鼻咽癌患者放疗后嗅觉功能及嗅球体积和嗅沟深度的研究

目的　探讨放疗对鼻咽癌患者嗅觉功能以及嗅球体积和嗅沟深度的影响。方法　选取鼻咽癌放疗结束后1年以上的患者（测试组）及无嗅觉减退的健康受试者（对照组）各20例,采用TT嗅觉测试法检查所有受试者的嗅觉功能,并行嗅球体积、嗅沟深度MRI检查。结果  测试组TT嗅觉测试法嗅觉功能评分大于对照组,测试组 平均嗅球体积明显小于对照组。测试组与对照组平均嗅沟深度比较无差异。测试组嗅觉识别阈与嗅球体积呈负相关性（r =-0.641,P <0.05）,与嗅沟深度无关（r =-0.175,P >0.05）。结论　鼻咽癌放疗后嗅觉减退患者,嗅球体积减少,嗅沟深度不变;嗅觉功能与嗅球体积具有相关性,与嗅沟深度无关。     

鼻咽癌放疗后引起嗅觉变化的相关因素调查研究

目的通过测试鼻咽癌患者放疗后嗅觉的改变,探讨放疗疗程、颅底骨坏死、放疗后时长等相关因素对嗅觉的影响。方法选取门诊复诊的鼻咽癌放疗后患者,采用丁香酚(丁香花香)、甲基环戊酮(焦糊味)、桃醛(果香)、甲基吲哚(粪臭味)检测患者对不同嗅素察觉阈值和识别阈值,并对所得结果进行非参数检验Mann Whitney U检验。结果一程放疗对果香、粪臭味的察觉阈秩均值分别为15.57、15.40,二程放疗分别为6.00、7.17,一程放疗、二程放疗患者,分别对果香、粪臭味的察觉阈秩均值存在统计学差异;一程放疗的患者中,发生颅底骨坏死患者与未发生颅底骨坏死患者,嗅素感知未见明显差异;所有发生了骨坏死并行手术治疗的患者中,一程放疗与二程放疗患者中十一烷内酯(果香)的察觉和识别阈存在显著性差别,其余两种嗅素丁香酚(花香)、甲基环戊酮(焦糊味)、甲基吲哚(粪臭味)未见明显差异;此外,鼻咽癌放疗后1、5、10年时的平均察觉阈值分别是8.56、14.94、5.50,平均识别阈值分别为9.69、13.94、5.25,两者都具有统计学差异。结论接受一程放疗的患者和接受二程放疗的患者,其不同的放射射线累积剂量以及放疗后时间对NPC患者嗅觉具有不同程度的影响。     

放疗对鼻腔黏液纤毛传输功能的影响

目的:探讨放射线对鼻腔黏液纤毛传输功能的影响.方法:采用糖精试验方法测定经筛选的46例鼻咽癌(NPC)患者放疗前及放疗后各阶段的糖精清除时间(SCT).在放疗前、放疗中(第4周)、放疗后(第8周)、后3个月(放疗结束后)、后6个月(放疗结束后)、后12个月(放疗结束后)、后18个月(放疗结束后)共7个阶段各受测1次获得SCT值.结果:46例患者在放疗前阶段测试SCT值最短为247 s,最长为601 s. 在放疗中第4周至放疗结束后18个月各阶段测试SCT值最长时间位于放疗结束后12个月,SCT值为903 s. 放疗前与放疗结束后18个月的SCT均值差异无统计学意义,而放疗前与放疗中第4周,放疗后第8周,放疗结束后3、6、12个月的SCT均值差异均有统计学意义.结论:放射线对鼻腔鼻窦黏液纤毛传输功能的影响是主要因素,而性别和鼻腔侧别可能是次要因素. 测定NPC患者各阶段的SCT值可指导临床有效保护鼻腔鼻窦黏膜,减少放射性鼻窦炎的发生.     

