Quality of life in patients with chronic pancreatitis

INTRODUCTION: Health-related quality of life is becoming a major issue in the evaluation of any therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic or hard to cure diseases. AIMS: To assess the quality of life in patients with chronic pancreatitis, the majority of whom have had the disease for a long time, and to evaluate which factors linked to the disease are able to influence the quality of life. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 190 consecutive patients (157 males, 33 females; mean age 58.6+/-12.7 years, range 18-92 years) with proven chronic pancreatitis were enrolled. The SF-36 questionnaire was used for assessing the health-related quality of life. RESULTS: The z-scores of the eight domains of the patients with chronic pancreatitis were significantly negative indicating an overall impairment of the quality of life when compared to the Italian normative sample. Pancreatic pain was the unique clinical variable able to significantly impair all eight domains of the SF-36, while Wirsung dilation and diabetes were negatively related to some physical and mental domains. The body mass index was the unique variable positively related with some SF-36 domains. CONCLUSIONS: Pain may be considered the most important factor affecting the quality of life of chronic pancreatitis patients; moreover, alimentary and metabolic factors deserve more attention in improving the quality of life of these subjects.     

慢性胰腺炎胰周积液的特征及处理策略

目的　探讨慢性胰腺炎各种类型的胰周积液的特征以及处理策略。方法　回顾2018年1月—2019年12月在广西医科大学第一附属医院住院治疗的32例慢性胰腺炎、141例急性胰腺炎确诊患者资料。按亚特兰大分类分为4类：急性胰周液体积聚（acute peripancreatic fluid collection,APFC）、急性坏死物积聚（acute necrotic collection,ANC）、胰腺假性囊肿（pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC）、包裹性坏死（walled?off necrosis,WON）。记录各类患者一般情况、临床表现、病史、实验室检查指标、治疗情况等。结果　在32例慢性胰腺炎合并胰周积液患者中,占比最多的是PPC ［84.4%（27/32）］,其次为WON ［9.4%（3/32）］和APFC ［6.2%（2/32）］,未发现慢性胰腺炎合并ANC者。慢性胰腺炎的胰周积液和急性胰腺炎的胰周积液相比,PPC发生率更高［84.4%（27/32）比31.2%（44/141）,P<0.01］,APFC发生率较低［6.2%（2/32）比24.8%（35/141）,P=0.021］,ANC发生率亦较低［0.0%（0/32）比36.9%（52/141）,P<0.01］,WON发生率差异无统计学意义［9.4%（3/32）比7.1% （10/141）,P=0.944］。急性胰腺炎胰周积液患者相对于慢性胰腺炎胰周积液患者,临床表现中有发热［19.1% （27/141）比3.1%（1/32）］、恶心［59.6%（84/141）比21.9%（7/32）］、呕吐［56.7%（80/141）比21.9%（7/32）］、压痛［79.4%（112/141）比34.4%（11/32）］、反跳痛［42.6%（60/141）比0.0%（0/32）］、C反应蛋白升高［95.7%（135/141）比40.6%（13/32）］者所占比例更大（P<0.05）,且中位住院时间也较长（13 d比11 d,P=0.048）。影像学检查发现急性胰腺炎PPC患者病变直径>5 cm者比例大于慢性胰腺炎PPC患者［70.5%（31/44）比29.6%（8/27）,P=0.001］,慢性胰腺炎WON均局限在胰腺内［3/3比1/10,P=0.014］。在治疗策略方面,32例慢性胰腺炎胰周积液患者中有25例（78.1%）选择保守治疗;未发现急性胰腺炎和慢性胰腺炎的胰周积液在治疗策略上的差异有统计学意义。结论　慢性胰腺炎的胰周积液类型中,PPC较多见。胰周积液以保守治疗为主,未见慢性胰腺炎胰周积液各型在治疗策略上的差异,但相比慢性胰腺炎,急性胰腺炎的胰周积液可能需要更为积极的干预。     

Quality of life in chronic pancreatitis

INTRODUCTIONIn the present era, there is a high demand for health services with the associated pressure of controllingspending, health care organizations are concerned with the cost-effectiveness of quality improvement interventions. On the other hand, th…     

The quality of life in patients with chronic pancreatitis evaluated using the SF-12 questionnaire: A comparative study with the SF-36 questionnaire

