent of concrete deterioration, and it suitably supplements the fracture test evaluation. A comparison of the results of fracture tests with the resonance method and splitting tensile strength test shows that all testing methods led to the same conclusion, i.e., the C1 concrete was more F–T-resistant than C2. However, the fracture test evaluation provided more detailed information about the internal structure deterioration due to the F–T exposure.