细胞DNA倍体分析评估宫颈上皮内瘤变

目的评价通过细胞DNA倍体分析诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）的效果。方法对87例宫颈癌普查妇女用宫颈刷取材、液基薄层制片,由细胞学医师对巴氏染色片做常规细胞诊断,应用全自动DNA倍体分析仪对DNA染色片进行自动扫描诊断。对活检样本做出病理诊断,并应用免疫组化ABC法测定宫颈鳞状上皮细胞核内Ki67蛋白的表达。结果87例受检者中,常规细胞学诊断为正常30例,非典型鳞状细胞（ASCUS）20例,低度鳞状上皮内病变（LSIL）30例,高度鳞状上皮内病变（HSIL）7例;无异倍体细胞者26例,有异倍体细胞者61例,其中Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级23例。20例ASCUS者中,有7例无异倍体细胞,未发现一例CIN2以上级别的病理改变,Ki67阳性细胞分布在鳞状上皮下方37．1％范围内;13例有异倍体细胞者中,11例有CIN2以上病理改变,Ki67免疫阳性细胞分布于上皮层下46．2％范围内。30例LSIL者中,有7例未发现异倍体细胞,其中3例有CIN2以上病理改变,Ki67阳性细胞只分布在鳞状上皮下方37．1％范围内;23例伴有DNA异倍体细胞者中,22例发现CIN2以上病理改变,Ki67阳性细胞增至鳞状上皮层中上方62．6％范围内,与7例未发现异倍体细胞者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。7例HSIL病例中均有DNA异倍体细胞出现。以≥3个DNA异倍体细胞作为评估CIN2及以上病理改变的标准,其敏感性为72．7％,特异性为87．5％,阳性预测值为90．9％,阴性预测值为65．1％,均比以常规细胞学诊断为LSIL及以上级别作为评估CIN2及以上病理改变的标准（分别为58．2％、84．4％、86．5％和54．0％）要高。结论DNA倍体分析可诊断宫颈CIN病变,并预测其发展。     

Genital papillomavirus infection after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III

Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was studied in 150 women after conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade three (CIN III). Colposcopically directed biopsies were taken from the cervix and vulva for histopathological diagnosis. 77 specimens were further analyzed immunohistochemically for the presence of HPV capsid antigen. In ten randomly selected cervical biopsies cellular DNA was dot blot hybridized with HPV 6/11 and 16/18 DNA probes. Genital warts were seen in 10 (7%) of the patients. Among the routine cytological smears, HPV infection was only reported in 3 (2%). In 87/142 (61%) of the cervical tissues koilocytes were found. A further 9/142 (6%) associated with CIN. Of the vulvar biopsies 91/145 (63%) contained koilocytes. A further 12/145 (8%) were associated with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. HPV capsid proteins were detected in 35/77 (45%) of the cervical and in 20/41 (49%) of the vulva biopsies. All cervical DNA samples hybridized with probes for HPV 6/11 and two also reacted with the HPV 16/18 probes. Conclusion: A latent HPV infection of the cervix or vulva, can be detected in 85% of the women previously treated for CIN III by conization.     

宫颈癌及癌前病变组织COX-2和VEGF-C蛋白表达的研究

目的:探讨宫颈癌及癌前病变组织中环氧合酶-2(COX-2)和血管内皮生长因子C(VEGF-C)蛋白的表达及其临床意义。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测58例宫颈癌、61例宫颈上皮内瘤样变(CINⅠ～Ⅲ)和30例正常宫颈组织中COX-2和VEGF-C蛋白的表达水平,并结合临床病理特征进行分析。结果:CINⅠ、CINⅡ、CINⅢ和宫颈癌组织中COX-2和VEGF-C表达强度均呈逐渐增高趋势,差异有统计学意义,χ2值分别为18.96和15.46,P<0.01;COX-2蛋白的表达与组织学分级和淋巴结转移密切相关,χ2值分别为7.53和10.79,P<0.01;VEGF-C蛋白的表达与临床分期、组织学类型、淋巴结转移密切相关,χ2值分别为6.72、8.05和21.64,P<0.01;经Spearman等级相关分析,COX-2和VEGF-C在CIN及宫颈癌组织中的表达均呈正相关,r值分别为0.76和0.58,P<0.01。结论:COX-2和VEGF-C可能协同参与了调控宫颈癌的发生、发展过程,并在宫颈癌的进展和淋巴转移中起一定作用。     

