Original landmarks for intraoperative localization of the foramen ovale: a radio-anatomical study

Purpose

Radiofrequency lesioning is one of the frequently used modalities for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Easily identifiable radiological landmarks are necessary for correct intra-operative localization of foramen ovale.

Methods

One hundred and seventy sides of dry skulls were studied for the following measurements. D-1: the transverse distance between the apex of the petrous temporal and the centre of the foramen ovale. D-2: the transverse distance from the midline to the centre of the foramen ovale. The distances between the centre of the foramen ovale and, D-3: the anterior margin of mandibular fossa, D-4: centre of the mandibular fossa and D-5: point at the junction of posterior margin and floor of the sella. D-6: the vertical distance between the centre of the foramen ovale and point at the junction of posterior margin and floor of the sella.

Results

The mean values measured were D-1: 13.9?mm, D-2: 24.5?mm, D-3: 3.1?mm, D-4: 11.4?mm, D-5: 0.75 and D-6: 12.42?mm. In majority of cases the centre of foramen was around 25?mm from midline. Additionally the centre of the foramen was at the level of the junction of the posterior wall and floor of the sella or within 2?mm of this point in the antero-posterior direction. In most (81%) cases the vertical displacement of the foramen was 1–1.5?cm inferior to this point.

Conclusion

During intra-operative imaging, the midline of the skull and the junction of the posterior wall and floor of the sella can be used as reliable landmarks for the identification of foramen ovale.     

The anatomical and clinical details of the pterygoid canal: a three-dimensional reconstructive virtual anatomic evaluation based on CT

Purpose

To delineate the pterygoid canal (PC) configuration and its position in relation to surrounding important anatomical landmarks using three-dimensional reconstructive technology based on CT for the Chinese.

Methods

The computerized tomography arteriography (CTA) data of 137 patients were retrospectively evaluated using neuroimaging three-dimensional reconstructive software. The morphological parameters of the PC as well as the spatial relationship and distance between the PC relative to internal carotid artery (ICA) and the foramen rotundum were evaluated.

Results

83.9 % of the PC can be identified by our neuroimaging three-dimensional reconstructive software. The mean distance from the PC to the ICA was 2.6 ± 1.2 mm. The mean distance between medial aspects of bilateral ICA was 19.6 ± 2.7 mm. The distal vertical and horizontal distances between the PC and foramen rotundum were 5.2 ± 3.2 and 6.1 ± 2.8 mm, respectively. All the proximal end of the PC were inferior-lateral to the ICA. The PC mainly (92.9 %) ran posteriorly with a medial to lateral direction. The distance from the PC to ICA was positively correlated with the distance between bilateral ICA and the distal diameter of the PC. The vertical distance between the PC and foramen rotundum was positively correlated with the length of the PC and the horizontal distance between the PC and foramen rotundum.

Conclusions

Understanding the configuration and spatial relationship of the PC may be helpful to improve the accuracy and safety of operation during the expanded transnasal endoscopic approaches to skull base. The three-dimensional reconstructive virtual anatomic technology may be a useful tool to delineate the PC configuration and its position to surrounding important anatomical landmarks.     

Type 2 proatlantal intersegmental artery associated with persistent trigeminal artery diagnosed by MR angiography

Purpose

The type 2 proatlantal intersegmental artery (PIA) is a rare anastomosis between the external carotid artery (ECA) and vertebral artery (VA) that passes through the foramen magnum. The persistent trigeminal artery (TA) is the most common anastomosis between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and basilar artery. The purpose of this paper is to present the first case of a type 2 PIA associated with an ipsilateral persistent TA diagnosed using magnetic resonance (MR) angiography, and we briefly discuss the embryology of this rare anomaly.

Methods

An 83-year-old man with cerebral infarctions underwent cerebral MR imaging, and head and neck MR angiography using a 1.5?T imager. MR angiography was obtained using the standard non-contrast three-dimensional time-of-flight technique.

Results

MR angiography showed aplasia of the proximal left VA and a large anastomotic artery between the left ECA and distal left VA that passed through the foramen magnum, indicative of a type 2 PIA. This patient also had an anastomosis between the precavernous segment of the left ICA and midbasilar artery via a lateral course, indicative of a lateral-type persistent TA.