BACKGROUND: In clinical practice there is the need to utilise a time saving questionnaire to assess the quality of life. AIMS: To establish the validity of the SF-12 questionnaire in chronic pancreatitis patients and to identify the predictors capable of modifying the physical and mental summaries in these patients. QUESTIONNAIRES: SF-12 and SF-36 questionnaires were used. SUBJECTS: One hundred and forty-one outpatients with proven chronic pancreatitis. The data of 141 sex- and age-matched Italian subjects of two normative groups (61,434 Italian subjects for SF-12 and 2031 Italian subjects for SF-36) were used as controls. RESULTS: Chronic pancreatitis patients had the SF-12 physical and mental component summaries significantly related to the SF-36 physical and mental component summaries (P<0.001). The presence of pancreatic pain and non-pancreatic surgery accounted for 41.3% in the formation of the PCS-36 score and 37.2% in that of the PCS-12 score, respectively. Gender, BMI and pancreatic pain accounted for 15.3% of the information in the formation of the MCS-36 and for 14.7% in that of the MCS-12; using these clinical variables, the loss of information in applying the SF-12 instead of the SF-36 was very low (4.1 and 0.6% for the PCS and the MCS, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The SF-12 is a good alternative to the SF-36 in assessing the quality of life in chronic pancreatitis.     

Symptoms and quality of life in chronic pancreatitis assessed by structured interview and the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PAN26

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic pancreatitis (CP) produces disabling symptoms and requires major clinical interventions over a number of years. There is consensus that quality-of-life (QoL) assessment should be part of assessing the treatment and outcome of CP. These symptoms and treatments resemble those of pancreatic cancer, for which there are validated QoL assessment instruments. The aim of our study was to assess the appropriateness of using the EORTC QoL assessment system for pancreatic cancer (the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PAN26) for patients with CP, and to document important issues that affect QoL in these patients. METHODS: A structured literature review was undertaken to determine current approaches to QoL in pancreatic disease. Sixty-six patients with newly diagnosed or treated CP were asked to complete the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PAN26 in four countries (Germany, Italy, South Africa, and United Kingdom). Patients were asked to review the appropriateness of the content and structure of the instruments, during a directed interview. Standard psychometric tests were used to assess the reliability and validity of the instruments. Peer review was undertaken to review findings and adapt the QLQ-PAN26 on the basis of the responses obtained. RESULTS: The literature review highlighted the potential value of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and identified the lack of a CP-specific instrument, which had been appropriately developed. There was overwhelming consensus among experts that the EORTC assessment system appeared suitable for use in CP patients. This was endorsed by all patients. Patients identified additional issues related to guilt about the use of alcohol and the burden of trying to abstain. All but one scale (jaundice) exhibited adequate internal consistency (r > 0.70) Construct validity of the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PAN26 showed strong associations between conceptually related scales (r > 0.6, p < 0.001) and significantly discriminated between patients on the basis of performance status and requirement for opiate analgesia. Significant issues affecting QoL in CP patients, in addition to recognized symptoms of the disease, were fear of future health problems, difficulty sleeping, and fatigue. CONCLUSION: The EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-PAN26 appear to be an appropriate assessment system for CP, with the addition of items to cover guilt about alcohol consumption, and the burden of abstention. Patients' QoL is adversely affected by the fear of future health problems, difficulty sleeping, and fatigue.     

Differential treatment and early outcome in the interventional endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts in 27 patients

AIM: Pancreatic pseudocysts (PPC) as a complication of pancreatitis are approached only in the case of abdominal pain, infection, bleeding, and compression onto the gastrointestinal tract or biliary tree. METHODS: From 02/01/2002 to 05/31/2004, all con-secutive patients with symptomatic PPC who underwent an interventional endoscopic approach were evaluated in this pilot case-series study: Group (Gr.) I-Primary percutaneous (external), ultrasound-guided drainage. Gr. II-Primary EUS-guided cystogastrostomy. Gr. III-EUS-guid-ed cystogastrostomy including intracystic necrosectomy. RESULTS: (="follow up": n = 27): Gr. I (n = 9; 33.3%): No complaints (n = 3); change of an external into an internal drainage (n = 4); complications: (a) bleeding (n = 1) followed by 3 d at ICU, discharge after 40 d; (b) septic shock (n = 1) followed by ICU and several laparotomies for programmed lavage and necrosectomy, death after 74 d. Gr. II (n = 13; 48.1%): No complaints (n = 11); external drainage (n = 2); complications/problems out of the 13 cases: 2nd separate pseudocyst (n = 1) with external drainage (since no communication with primary internal drainage); infection of the residual cyst (n = 1) following external drainage; spontaneous PPC perforation (n = 1) following closure of the opening of the cystogastrostomy using clips and subsequently ICU for 2 d. Gr. III (n = 5; 18.5%): No complaints in all patients, in average two endoscopic procedures required (range, 2-6). CONCLUSION: Interventional endoscopic management of pancreatic pseudocysts is a reasonable alternative treatment option with low invasiveness compared to sur- gery and an acceptable outcome with regard to the complication rate (11.1%) and mortality (3.7%), as shown by these initial study results.     