p63和 Ki67在 CIN 及宫颈癌组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨 p63和 Ki67在 CIN 及宫颈癌组织中的表达及临床病理意义。方法：采用免疫组化技术（SP 法）检测 p63和 Ki67在30例正常宫颈组织和115例宫颈 CIN 和宫颈癌中的表达。结果：p63和 Ki67在正常宫颈黏膜上皮、CIN I、CIN Ⅱ级、CINⅢ级、浸润癌表达的阳性率分别为6．7％、40．0％、44．0％、76．0％、97．8％和6．7％、35．0％、44．0％、80．0％、100．0％。各级 CIN 与浸润癌相比 p63及 Ki67的表达率差异显著（P＜0．05）;在 CIN 和宫颈癌中 p63的表达与 Ki67的表达呈正相关（P ＜0．05）。p63和 Ki67表达率与临床分期及病理分级有关（P ＜0．05）。结论：p63和 Ki67可作为反映宫颈上皮增生病变程度及生物学行为的指标,对宫颈非浸润性病变与浸润性病变的诊断及鉴别有参考价值。     

宫腔镜宫颈锥切术治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变的临床应用

目的：探讨宫腔镜宫颈锥切术治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）的应用价值。方法：2005年3月-2006年9月施行宫腔镜宫颈锥切术治疗CINⅠ级-Ⅱ级50例，手术时间5—15min，平均8．2min，出血量5—10ml，未发生周围组织损伤。结果：50例中术后证实为CIN的41例，术后随访细胞学检查1例异常，阴道镜活检为CINI，再次行宫颈电切，术后随访6个月无异常。其余患者术后随访细胞学检查正常。结论：宫腔镜下宫颈锥切术是治疗CINⅠ级-Ⅱ级的-种较好的手术方式。     

宫颈上皮内瘤变315例手术前后病理分析

背景与目的:宫颈上皮内瘤变(cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, CIN)是宫颈癌的癌前期病变.近年来,越来越多的年轻女性被诊断出CIN,如何正确而适度的处理CIN是临床处理的目标.本文通过对宫颈上皮内瘤变患者手术治疗前后病理情况分析,探讨治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变的合理方式.方法:对2004年4月至2006年11月间我院收治的315例行宫颈锥切术或子宫切除术的CIN 患者进行回顾性分析.比较不同手术治疗前后组织病理诊断,并随访治疗后复发情况.结果:315例患者中,232例(73.65%)行锥切治疗,26例(8.25%)行全子宫切除,57例(18.1%)行次广泛子宫切除.232例锥切治疗患者,术后病理转阴22例,级别升高36例,其中浸润癌20例.锥切术后继续手术治疗15例,其中5例证实有病灶残留.在子宫切除的83例患者中,病理阴性4例,微早浸润癌ⅠA1期3例,浸润癌1B1期4例,该4例接受再次手术或放射治疗.214例锥切为最终治疗,术后未再治疗的CIN患者中,随访中发现5例(2.4%)再次出现宫颈病变.结论:宫颈锥切是一种能准确诊断宫颈病变并能较好治疗CIN的方法.建议对于CIN患者应尽量先行宫颈锥切,根据锥切后病理情况及患者对保留生育功能的要求再决定进一步的处理方案.     

Treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with interferon alpha-2a, CO2 laser (vaporization, cone) and 5-fluorouracil

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of CO2 laser (vaporization, conization), 5-FU topical application and interferon alpha-2a parenterally in the therapy of GIN. Three hundred and forty-seven (347) women with CIN were treated with CO2 laser (vaporization, conization), 5-FU topical application and interferon alpha-2a parenterally. The cure rates in the various treatment groups were analysed by the chi(2) test. The most effective treatment used for CIN I was the combination of CO2 laser vaporization plus 5-FU (p<0.05). The most effective treatment used for CIN II was the combination of CO2 laser vaporization plus 5-FU (p<0.001). The treatment modalities used for patients with CIN III achieved the same therapeutic results (p>0.1). The addition of interferon does not achieve better cure rates in patients with CIN.     