Conclusion

We present the first case of type 2 PIA associated with ipsilateral lateral-type persistent TA diagnosed by MR angiography. MR angiography should be performed including the carotid bifurcation to find more frequently extracranial arterial variations, including type 2 PIAs.     

三叉神经颅内段横断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨三叉神经颅内段在横断面上的解剖学特征,为三叉神经病变的影像学诊断提供形态学依据。方法：在36例成尸头部连续横断层标本与10例自愿者的3D—CISS序列头部横断层图像上,观察三叉神经的走行、位置及毗邻关系。结果：在经小脑中脚的横断面上,三叉神经脑池段连于小脑中脚,经脑桥小脑角池上份行向前外侧,走行于脑桥基底部外侧与小脑幕之间;在经海绵窦的横断面上,三叉神经节在海绵窦后部外侧,发出眼神经,向前穿人海绵窦外侧壁,经眶上裂入眶;在经颈动脉管的横断面上,三叉神经节发出的上颌神经和下颌神经,夹在蝶骨体与颞叶断面之间,后方为颞骨岩部;在经卵圆孔的横断面上,蝶骨大翼上有卵圆孔和棘孔,分别有下颌神经和脑膜中动脉通过。头部MRI横断层扫描对三叉神经的辨认与连续横断层标本具有较好的对应性。结论：颅脑横断层标本结合MRI显示三叉神经具有优势,可清楚地显示三叉神经脑池段、神经节段、颅底段的走行、位置及毗邻关系。     

颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路的内镜解剖学研究

目的 探讨神经内镜模拟颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路手术可行性和适应证。方法 成人尸头湿标本8具（16侧）,模拟神经内镜颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路,观察内镜下显露的最大视野,辨识弓状隆起、三叉神经、岩浅大神经、岩上窦等解剖结构,标识Kawase三角的边界,测量不同磨除范围下Kawase三角的各边长,显露小脑膜切迹间隙、脑干腹外侧、上中岩斜区、中下岩斜区交界处及其邻近结构。结果 弓状隆起最高点到棘孔、岩浅大神经裂孔、岩浅大神经与下颌神经的交点;三叉神经压迹外侧缘的最短距离分别为（22.90±2.34）mm、（14.05±2.09）mm、（24.94±1.98）mm、（23.49±2.38）mm;Kawase三角磨除面积为（3.04±0.47）cm2,扩大磨除Kawase三角面积为（3.7±0.69）cm2,平均增加了0.66 cm2的面积。结论 经神经内镜颞下锁孔硬膜下Kawase入路避免了对脑膜中动脉的损伤,保留了岩浅大神经。适合处理位于小脑幕切迹间隙,上、中岩斜区,中、下岩斜区交界处,部分桥小脑角脑干腹外侧广泛区域的肿瘤、动脉瘤等病变。     

寰椎侧块与颈内动脉在经口咽前路手术中的意义

目的　通过对颈部血管CTA扫描,研究寰椎侧块与颈内动脉的毗邻关系,以避免经口咽前路手术过程中损伤颈内动脉。 方法　回顾性选择2012年1月-2015年6月在我院行TARP手术的患者145例,术前均行颈部CTA扫描及三维重建,以横突孔内侧缘为界,根据颈内动脉的位置分为外侧组和内侧组,并进一步划分为4个区。分别测量2组患者双侧颈内动脉内侧缘、双侧横突孔内侧缘至寰椎正中线距离,术后颈内动脉偏移距离,比较两组左右两侧各参数之间是否存在显著差异。 结果　内侧组双侧颈内动脉内侧缘至寰椎正中线距离（d）,同侧颈内动脉内侧缘与横突孔内侧缘至寰椎正中线距离（d与l）,内、外组同侧颈内动脉至寰椎正中线距离（d与D）之间比较均有显著差异,P<0.05。内侧组术后颈内动脉向外偏移距离分别为3.12 mm（女）、3.83 mm（男）。 结论　经口咽前路手术前行颈部血管CTA扫描对了解颈部血管与寰椎侧块的位置关系,避免颈内动脉损伤有重要意义。     

Optic canal (OC) and internal carotid artery (ICA) in sellar region

Purpose

OC and ICA are important structures in sellar region, the injury of ICA and optic nerve can be the severe complications in the operations related to sellar region such as the transsphenoidal surgery and extended transsphenoidal surgery. So knowing their position and their relationship to stable structures in sellar region is of great importance. The aim of our study is to provide specific and comprehensive data about the location of OC and ICA in sellar region in order to guide the surgeons through difficulties in surgeries related to sellar region.