鼻咽癌放疗对听性脑干功能的远期影响

目的：探讨放射治疗对鼻咽癌患者听性脑干功能的远期影响。方法：对鼻咽癌33例(66耳)患者于放疗前,放疗后第1天及第3、6、12、24、36个月分别行听性脑干反应(ABR)检测。结果：放疗完成后第1天与放疗前对比,听性脑干无明显减退。听性脑干部分指标3个月后开始减退,6个月后全面减退。在6～12个月之间,听性脑干部分修复,但此后听性脑干呈缓慢减退的趋势。结论：常规的鼻咽癌放疗对患者近期听性脑干可能无明显影响,但会引起其远期的损伤,为了防止出现严重后果,必需早期采取积极的防治措施。     

白细胞介素2对鼻咽癌放、化疗患者机体免疫功能影响的研究

目的 :探讨白细胞介素 2 (IL - 2 )对鼻咽癌 (NPC)患者行放、化疗后免疫功能的影响。方法 :将 90例NPC患者随机平分为局部组 (IL - 2局部用药加放、化疗 )、全身组 (IL - 2静脉滴注加放、化疗 )和常规组 (化疗加放疗 )。另设 30例正常对照组。分别检测免疫治疗前后和放疗结束后患者的免疫功能 ,并与正常组比较。结果 :3组患者的细胞免疫功能治疗前均比对照组低下 (P <0 .0 1) ,体液免疫高亢 ;经 IL - 2治疗后 ,细胞免疫功能有所提高 ,但体液免疫变化不大。放、化疗后 ,全身组和局部组的免疫功能较治疗前变化不明显 ;常规组的细胞免疫功能明显低下 ,体液免疫功能仍无明显变化。结论 :1在放、化疗前 ,小剂量应用 IL - 2治疗对维护和提高 NPC患者的免疫功能有一定的作用 ,全身用药优于局部用药。 2 3种疗法对 NPC患者的体液免疫功能影响不大。     

伴有嗅觉障碍鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者鼻内镜手术前后嗅觉功能的变化

目的对伴有嗅觉障碍的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎鼻息肉患者鼻内镜手术治疗后嗅觉功能的变化进行临床观察。方法选取我院2018年1月～2019年1月收治的慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者,所有患者均并发有鼻息肉,共计纳入120例患者。行鼻窦CT检查(冠状位、轴位),并对患者行术前嗅觉的视觉模拟量表VAS评分、嗅觉的TT测试。所有患者排除手术禁忌证后行鼻内镜手术治疗,于术后1个月、3个月、6个月对患者再次进行嗅觉的视觉模拟量表VAS评分。比较术前、术后各个时间点的评分变化情况及差异。结果对患者进行不同时间点的嗅觉的视觉模拟量表VAS评分发现:与术前相比,在术后6个月有69.17%的患者嗅觉发生改善;在术后1个月,患者的VAS评分与术前比较具有统计学差异;在术后3个月,患者的VAS评分与术前、术后1个月比较具有统计学差异;在术后6个月,患者的VAS评分与术前、术后1个月比较具有统计学差异,与3个月时相比无显著性差异。对患者进行不同时间点的嗅觉的TT测试发现:与术前相比,在术后6个月有76.67%的患者嗅觉发生改善;在术后1个月,患者的TT测试评分与术前比较具有统计学差异;在术后3个月,患者的TT测试评分与术前、术后1个月比较具有统计学差异;在术后6个月,患者的TT测试评分与术前、术后1个月比较具有统计学差异,与3个月时相比无显著性差异。结论伴有嗅觉功能障碍慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉患者接受鼻内镜手术之后,嗅觉功能显著改善,嗅觉功能的改善有助提高患者生活质量。     