经皮穿刺无水乙醇注入引流治疗胰腺假性囊肿

目的 探讨经皮穿刺无水乙醇注入引流法治疗胰腺假性囊肿(pancreatic pseudocyst,PPC)的临床价值.方法 21例D'Egidio Ⅰ型PPC患者在CT或US引导下经皮穿刺置管外引流,CT或US检查观察引流效果,无明显残腔后,夹管观察3～7 d,无异常即可拔管.经21 d引流不能痊愈者,给予每日无水乙醇20 ml囊腔注入治疗.结果 21例D'EgidioⅠ型PPC患者,经皮穿刺置管外引流后,痊愈15例,治愈率为71.43%.其余6例中,治疗有效3例,无效3例.其中1例为单房PPC并感染,2例为多房PPC无感染,3例为多房PPC合并脓肿,均经无水乙醇注入治疗6～21 d后囊腔消失,治愈率100%,无l例发生并发症,6～12个月随访无1例复发.结论 经皮穿刺无水乙醇注入引流法是治疗PPC合并感染或多房性PPC有效、安全的非手术方法,具有临床应用价值.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者生存质量的测量与评价

目的测量并评价慢性乙型肝炎患者的生存质量(QOL).方法采用SF-36量表,对260例慢性乙型肝炎患者和260例正常对照进行QOL测量与评价,并对QOL的影响因素进行单因素分析和多因素逐步回归分析.结果慢性乙型肝炎患者的平均SF-36总评分及生理机能、角色生理状况、心理健康状况、角色心理状况、社会机能、活力、躯体疼痛和主观健康状况的平均评分分别为56±17、65±24、21±30、62±18、28±34、55±28、57±2、68±25和52±16,与对照组相比,差异有非常显著性(P均＜0.01).慢性乙型肝炎患者的平均生存质量指数评分(7.2±2.2)与对照组相比,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).慢性乙型肝炎患者SF-36总评分及其8个分项目相互之间的相关系数均具有显著性意义(P＜0.01).SF-36总评分与生存质量指数评分呈极显著性正相关(r=0.7841,P＜0.001);影响慢性乙型肝炎患者QOL的主要因素是临床分型、乏力、腹水、黄疸、脾肿大、血清ALT与总胆红素(TBil)升高、血浆白蛋白或(A/G)降低以及HBeAg、HBV-DNA持续阳性等.结论SF-36适用于我国慢性乙型肝炎患者QOL的测量.     

各型胰腺假性囊肿的治疗策略及预后判断

目的 分析各种急性和慢性胰腺假性囊肿(PPs)的特征和预后,探讨侵入性治疗PPs的预测因子.方法 回顾性分析1995年1月至2004年12月日本医科大学诊治的36例PPs患者的临床资料.将患者分成急性胰腺炎并发的PPs自发缓解组(急性缓解组);急性胰腺炎并发的PPs症状持续或有并发症需要侵入治疗组(急性治疗组);慢性胰腺炎并发的PPs自发缓解组(慢性缓解组)和慢性胰腺炎并发的PPs症状持续或有并发症需要侵入治疗组(慢性治疗组),每组9例.结果 36例患者中,女性13例,男性23例.胰腺炎病因:酒精性18例(50.0%),胆源性8例(22.2%),其他原因10例(27.8%).平均随访时间(24.2±18.5)个月.绝大多数囊肿(32/36,88.9%)与主胰管不相交通;各组囊肿数量、部位均无显著差异;慢性缓解组囊肿直径最小,均<4 cm,显著小于其他3组(P<0.05);两缓解组的囊肿多数无增大,而两治疗组的囊肿绝大多数有增大;急性治疗组中4例(44.4%)囊壁增厚(>2～3cm),慢性治疗组中1例(11.1%)囊壁增厚,余囊壁正常.急性PPs的病因多为胆源性,多数位于胰尾,而且这些患者的体表指数、囊肿大小、确诊时有PPs相关症状的例数均显著高于慢性PPs.结论 随访期间PPs体积增大强烈提示需要侵入治疗.慢性PPs囊肿直径<4 cm是预后良好的指标,急性PPs直径<8 cm是自然消退的指标.     