Methods

Computer topographic angiography (CTA) images of 200 individuals were reviewed, the measurement was performed on coronal, sagittal and axis planes after multiplanar reformation (MPR). We located OC by the tubercular recess (TR) and the top edge of sphenoid sinus, we located ICA by the midpoint of sellar floor (SF) and the top edge of sphenoid sinus.

Result

OC can be located by TR and the distance between OC and sagittal midline; ICA can be located by midpoint of SF and distance between ICA and sagittal midline; ICA has stationary relationship to ACP.

Conclusion

Knowing the anatomical position of OC and ICA and the positional relationship between them and the sellar region is of great importance in the surgeries related to the sellar region such as the trans-sphenoidal approach to pituitary and extended transsphenoidal surgery to non-pituitary adenoma lesions.     

Surgical anatomy of the chorda tympani: a micro-CT study

Purpose

Iatrogenic injury of the chorda tympani is a well-known complication of middle ear surgery, yet few studies have investigated the intraosseous course of the nerve. The aim of this study was to accurately delineate the posterior canaliculus in the temporal bone, particularly its relationship to the tympanic annulus, which is critical during the insertion of subannular ventilation tubes.

Methods

Forty temporal bones from 27 cadavers (15 male, mean age 75?years, 13 bilateral) were scanned using a micro-CT scanner, and standardised 3-D multiplanar reconstructions were generated using a software platform. The posterior canaliculus was measured in relation to reproducible bony landmarks.

Results

In 6 (15%) specimens, the chorda tympani originated from the facial nerve outside the skull and in 34 (85%) from within the facial canal at a mean of 3.2?±?1.8?mm above the stylomastoid foramen. The posterior canaliculus was 12.3?±?3.8?mm long and converged on the tympanic sulcus cranially. It entered the middle ear at 62?±?10% of the height of the tympanic membrane.

Conclusions

This novel micro-CT study defines the precise anatomy of the posterior canaliculus housing the chorda tympani and provides data that may help the otologic surgeon protect the nerve from iatrogenic injury.     

Aberrant petrous internal carotid artery with cochlear anomaly-an unusual association

The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a female patient who presented with headache and hearing loss revealed aberrant course of the petrous segment of internal carotid artery (ICA). Computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone done to confirm the findings of MRI revealed aberrant course of right ICA, a persistent stapedial artery (PSA) and absent foramen spinosum on the same side. In addition patient had a cystic cochleovestibular anomaly on the right side with both conditions may probably be contributing to her hearing loss.     

Maxillary-to-petrous internal carotid artery bypass: an anatomical feasibility study

The possibility for maxillary artery (MA) to petrous internal carotid artery (ICA) bypass was investigated. Five adult cadavers were dissected bilaterally. After zygomatic arch osteotomy, the coronoid process was sectioned at its base. An extensive infratemporal craniotomy was performed at the level of foramina ovale, rotundum and spinosum. The petrous portion of the ICA was exposed by drilling away the floor of the middle fossa, posterior to the foramen ovale and medial to the foramen spinosum. The MA was identified medial to the infratemporal crest and was followed in the pterygopalatine fossa, then transected at the origin of the infraorbital artery. The MA graft was brought posteromedially to reach the petrous ICA. The mean caliber of the MA before the origin of the infraorbital artery was 2.54±0.31 mm, 2.76±0.14 mm at the site of anastomosis, and 3.46±0.32 mm after giving off the middle meningeal artery. The average length of the MA between the middle meningeal artery and the infraorbital artery was 43.4±2.35 mm, and up to the site of anastomosis was 37.64±1.68 mm. We conclude that the length and diameter of the MA are sufficient for a tension-free anastomosis between MA and petrous ICA, and such a procedure could be used in the treatment of patients with tumors of the infratemporal fossa invading the high cervical ICA.