鼻内窥镜下电切并射频治疗鼻咽癌放疗后鼻后孔闭锁2例

鼻咽癌 ( NPC)放疗后引起鼻后孔闭锁 ,通常是全麻下经鼻腔径路或硬腭径路进行手术 ,术中损伤大 ,出血多 ,术后恢复慢。新近 ,我科在鼻内窥镜下将全自动鼻窦电动手术器械与射频技术相结合 ,即以电动切削并射频热凝治疗 2例 NPC放疗后鼻后孔闭锁 ,取得良好疗效。现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　临床资料例 1　男 ,54岁。因双鼻进行性阻塞 1年 ,加重伴头痛 3个月入院。患者于 1 996年因患 NPC放疗。1年前出现鼻呼吸不畅 ,逐渐加重。 6个月前行第 2次放疗 ,3个月以后双鼻完全不通气 ,同时伴头痛 ,外院久治无效入我科。检查 :双下、中鼻甲与…     

放射性后鼻孔闭锁鼻内镜微波治疗远期疗效观察

目的 :探讨鼻内镜下微波治疗鼻咽癌 (NPC)放疗后后鼻孔闭锁的远期疗效。方法 :对2 1例NPC放疗后后鼻孔闭锁患者采用鼻内镜与微波相结合的方法 ,经鼻腔切除膜性闭锁 ,术后分期进行随访。结果 :随访 3年以上 ,2 1例患者鼻腔均达到正常通气 ,无再狭窄和闭锁 ,治愈率达10 0 %。结论 :本方法具有操作简便、术野清晰、组织损伤轻、患者痛苦少、远期疗效可靠等优点 ,是治疗NPC放疗后后鼻孔闭锁较为理想的方法。     

喉全切除术后患者嗅觉功能的分析与改善

目的测试评估喉全切除术后患者嗅觉功能的状况,试图找出一种能改善嗅觉的实用方法。方法采用T&T嗅觉计定量检查法对60例喉全切除术后患者的嗅觉进行测试评估,观察其残余嗅觉水平与术后时间、是否行发音重建手术的关系;并对其中4例志愿者的嗅上皮行活检,透射电镜下观察其超微结构改变。采用闭口鼻腔呼气法对喉全切除术后行气管食管裂隙状瘘发音重建术的患者进行干预,观察嗅觉功能改善情况。结果喉全切除术后患者嗅上皮超微结构观察可见嗅上皮细胞呈凋亡性改变。术后行发音重建组(30例)与未行发音重建组患者(30例)均有不同程度的嗅觉减退甚至丧失,两组患者同健康人组(30例)比较,P值均<0.01;行发音重建组的嗅觉优于未行发音重建组(P<0.01)。未行发音重建组患者5年内多已失嗅[平均嗅阈(x±s,下同)5.60±0.49];而行发音重建术后不足5年的患者多为嗅觉中度丧失(平均嗅阈3.44±1.50),术后5年以上患者多为失嗅(平均嗅阈5.56±0.31),以术后5年前后分组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。发音重建组患者采用闭口鼻腔呼气法训练后似可明显改善患者的嗅觉功能(训练前后嗅觉测试比较,P<0.01)。结论喉全切除术后患者的嗅觉减退可能与呼吸气流改道、鼻腔气流消失的解剖学因素及嗅上皮细胞凋亡性改变的病理学因素相关,喉全切除后及早地给予干预措施(如气管食管裂隙状瘘发音重建术、闭口鼻腔呼气法等),可能对维持患者的嗅觉功能或减缓嗅觉减退有作用。     