Active and passive cigarette smoke exposure and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

This case-control analysis presents odds ratios for active and passive cigarette smoke exposure and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of levels II and III (CIN II and CIN III) while controlling for confounders. From 1987 to 1988, 103 biopsy-conformed incident cases of CIN II or III and 268 controls with normal cervical cytology were enrolled. Seventy % of cases were cigarette smokers, while only 30% of controls had ever smoked. The adjusted odds ratio for current cigarette smoking was 3.4 (95% confidence interval, 1.7-7.0). The following confounders were included in logistic regression models: age, race, education, number of sex partners, contraceptive use, sexually transmitted disease history, and Pap smear history. The risk of CIN II/III increased with increasing years of cigarette smoking and with increasing pack-years of exposure. Smoking was associated more strongly with CIN III than CIN II. The effect of passive cigarette smoke exposure was explored separately for smokers and nonsmokers and was found not to be consistently associated with CIN II/III when controlling for confounders.     

p16和Ki-67免疫组化检测与宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)程度的相关性分析

目的:分析免疫组化检测p16和Ki-67与宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）严重程度的关系,以及 p16联合Ki-67在高级别CIN鉴别中的效能。方法:采用回顾性研究,纳入2016年1月至2018年3月期间粤北人民医院经HE染色病理确诊的宫颈病变患者160例,其中慢性宫颈炎者共38例归为对照组,CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级分别为41例、46例、35例;再将CIN患者分为低级别鳞状上皮内病变（LSIL）和高级别鳞状上皮内病变（HSIL）组。对比对照组与CINⅠ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级组、ISIL组、HSIL组p16及Ki-67阳性表达情况;采用Spearman相关性分析观察p16阳性表达、Ki-67阳性表达与CIN严重程度的关系。联合使用p16、Ki-67半定量评分,评估联合p16、Ki-67半定量评分诊断结果与病理结果一致性,评估效能。结果:CINⅠ-Ⅲ级组p16阳性率较对照组高,CINⅡ、Ⅲ级p16阳性率较CINⅠ级高;HSIL组阳性率较LSIL组高,差异均有统计学意义,P＜0.05。Ki-67在对照组中阳性率为0.00%,在LSIL组、HSIL组中分别为68.29%、100.00%。p16与宫颈病变程度呈正相关,r=0.692,P=0.021 0;Ki-67与宫颈病变程度呈正相关,r=0.612,P=0.001 8。p16联合Ki-67诊断炎症结果与病理完全一致,CINⅠ级共36例（87.80%）符合,CINⅡ级共43例（93.48%）符合,CINⅢ级共34例（97.14%）符合;LSIL符合率为87.80%（36/41）,HSIL符合率为95.06%（77/81）。p16联合Ki-67诊断LSIL敏感性、特异性为94.74%和97.58%,诊断HSIL敏感性、特异性分别为96.25%、98.81%,诊断CIN敏感性、特异性分别为92.62%、96.48%,其中LSIL敏感性高于单用,CIN诊断特异性较单用p16高,P＜0.05。结论:p16和Ki-67表达与宫颈上皮内瘤样病变严重程度密切相关,可以通过观察二者表达情况辅助CIN病情严重程度判断,联合p16和Ki-67免疫组化检测能提高诊断高级别鳞状上皮内病变诊断特异性、敏感性。     

Patterns of persistent HPV infection after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN): A systematic review

A systematic review of the literature was conducted to determine the estimates of and definitions for human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence in women following treatment of cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia (CIN). A total of 45 studies presented data on post‐treatment HPV persistence among 6,106 women. Most studies assessed HPV persistence after loop excision (42%), followed by conization (7%), cryotherapy (11%), laser treatment (4%), interferon‐alpha, therapeutic vaccination, and photodynamic therapy (2% each) and mixed treatment (38%). Baseline HPV testing was conducted before or at treatment for most studies (96%). Follow‐up HPV testing ranged from 1.5 to 80 months after baseline. Median HPV persistence tended to decrease with increasing follow‐up time, declining from 27% at 3 months after treatment to 21% at 6 months, 15% at 12 months, and 10% at 24 months. Post‐treatment HPV persistence estimates varied widely and were influenced by patient age, HPV‐type, detection method, treatment method, and minimum HPV post‐treatment testing interval. Loop excision and conization appeared to outperform cryotherapy procedures in terms of their ability to clear HPV infection. This systematic review provides evidence for the substantial heterogeneity in post‐treatment HPV DNA testing practices and persistence estimates.     