---

Electronic Supplementary Material The french version of this article is available in the form of electronic supplementary material and can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at

---

Étude anatomique des possibilités de by-pass entre la partie pétreuse de l'artère carotide interne et l'artère maxillaire

Résumé La possibilité d'un by-pass entre l'artère maxillaire et la partie pétreuse de l'artère carotide interne a été étudiée. Cinq cadavres adultes ont été disséqués des deux côtés. Après ostéotomie de l'arcade zygomatique, le processus coronoïde était sectionné à sa base. Une large craniotomie infra-temporale était effectuée au niveau du foramen ovale, du foramen rond et du foramen épineux. La partie pétreuse de l'artère carotide interne était exposée par fraisage du plancher de la fosse cérébrale moyenne, en arrière du foramen ovale et en dedans du foramen épineux. L'artère maxillaire était identifiée en dedans de la crête infra-temporale et suivie dans la fosse ptérygo-palatine, puis sectionnée à l'origine de l'artère infra-orbitaire. Le greffon d'artère maxillaire était transposé en dedans et en arrière pour atteindre la partie pétreuse de l'artère carotide interne. Le calibre moyen de l'artère maxillaire était de 2,54±0,31 mm à l'origine de l'artère infra-orbitaire, 2,76±0,14 mm au niveau de l'anastomose, et 3,46±0,32 mm après la naissance à l'artère méningée moyenne. La longueur moyenne de l'artère maxillaire entre l'artère méningée moyenne et l'artère infra-orbitaire était de 43,4±2,35 mm et au-delà du site d'anastomose était de 37,64±1,68 mm. Nous en avons conclu que la longueur et le diamètre de l'artère maxillaire était suffisant pour une anastomose sans tension entre l'artère maxillaire et la partie pétreuse de l'artère carotide interne. Ainsi, une telle technique pourrait être utilisée pour le traitement de patients porteurs d'une tumeur de la fosse infra-temporale envahissant la partie cervicale haute de l'artère carotide interne.

     

The prevalence, length and position of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve in Chinese, assessed by spiral computed tomography

Purpose

This study used spiral computed tomography to identify the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve, and to measure its length and position in Chinese. This information may be useful to safely install endosseous implants in the most distal area of the interforaminal region.

Methods

Sixty-eight Chinese patients were included in this retrospective study. Patients were scanned by 64-slice spiral computed tomography, and the prevalence, length, and position of the anterior loop were assessed using the multiplanar capabilities of software.

Results

An anterior loop could be identified in 83.1 % of the cases, with a mean length of 2.09 mm (range 0–5.31 mm). The mean distance from the superior border of the mental foramen to the alveolar crest was 13.00 mm, and the mean distance from the superior border of the origin of the anterior loop to the alveolar crest was 17.83 mm.

Conclusions

The anterior loop was highly prevalent in Chinese, and the length of the anterior loop was highly variable. Therefore, we recommend that drilling commences from a location approximately 5.5 mm mesially from the mental foramen, when installing implants in the most distal interforaminal area.     

Morphometric analysis of the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen on three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography scans

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the anatomy of the infraorbital foramen (IOF), infraorbital canal (IOC), and infraorbital groove (IOG) with regard to surgical and invasive procedures using three-dimensional reconstruction of CT scans.

Methods

The CT scans of 100 patients were evaluated retrospectively. The morphology of the IOF, IOC, and IOG as well as their relationships to different anatomic landmarks was assessed in a three-dimensional model.

Results

The mean length of the IOC and IOG and the angle of the IOC relative to IOG were 11.7 ± 1.9, 16.7 ± 2.4 mm, and 145.5° ± 8.5°, respectively. The mean angles of the IOC relative to vertical and horizontal planes were 13.2° ± 6.4° and 46.7° ± 7.6°, respectively. In the relationships between the IOF and different anatomic landmarks, the mean distances from the IOF to supraorbital notch/foramen, facial midline, and infraorbital rim were 5.6 ± 3.1 mm laterally, 26.5 ± 1.9 mm laterally, and 9.6 ± 1.7 mm inferiorly, respectively. The mean distance from the IOF to anterior nasal spine (ANS) was 35.0 ± 2.6 mm, and the mean angle of the axis that passed the IOF and ANS relative to horizontal plane was 28.8° ± 4.1°. In addition, the mean soft tissue thickness overlying the IOF was 11.4 ± 1.9 mm.

Conclusions

These results provide detailed knowledge of the anatomical characteristics and clinical importance of the IOF. Such knowledge is of paramount importance for surgeons when performing maxillofacial surgery and regional block anesthesia.     