慢性鼻窦炎患者鼻内镜手术后嗅觉障碍的临床转归

目的探讨慢性鼻窦炎(chronic rhinosinusitis,CRS)经鼻内镜手术后嗅觉障碍的转归及相关因素。方法采用TT标准嗅觉测试法对77例(134侧)CRS患者在鼻内镜手术前以及术后1个月、3个月和6个月分别进行嗅觉功能测试,将测试结果进行统计学分析。结果 70例(125侧)CRS患者完成了随访。鼻内镜手术前104侧(83.2%)存在不同程度的嗅觉障碍,术后1个月、3个月和6个月嗅觉障碍分别减少至84侧(67.2%)、82侧(65.6%)和84侧(67.2%)。患者鼻内镜手术后的嗅觉功能较术前明显改善(P0.001),而术后1个月、3个月和6个月的平均嗅阈无显著差异(P0.05)。至术后6个月随访结束时,嗅觉恢复正常20侧(19.2%)、好转53侧(51.0%)、不变29侧(27.9%)、加重2侧(1.9%),总改善率为70.2%。其中,不伴鼻息肉的CRS患者嗅觉恢复最好,改善率80.0%(28/35);伴鼻息肉但未累及嗅裂者次之,改善率73.3%(33/45);嗅裂息肉患者的嗅觉恢复较差,改善率50.0%(12/24)。CRS不伴鼻息肉与息肉未累及嗅裂者进行比较,术后嗅觉恢复无统计学差异(P0.05);而二者分别与嗅裂息肉患者进行比较,术后嗅觉恢复均有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论鼻内镜手术对CRS患者的嗅觉障碍有明显改善作用。在手术彻底清除炎性病变、解除嗅裂阻塞的基础上,更应注重对嗅区嗅黏膜的保护;同时,规范化的围手术期处理和术后定期随访也显得十分重要。     

Changes in smell acuity induced by radiation exposure of the olfactory mucosa

The effects of ionizing radiation on smell acuity were assessed in 12 patients in whom the olfactory mucosa was exposed to radiation in the course of treatment for nasopharyngeal carcinoma or pituitary adenoma. Olfactory detection thresholds for two odorants (amyl acetate and eugenol) were determined before the start of radiation therapy, within a week of termination of therapy, and 1, 3, and 6 months later. The results show clearly that smell acuity is profoundly affected by therapeutic irradiation. Thresholds had increased in all 12 patients by the end of treatment and were still high one month later. Varying degrees of recovery were noted in most patients three to six months after cessation of treatment. The fate of the sense of smell deserves more attention when considering the disability caused by irradiation to certain head and neck tumors.     

鼻咽癌患者放疗前后并发分泌性中耳炎的临床观察

目的 分析鼻咽癌患者放疗前后分泌性中耳炎（secretory oddsmedia，SOM）的发病情况，以探讨鼻咽癌放疗前后并发分泌性中耳炎的发病机制。方法 选取1999年7月-2000年11月在中山大学附属第二医院确诊为鼻咽癌并接受放疗的58例患者，将其放疗前、放疗中、放疗结束时、放疗后3个月、6个月、9个月、一年时并发SOM的情况进行分析和统计。结果 58例患者放疗前有33例并发分泌性中耳炎，其中双耳8例；放疗后分泌性中耳炎的患者44例，其中双耳18例。放疗前后均未发生分泌性中耳炎者14例。鼻咽癌患者各个T分期（除T3外）放疗后合并分泌性中耳炎的发生率显著增加，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），即随放疗后时间延长有逐渐增加的趋势。放疗后3个月动态变化最大，放疗后6个月-1年分泌性中耳炎发病较平稳。结论 鼻咽癌患者鼻咽部机械性阻塞、腭帆张肌功能异常、咽鼓管功能不良和咽鼓管位置异常是放疗前合并分泌性中耳炎的重要原因；放疗后合并分泌性中耳炎的机制是多因素的。     

Olfaction in patients with nasal polyposis: effects of systemic steroids and radical ethmoidectomy with middle turbinate resection (nasalization)