疼痛性慢性胰腺炎死亡风险因素分析

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎(CP)患者生存率,分析病死原因及病死相关因素.方法 收集1997年至2007年7月首发年龄≥18岁的疼痛性CP患者的资料;寿命表法计算患者累积生存率;建立COX比例风险模型进行逐步回归分析.结果 成功随访346例CP患者(87.2%),男:女=2.4:1,首次住院年龄、首发年龄分别为(47±14)岁和(43±15)岁,随访时间为(34.3±27.1)个月;酒精性CP22.2%,胆源性CP 26.0%;总病死率9.8%(34/346),病死时间为腹痛首发后的(62.5±61.1)个月,病死原因主要为胰腺癌和其他部位癌症;腹痛首发后2、5、10年的CP累积生存率分别为96.3%、93.6%和86.4%.逐步回归分析显示,首发年龄≥51岁、出院后腹痛程度无缓解和腹痛频率增加、未戒烟、无腹泻等因素与病死有关,风险比分别为3.4,3.5、4.2、2.8和17.7.结论 国内CP病死率较国外低,病死原因主要为胰腺癌.对首发年龄大、出院后腹痛程度无缓解和腹痛频率增加、未戒烟及无腹泻CP患者尤应高度警惕.     

Assessment of the fibrogenetic activity in chronic pancreatitis

Summary Determination of circulating levels of extracellular matrix components has been proposed as a reliable method to assess the activity of fibrogenetic processes. Therefore, we aimed to analyze circulating levels of laminin, fibronectin, and procollagen III peptide (PIIIP) in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and to correlate them with the morphological and functional stage, and duration of the disease. Thirty patients with CP and 18 healthy controls were studied. Serum PIIIP concentrations (RIA), but not fibronectin (RID) and laminin (RIA), were abnormally high in 8 patients with CP. No correlation was found between circulating levels of extracellular matrix components and both functional and morphological stage and duration of CP. Nevertheless, patients with elevated serum PIIIP levels tend to have a more advanced CP (morphological and functional changes) than those with normal levels after a similar duration of the disease. We hypothesize that whereas functional and morphological findings reflect the cumulative effect of chronic inflammation on the pancreas, serum PIIIP concentrations would reflect the activity of the fibrogenetic process within the gland at the time of sampling. The results shown in the present study may be considered a starting point for longitudinal studies that examine the relationship between serum PIIIP or other markers for fibrogenetic activity and evolution of CP.     

Yoga： A tool for improving the quality of life in chronic pancreatitis

AIM： To determine the effectiveness of yoga on improving the quality of life in patients of chronic pancreatitis.
METHODS： The patients were randomized to two groups. The control group continued their usual care as directed by their physicians. Patients in the yoga group, in addition, received biweekly yoga sessions for 12 wk. The patients＇ demographic and health behaviour variables were assessed before and alter the yoga programme using Medical Outcomes Short Form （SF-36） for quality of life, Profile of Mood States for assessing mood and Symptoms of Stress Inventory for measuring stress.
RESULTS： A total of 60 patients were enrolled, with 8 drop-outs.Thirty patients were randomized to the yoga group and 30 to the control group. Significant improvements were seen in overall quality of life, symptoms of stress, mood changes, alcohol dependence and appetite alter the 12 wk period apart from the general feeling of well-being and desire to continue with the programme in future in the yoga group, while there was no difference in the control group.
CONCLUSION： Yoga is effective on improving the quality of life in patients of chronic pancreatitis.     