Incidence, morphology and morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius: complementary study for a safer planning and execution of the trigeminal rhizotomy technique

Background  

The foramen of Vesalius (FV) is located in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone between the foramen ovale (FO) and the foramen rotundum in an intracranial view. The FO allows the passage of the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, which is the target of the trigeminal radiofrequency rhizotomy.     

Course anomalies of extracranial internal carotid artery and their relationship with pharyngeal wall: an evaluation with multislice CT

Purpose

The goal of our study was to measure the prevalence of anomalies in the extracranial segment of internal carotid artery (ICA), to measure the carotid–pharyngeal distance (CPD).

Methods

Computed tomography (CT) angiography images of 607 patients were retrospectively examined. The course anomaly and CPD were obtained at different image plane. The patients were divided into four groups according to their age.

Results

The incidence of course anomaly in ICA was shown to be 60.3?%. Prevalence of course anomaly showed an increase with age (p?p?p?p?p?Conclusion In conclusion, the number of ICAs that show a course anomaly increases with age, while the CPD decreases. The CPD is decreased in groups that show anomalies. The detection of a decreased CPD before surgery may lower the chance of a perioperative hemorrhage due to artery damage during pharyngeal procedures. Hence, while reporting neck CT angiographies, it may be valuable to also report the presence of ICA anomalies and CPD.     

An anatomical study of the pterygospinous bar and foramen of Civinini

Purpose

The pterygospinous ligament extends from the posterior free margin of the lateral pterygoid plate till the spine of the sphenoid. The ligament may ossify partly or completely leading to the formation of the pterygospinous bar. A complete ossification of the ligament results in the formation of the foramen of Civinini. Presence of the complete or incomplete pterygospinous bar may lead to a difficulty in passing the needle during anaesthesia for the trigeminal neuralgia or the bar may also compress the mandibular nerve and its branches to cause lingual numbness, pain and speech impairment.

Method

Presence of the complete or incomplete pterygospinous bar and the foramen of Civinini were studied in 55 dried adult skulls and 20 sphenoid bones.

Results

Partial or complete ossification of the pterygospinous ligament was seen in 17.33 % skulls. One skull showed the presence of bilateral complete pterygospinous bar while another skull had the unilateral complete pterygospinous bar on right side. Two skulls and one sphenoid had bilateral incomplete pterygospinous bar while seven skulls and one sphenoid bone had unilateral incomplete pterygospinous bar. In three cases, the bar was passing just below the foramen ovale.

Conclusion

The pterygospinous bar when present medial to the foramen ovale may not have much clinical significance but when the bar is present just below the foramen ovale, it may cause a compression of the mandibular nerve and its branches and may also obstruct the passage for the transoval approach to the neighbouring regions.

     

Cone-beam computed tomographic analysis of the morphological characterization of the nasopalatine canal in a pediatric population

Purpose

Knowledge of the nasopalatine canal (NPC) is necessary for understanding the morphology and pathogenesis of lesions that occur in this region. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the dimensions and anatomic characteristics of the NPC in a pediatric population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Study design

Reformatted sagittal, coronal, and axial slices of 368 individual CBCT images were analyzed with regard to dimensions and anatomic features of the NPC.

Results

Funnel shape of the NPC was most commonly found [26.9 % (99)], followed by banana shape [19.6 % (72)]. There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.317) between girls and boys in terms of NPC shape. The mean width of incisive foramen was found to be 2.53 mm with a significant difference (0.002). The mean NPC length was found to be 10.83 mm and the mean canal length was found to be significantly longer in boys than girls (p < 0.000).

Conclusion

The present study provides new information on the literature concerning the identification of the anatomical structure of NPC. This finding may assist clinicians in understanding the morphology and preventing possible complications in this region.     