AIM: In this prospective study the effect of medical and surgical treatment on subjective olfaction was studied in patients with nasal polyposis (NPS). The effects on nasal obstruction, anterior and posterior rhinorrhea, sneezing and itching are reported in another article in this issue. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Protocol 1. Twenty-four patients with NPS who complained about anosmia were treated with a 7-days course of systemic steroids. Their subjective overall sense of smell was determined with a visual analog scale (VAS) before treatment, immediately after treatment, and two months later. Subsequently all patients underwent surgery bilaterally according to the nasalization principles. The sense of smell was re-evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. Protocol 2. Thirty-two patients with NPS not responding to medical therapy who, for different reasons, did not receive oral steroid treatment, received surgery only and were followed up during one year after nasalization. Of these patients, 25 were anosmic and 7 normosmic. RESULTS: Protocol 1. Following the 7-day treatment with systemic steroids the olfactory score increased significantly. During the waiting time for surgery (64 +/- 39 days) this score deteriorated again in a significant way. One month after nasalization which included a depot injection of triamcinolone 80 mg the day after surgery, the olfactory score ameliorated again and remained stable at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. None of the patients reported any intake of systemic steroids during the one-year of follow-up. Statistically, there was a trend suggesting that the 12 month post-nasalization score was better than the immediate post-oral steroid score. A good correlation between the improvement of the sense of smell after 7 days of systemic steroids and one year after nasalization was found. Protocol 2 One month after the nasalization protocol, olfaction in patients of the hypo-anosmic group had improved considerably. Scores at 3, 6, 9, and 12 remained very stable. The sense of smell in the normosmic group did not change after surgery and remained stable during the year of follow-up. In total, 49 patients with a severe loss of smell showed a significant improvement at 12 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that 1) long-lasting correction of olfactory dysfunction produced by nasal polyposis can be achieved through the combination of nasalization and low dose of nasal steroids, 2) middle turbinate resection does not alter the possibilities to restore the sense of smell.     

Olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND: The olfactory loss in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis has been measured by different methods. However, the results have been variable and it is not clear whether functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) significantly improves olfactory function. This study was performed to evaluate the influences of FESS on olfactory function in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis using three different types of olfactory tests. METHODS: Seventy patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), a single staircase phenyl ethyl alcohol odor detection threshold test (STT), and a short-term odor memory/discrimination test a day before and 6 months after FESS. A questionnaire inquiring about the patients' self-perception of olfactory function was administered also. Independent ratings of the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis before FESS were established from CT scans. RESULTS: Fifty-two (74.3%) of the patients reported that their olfactory function was impaired before surgery, and 68.6% of the patients reported impaired olfactory function after surgery, a difference that was not significant. No meaningful changes in any of the olfactory test scores were noted 6 or more months after FESS. Preoperatively, small correlations between CT scores and the symptom scores (r = 0.278; p = 0.024), threshold scores (r = -0.27; p = 0.031), and UPSIT scores (r = -0.36; p = 0.003) were observed. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe rhinosinusitis, FESS had little impact on the ability to smell, regardless of the method for assessing smell function. Subtle associations between olfactory function and the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis determined by CT were observed, however, preoperatively. The olfactory test measures were correlated with one another both pre- and postoperatively.     

鼻咽癌放疗后并发鼻窦炎

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者在放射治疗后鼻窦炎的发生、发展及其影响因素.方法 回顾性分析蚌埠医学院第一附属医院2000年～2005年256例鼻咽癌患者资料,通过比较放疗前、后鼻咽部CT,总结放疗前无鼻窦炎症状而放疗后发生鼻窦炎的情况.结果 放疗前鼻窦炎发生率为43.8％ (112/256),放疗前无鼻窦炎症状而放疗后出现鼻窦炎...     

Change in olfaction after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer--a prospective study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in olfactory function in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma who have received radiation to the head and neck. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Olfactory function of consecutive patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma was assessed prospectively before irradiation and serially up to 1 year after radiotherapy by the Sniffin' Sticks (Erlangen, Germany) olfactory function test and by a patient symptom visual analogue scale. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were recruited before radiotherapy was commenced. Three patients could not give a reliable response to the Sniffin' Sticks test even in this first assessment, and 7 patients did not return for evaluation after irradiation. Forty-eight patients were available for follow-up assessment. Mean olfactory threshold scores by the Sniffin' Sticks test were found to deteriorate significantly at 12 months when compared with the scores before irradiation (8.3 at 12 months vs 11.5 before irradiation; P =.001). Scores for olfactory discrimination and for identification did not exhibit any significant changes when assessed at 12 months (P >.05 for both). Subjective patient assessment of olfactory function with the visual analogue scale at 12 months did not demonstrate any significant differences when compared with patients' assessment before irradiation (P =.90). An increase in discharge was the only nasal symptom that demonstrated a significant change at 12 months when compared with the assessment before irradiation (P < 001). CONCLUSIONS: Deterioration in olfactory threshold scores was found at 12 months after irradiation and was not noticed by the patients.     