胰腺导管腺癌和肿块型慢性胰腺炎的化学位移法胰腺水脂比例分析

目的 探讨胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)和肿块型慢性胰腺炎(MFP)胰腺水脂比例,为临床诊疗工作提供参考.方法 运用GE3.0T MR扫描仪对13例PDAC患者、8例MFP患者以及20名健康志愿者进行胰腺三点法水脂分离技术(IDEAL)序列扫描,对所得图像进行信号强度测量,利用水脂比例(WF1)=水相信号强度(SW)/脂相信号强度(SF)及水脂比例(WF2)=[同相位信号强度(SIP)+反相位信号强度(SOP)]/(SIP- SOP)两种公式进行水脂比例分析.结果 运用WF1公式,正常胰腺水脂比例为7.97±0.95,PDAC为9.94±1.19,MFP为5.08±0.49;运用WF2公式,正常胰腺水脂比例为11.51±1.62,PDAC为13.87±1.84,MFP为5.73±0.65.同一公式下,正常胰腺、PDAC和MFP的胰腺水脂比例差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PDAC组WF2值＞WF1值,并且差异有统计学意义.结论 正常胰腺及PDAC与MFP的胰腺水脂比例不同,PDAC的比值最高,其次是正常胰腺,MFP的比值最低.     

胰胆管扩张的MRCP表现对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断意义

目的 研究胰胆管扩张对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析45例胰腺癌和41例慢性胰腺炎的MRCP资料。结果 胰腺癌组的MRCP主要特征包括：(1)胰管扩张多呈管腔光滑，明显扩张，并多在胰头肿块处截断(26例，占74．3％)；(2)扩张的胆总管多呈突然截断(26例，占89．7％)；(3)双管征(28例，占62．2％)。慢性胰腺炎组的MRCP主要特征：(1)胰管扩张多呈粗细不均的不规则型，并贯通病变(18例，占60．0％)，部分可见胰管结石(6例，占14．6％)；(2)扩张的胆总管由上至下逐渐变细(18例，占90．0％)。结论 胰胆管MRCP表现的形态特征对胰腺癌和慢性胰腺炎的诊断有鉴别意义。     

Endoscopic management of chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a common gastrointestinal illness, which affects the quality of life with substantial morbidity and mortality. The management includes medical, endoscopic and surgical approaches with the need for interaction between various specialties, calling for a concerted multidisciplinary approach. However, at the time of this publication, guidelines to establish care of these patients are lacking. This review provides the reader with a comprehensive overview of the studies summarizing the various treatment options available, including medical, surgical and endoscopic options. In addition, technological advances such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogrophy, endoscopic shock wave lithotripsy and endoscopic ultrasound can now be offered with reasonable success for pancreatic decompression, stricture dilatation with stent placement, stone fragmentation, pseudocyst drainage, and other endoscopic interventions such as celiac plexus block for pain relief. We emphasize the endoscopic op-tions in this review, and attempt to extract the most up to date information from the current literature. The treatment of CP and its complications are discussed extensively. Complications such as biliary strictures. pancreatic pseudocysts, and chronic pain are common issues that arise as long-term complications of CP. These often require endoscopic or surgical management and possibly a combination of approaches, however choosing amongst the various therapeutic and palliative modalities while weighing the risks and benefits, makes the management of CP challenging. Treatment goals should be not just to control symptoms but also to prevent disease progression. Our aim in this paper is to advocate and emphasize an evidence based approach for the management of CP and associated long term complications.     

慢性胰腺炎的胰腺癌发生率及风险因素分析

目的:分析有腹痛症状的慢性胰腺炎(CP)患者胰腺癌的发生率及可能的风险因素.方法:随访我院2001年1月至2007年7月中有腹痛症状的成人CP患者,寿命表法计算累积胰腺癌发生率,Cox比例风险模型逐步回归分析风险因素.结果:1997年1月-2007年7月397例患者进入本研究,346例(87.2%)完成随访,男女比例2.4:1,首次住院年龄和首发年龄分别为(47.7±13.7)岁和(43.9±14.7)岁,中位随访时间34.3个月.胰腺癌发生率8.1%(28/346).腹痛症状发生后4年内为胰腺癌发生高峰,腹痛首发后1、5、10年累积胰腺癌发生率分别为1.5%、5.6%和11.6%.经Cox比例风险模型分析,首发年龄≥51岁(风险比3.1)、胰管结石或胰腺钙化(风险比4.1)、肿块型CP(风险比7.1)、出院后腹痛程度无缓解(风险比3.8)或腹痛频率增加(风险比6.8)、无腹泻(风险比15.3)为风险因素.结论:CP确诊后须警惕发生胰腺癌可能,腹痛症状发生4年内、首发年龄大、有胰管结石或胰腺钙化、肿块型CP、出院后腹痛程度或频率无缓解、无腹泻者尤应注意.     