Persistent human papillomavirus infection and smoking increase risk of failure of treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

Women with abnormal smears have an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. During the 8 years following conservative treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), their risk of invasive cervical cancer is about 5 times greater than that of the general population. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with the natural history of both CIN and cervical cancer. To date, there have been no published reports on the predictive value of HPV testing in the treatment outcome of CIN. A prospective, multi-center, cohort study was conducted on women in the Northwest of England who were attending for treatment of CIN. They were asked to complete a questionnaire, which included a detailed smoking history. Pre- and post-treatment HPV testing was performed on cervical biopsies and cervical swab, being taken with the first follow-up smear at 6 months. A nested case-control analysis was performed, cases being defined as women who developed CIN within the 2 years of treatment and controls being sampled from those who did not experience treatment failure within 2 years. Multiple conditional logistic regression is used to study the factors associated with treatment failure of CIN. The cohort included 958 women of whom 77 (8%) experienced treatment failure (cases). Two controls were matched to each case (154). Smoking status was significantly associated with CIN treatment failure(p= 0.0013). Current smokers had a 3-fold increased risk of treatment failure of CIN as compared to non-smokers (95% CI 1.65 to 5.91). Five hundred twenty-five women underwent HPV sampling following treatment, of whom 47 (8.9%) developed further CIN. Post-treatment positive HPV testing was found to be strongly associated with treatment failure of CIN (OR 23.3; 95% CI 3.15-172.1). In 11/45 cases with negative smear at first follow-up, the HPV test was positive. The combination of both HPV and cytology in the first follow-up visit predicted treatment failure in 72% of the cases. Cigarette smoking is a factor, which, independently of HPV infection, influences the treatment outcome of CIN. Smokers and those who are HPV positive during follow-up appear to require longer, more intensive follow-up. HPV testing requires careful consideration as part of routine follow-up protocol following treatment of CIN.     

Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade III

The temporal relationship between cervical infection with Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) or human papillomavirus (HPV) and the incidence rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade three (CIN III) was examined in a cohort of 43,016 Norwegian women. From 1980 to 1989, a cervico-vaginal infection from TV and HPV was diagnosed cytologically in 988 and 678 women, respectively. During the 181,240 person-years of observation, 440 cases of CIN III/cervical cancer developed. The age-adjusted incidence rates (IR) of CIN III were 225 per 100,000 person-years among women with no cytologic evidence of infection,459 among women with TV infection, and 729 among women with HPV infection. A multiple regression model yielded a relative rate (RR) of CIN III of 2.1 (95 percent confidence interval [CI]=1.3–3.4) among women with TV infection and 3.5 (CI=1.9–6.6) among women with HPV infection, compared with women with neither infection. As CIN can be misclassified as HPV infection, the entry Pap-smears of 10 women with HPV infection who later developed CIN III were re-examined. Excluding the four discordant cases with the corresponding person-years decreased the RR of CIN III to 2.1 (CI=0.9–4.8). Our report demonstrates the limitations of studies that rely only on cytologic detection of HPV infection. Nevertheless, the results support the hypothesis that HPV is a causal factor for CIN III lesions, and also display an association between TV infection and cervical neoplasia.Dr Gram is a research fellow of the Norwegian Cancer Society. This study was supported in part by a grant from the Aakre Foundation for the fighting of cancer and a grant from the University of Tromsö. A summary of this paper was presented at the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 10–14 November 1991.     

Blood group isoantigen and involucrin expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

258 patients with dysplastic cervical lesions reclassified as CIN 1-3 and AIM 1-3 and with up to ten years of follow-up were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against blood group isoantigens and involucrin for expression in normal and dysplastic squamous epithelium. The results show a varied staining pattern with a majority of unchanged staining properties in normal and dysplastic epithelium, the same frequency of increase as decrease in dysplasia and no correlation to progression or recurrence, in variance with previous reports.     

Vaccination trial with HPV16 L1E7 chimeric virus-like particles in women suffering from high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2/3)

Persistent infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer. Vaccination with virus-like particles (VLP) has demonstrated efficacy in prophylaxis but lacks therapeutic potential. HPV16 L1E7 chimeric virus-like particles (CVLP) consist of a carboxy-terminally truncated HPV16L1 protein fused to the amino-terminal part of the HPV16 E7 protein and self-assemble by recombinant expression of the fusion protein. The CVLP are able to induce L1- and E7-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have performed a first clinical trial to gain information about the safety and to generate preliminary data on the therapeutic potential of the CVLP in humans. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial has been conducted in 39 HPV16 mono-infected high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) patients (CIN 2/3). Two doses (75 mug or 250 mug) of CVLP were applied. The duration of the study was 24 weeks with 2 optional visits after another 12 and 24 weeks. The vaccine showed a very good safety profile with only minor adverse events attributable to the immunization. Antibodies with high titers against HPV16 L1 and low titers against HPV16 E7 as well as cellular immune responses against both proteins were induced. Responses were equivalent for both vaccine concentrations. A trend for histological improvement to CIN 1 or normal was seen in 39% of the patients receiving the vaccine and only 25% of the placebo recipients. Fifty-six percent of the responders were also HPV16 DNA-negative by the end of the study. Therefore, we demonstrated evidence for safety and a nonsignificant trend for the clinical efficacy of the HPV16 L1E7 CVLP vaccine.     