三叉神经节经皮射频热凝术进针安全深度的解剖与CT对照研究

目的：探讨三叉神经节经皮射频热凝术（PRT）进针安全深度,为颅内进针避免损伤血管神经提供解剖学依据。方法：选择21例成人颅底解剖标本,用游标卡尺从颅内测量卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离（A）和卵圆孔内侧缘中点至三叉神经压迹上缘最高点的距离（B）;同时从颅外同一方向测量卵圆孔内侧缘至破裂孔外侧缘的距离（c）和破裂孔外侧壁垂直深度（D）;用螺旋CT扫描颅底,测量颅底水平位颅中窝最大密度投影（MIP）图像上同一方向卵圆孔内侧缘至破裂孔外侧缘的距离（E）。然后对距离c和安全距离及距离E进行统计分析,确定距离E是否可以作为指导不同患者进行PRT治疗时个体化的颅内安全进针深度。结果：①颅内卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离为右侧（1．19±0．15）cm,左侧（I．20±0．14）cm;②颅内卵圆孔内侧缘中点至三叉神经压迹顶点的距离为右侧（1．51±0．17）cm,左侧（1．49±0．16）cm;③颅外卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离为右侧（0．92±0．09cm）,左侧（O．92±0．10）cm;④破裂孔外侧壁中点垂直深度为右侧（0．55±0．07）cm,左侧（0．55±0．07）cm;⑤中颅底水平位螺旋CT最大密度投影（MIP）图像上同一方向卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离为右侧（1．00±0．17）cm,左侧（1．00±0．17）cm,与距离C差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：三叉神经节PRT治疗时颅内进针深度不应超过1．00Gm,临床上可用中颅底水平位螺旋CT最大密度投影（MIP）技术显示与相同方向卵圆孔内侧缘中点至破裂孔外侧缘中点的距离的一致性,来指导不同患者进行PRT治疗时个体化的颅内安全进针深度。     

A retrospective comparison of the location and diameter of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and length of the anterior loop between American and Taiwanese cohorts using CBCT

Purpose

The aim was to retrospectively compare the measurements of the location and size of the inferior alveolar canal at the mental foramen and the length of the anterior loop between two cohorts of Americans and Taiwanese using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Methods

CBCT was performed with an I-CAT^® Cone-Beam 3D Dental Imaging System and reconstructed into multiple-plane views to measure two populations.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.2681) in the distance from the mental foramen to the inferior border of the mandible (mandibular border height) between Americans (9.84 ± 2.01 mm) and Taiwanese (10.13 ± 1.66 mm). No significant difference was found (p = 0.1161) in the inferior alveolar canal diameter between these two cohorts (2.26 ± 0.67 and 2.13 ± 0.47 mm, respectively). However, the anterior loop length of Taiwanese (7.61 ± 1.81 mm) was significantly longer than that of Americans (6.22 ± 1.68 mm) (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Our study indicated that (1) the location of mental foramen of Americans was closer to the inferior border of the mandible than Taiwanese; (2) the diameter of the inferior alveolar canal of Americans was larger than Taiwanese; (3) the anterior loop of Taiwanese was longer than Americans. These differences may be, at least partly, due to the racial influence and this information may possess potential valuable clinical relevance.     

内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖

目的通过解剖学研究,探讨内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法,寻找手术入路中的重要解剖标志点,测量相关解剖数据,为内镜经鼻入路处理Meckel囊区病变提供解剖学依据。方法 5例共10侧新鲜成人头颅标本,采用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路解剖和暴露Meckel囊区,寻找该手术入路中重要的解剖标志,研究具体的解剖方法,测量相关的解剖数据,解剖过程中使用导航。结果鼻小柱下缘至后鼻孔上缘为(66.5±3.3)mm,至蝶窦口下缘为(61.2±1.6)mm,至腭蝶管前口下缘为(64.6±1.4)mm,至蝶腭孔下缘为(62.8±2.3)mm,至翼管前口下缘的距离为(75.4±3.3)mm,翼管前口下缘与腭蝶管前口上缘距离为(2.1±0.7)mm,与圆孔下缘距离为(7.5±0.7)mm,腭蝶管长度为(6.4±0.5)mm,翼管长度为(13.3±1.2)mm。以腭蝶管为解剖标志可以寻找到翼管前口;以翼管为解剖标志可以寻找到岩骨段颈内动脉前膝部,以斜坡旁颈内动脉隆突可以寻找到斜坡旁颈内动脉,以圆孔可以寻找到上颌神经。导航能够准确定位上述解剖标志。结论运用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路可以解剖和暴露Meckel囊区。此入路是由Meckel囊前方四边形区域暴露该区域,此四边形内侧为斜坡旁段颈内动脉,下方为岩骨段颈内动脉,上方为展神经,外侧方为上、下颌神经;实验数据和导航可以辅助定位重要的解剖结构和标志。