Early swallowing problems in a cohort of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Symptomatology and videofluoroscopic findings

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence and the degree of swallowing dysfunction in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who underwent radiation therapy treatment. INSTITUTION: The study was conducted in the Prince of Wales Hospital, a tertiary teaching hospital of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 1999 to July 2001, a cohort of 20 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed NPC was prospectively studied. Questions about symptoms, including swallowing functions, were asked, and head and neck examination including oromotor examination was performed in the subjects before radiation therapy. All patients were subjected to videofluoroscopy (VFSS) to assess their swallowing function. Abnormalities were scored if they were present on two of three swallow attempts. The patients were reassessed at 6 months and 12 months after radiotherapy by symptom assessment and VFSS. RESULTS: There were 14 male and 6 female patients. The mean age was 43.9 years. Nine patients had early (stage I and II) disease, whereas 11 patients had advanced (stage III and IV) disease. Nine patients were treated by radiation therapy only and 11 patients by concurrent chemoirradiation. Ninety-five percent of the subjects had subjective dysphagia at 6 and 12 months after radiation therapy. Ninety percent had xerostomia, and 80% had to avoid certain foods at 12 months postradiation therapy. All subjects had to alternate solid food with fluid intake to facilitate swallowing. An average reduction of jaw movement by 1 cm was noted. A large proportion of patients had stasis of food in the pharynx (100% in valleculae and 60% in pyriform fossae) and impaired pharyngeal peristalsis (60%). One quarter of patients had laryngeal penetration. CONCLUSIONS: Subjective swallowing difficulties were common in patients in the early follow-up period after radiation therapy for NPC according to questionnaire assessment. An objective swallowing study revealed that swallowing dysfunction was persistent 12 months after radiation therapy.     

Importance of unilateral examination in olfactometry

Hyposmia, the decreased sense of smell, and anosmia, the loss of sense of smell, may be unilateral or bilateral. If the olfactory acuity examined by means of bilateral test is normal, olfactory disorders are not found; unilateral examination is therefore necessary for definite evaluation of olfactory acuity. As evidence, 7 cases out of 94 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and 6 cases out of 12 patients who received the surgery of anterior cranial fossa showed definite different olfactory threshold between nasal cavities, and there were no patients who recognized the diminished sense of smell in spite of unilateral high olfactory threshold. Additionally, we have experienced that a patient with brain tumor was diagnosed by the help of unilateral olfactory test. We thus strongly recommend the unilateral olfactometry as a method for simple and reliable test in clinical measurement of the sense of smell.     

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: posttreatment changes of imaging findings

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the radiologic results of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) that showed complete responses on follow-up imaging studies after radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective review of 23 patients (18 male, 5 female, aged 15-71 years; mean age, 48.5 years) affected with NPC, from August 1995 to July 2000, who were examined with magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scan before and after either radical radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The median follow-up was 24.7 months and ranged from 12 to 48 months. We analyzed the primary tumors by ascertaining/measuring tumor size, depth, middle ear effusion, skull base invasion, and lymphadenopathy. The treatment responses for primary tumors were classified as either atrophy, scar (asymmetric elevation without enhancement), or normalized. The tumor response and the appearance of bone regeneration in the previous destructive part of the skull base were also recorded. RESULTS: The 23 patients consisted of 12 superficial tumors, for whom treatment results were normalized in 10, atrophy in 1, and scar in 1 and 11 deep tumors for whom treatment results were scar in 6, normalized in 3, and atrophy in 2. Skull base invasion was detected in 6 patients, 5 of whom showed complete healing of skull base destruction after radiotherapy. However, the other patient exhibited an unusual hyperostotic change in the skull base mimicking fibrous dysplasia of the skull base. CONCLUSIONS: The superficial tumors tended to be radiologically normalized even when they were large. However, the deep tumors mainly changed to scar after radiation therapy. On the other hand, skull base invasion could be normalized after radiotherapy.