Cardiovascular health-related quality of life in cancer: a prospective study comparing the ESC HeartQoL and EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire

Aims

Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is highly relevant in cancer and often assessed with the EORTC QLQ-C30. Cardiovascular HRQoL in cancer can be measured with the ESC HeartQoL questionnaire. We compared these instruments and examined their prognostic value.

Methods and results

Summary scores for EORTC QLQ-C30 (0–100 points) and ESC HeartQoL (0–3 points) questionnaires were prospectively assessed in 290 patients with mostly advanced cancer (stage 3/4: 81%, 1-year mortality: 36%) and 50 healthy controls (similar age and sex). Additionally, physical function and activity assessments were performed. Both questionnaires demonstrated reduced HRQoL in patients with cancer versus controls (EORTC QLQ-C30: 67 ± 20 vs. 91 ± 11, p < 0.001; ESC HeartQoL: 1.8 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 0.4, p < 0.001). The instruments were strongly correlated with each other (summary scores [r = 0.76], physical [r = 0.81], and emotional subscales [r = 0.75, all p < 0.001]) and independently associated with all-cause mortality (best cut-offs: EORTC QLQ-C30 <82.69: hazard ratio [HR] 2.33, p = 0.004; ESC HeartQoL <1.50: HR 1.85, p = 0.004 – adjusted for sex, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP], high-sensitivity troponin T, cancer stage/type), with no differences in the strength of the association by sex (p-interaction > 0.9). Combining both questionnaires identified three risk groups with highest mortality in patients below both cut-offs (vs. patients above both cut-offs: HR 3.60, p < 0.001). Patients with results below both cut-offs, showed higher NT-proBNP and reduced physical function and activity.

Conclusions

The EORTC QLQ-C30 and ESC HeartQoL – assessing cancer and cardiovascular HRQoL – are both associated with increased mortality in cancer patients, with even greater stratification by combing both. Reduced HRQoL scores were associated with elevated cardiovascular biomarkers and decreased functional status.     

胰腺导管腺癌、慢性胰腺炎及正常胰腺组织中胰腺上皮内瘤变的比较研究

目的探讨胰腺导管腺癌、慢性胰腺炎和正常胰腺组织中各级别PanIN的发生率以及与临床病理学参数间的关系。方法回顾性研究长海医院2001年1月-2003年12月间外科切除和同期尸检获得的250例胰腺标本中PanIN的发生情况,并联系临床病理指标进行相关分析。结果250例胰腺标本中,有156例存在PanIN病变,发生率62.4％。其中,胰腺导管腺癌、慢性胰腺炎和正常胰腺组织中PanIN的发生率分别为75.6％、46.0％和30.0％,胰腺导管腺癌PanIN发生率明显高于慢性胰腺炎及正常胰腺组织(P<0.01);慢性胰腺炎中高级别PanIN发生率明显高于正常胰腺组织(P<0.05)。PanIN-3仅在胰腺导管腺癌和慢性胰腺炎中见到。胰腺导管腺癌中,有烟酒嗜好和(或)糖尿病者高级别PanIN的发生率53.7％,明显高于对照组29.4％(P<0.01)。PanIN的发生率以61-70岁年龄组为最高。结论胰腺导管腺癌、慢性胰腺炎和正常胰腺组织中PanIN的发生率逐渐增加,程度逐渐加重,支持胰腺癌发生的分子模型。     

内镜下抽线式金属支架取出胰管结石——附3例报告

目的设计抽线式胰管金属支架,以利于取出胰管结石。方法收集3例确诊胰管结石并胰管远端狭窄,且ERCP取石失败者,应用十二指肠镜在主胰管置入抽线式金属支架,24～48h后再次ERCP取石。结果3例患者主胰管结石直径1～1.5cm,造影显示胰管远端狭窄。先置入抽线式胰管金属支架,24～48h后金属支架完全膨胀,插入气囊顺利取出全部结石,再将金属支架抽成丝样经活检孔取出。术后无出血、嵌顿、胰腺炎等并发症发生。结论内镜下胰管内置入抽线式金属支架取石,安全、有效,费用低廉,增加了胰管取石的成功率。