Women with polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase (MS) are less likely to have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3

The role of nutrient-related genetic susceptibility factors for pre-cancerous lesions is gaining attention. We conducted a study to examine associations between polymorphisms in folate pathway coenzymes (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase [MTHFR] and methionine synthase [MS]) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 or 3 in a population exposed to folic acid by the food fortification program in the United States. Status of MTHFR and MS and circulating concentrations of folate, vitamins B12, A, E, C and total carotene were ascertained in 170 Caucasian and 266 African-American women positive for high-risk human papilloma virus (HR-HPV). Polymorphism status was determined using polymerase chain reaction assays. Micronutrient concentrations were measured using radiobinding assays, high performance liquid chromatography or spectrophotometry. Presence/absence of CIN 2 or 3 was determined on the basis of histology results and the association with risk factors was examined using multivariable analyses. Eighty women had CIN 2 or 3 lesions and they were compared to 356 women who had CIN 1, ASCUS or normal cytology. We found that women polymorphic for MTHFR were less likely to have CIN 2 or 3 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23-0.79). No associations were seen with MS polymorphism alone (OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.43-1.21); however, women polymorphic for both MTHFR and MS were less likely to have CIN 2 or 3 (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.08-0.62). We conclude that these polymorphisms in the folate metabolic pathway were associated with a lower likelihood of CIN 2 or 3 in a population exposed to adequate amounts of folate from exposure to food fortification with folic acid.     

Papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Study of CINIII in 2 series of conization and hysterectomies (1957-1968 and 1981-1983)

At the Institute of Pathology and Applied Cytology, 619 cases of conization or hysterectomies for CIS had been reviewed, through the study of 6,439 slides: 263 cases from the years 1957-1968, 287 cases from the years 1981-1983, have been studied. In the 1957-1968 group, a condylomatous lesion was associated with CINIII/CIS in 60% and in 79% in the 1981-1983 group. The relationship between the condylomatous lesions and the CIS, the grade of these lesions and the mean age of the patients had been examined. In the both groups, the HPV signs had been more frequently discovered in the younger women. But a difference of 4 years was found between the patients with CINIII without any sign of HPV infection and those with a CINIII/CIS associated with a condyloma. These data support the hypothesis of a lessening and a later disappearance of the HPV signs when the neoplasias become more severe. In both groups, the relationship between the signs of HPV infection and the grade of the cervical epithelial atypias are exactly the same. These lesions, more often extended, with a transitional passage between CIN with HPV cytopathological effects and CIS, comfort the hypothesis of a straight relationship between HPV infection and carcinoma of the cervix.     

ANXA1，Ki-67抗原在宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌中的表达及其相互关系

目的：探讨膜联蛋白A1（Annexin A1,ANXA1）和细胞核相关抗原Ki-67在正常宫颈上皮、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中的表达及其相关性。方法：应用免疫组化法检测56例宫颈上皮内瘤变（ CIN）,39例早期宫颈鳞状细胞癌（ SCC）和26例正常宫颈鳞状上皮组织中ANXA1和Ki-67的表达,分析两者之间表达的相关性。应用免疫印迹法检测正常宫颈组织、宫颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中ANXA1的蛋白表达情况。结果：在正常宫颈上皮中 ANXA1蛋白呈高阳性表达,随着宫颈病变的进展, ANXA1蛋白表达呈明显下降趋势。在正常宫颈上皮、宫颈上皮内瘤变和宫颈癌组织中ANXA1蛋白表达具有显著性差异（ P＜0.05）。在正常宫颈上皮和CIN组织中Ki-67抗原表达与ANXA1蛋白表达呈负相关（ P＜0.01）。结论：ANXA1蛋白在宫颈癌中低表达,并与抗原表达明显负相关,与宫颈癌发生、发展过程中凋亡抑制和增殖能力增强有关,可以作为预测宫颈鳞癌不良预后因素之一。     

Human papillomavirus 16 in breast cancer of women treated for high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III).

Women with both a history of high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III) and breast carcinoma as second primary cancer were selected for studying the presence of HPV in breast carcinomas. Paraffin embedded material from 38 patients with 41 breast carcinoma cases after CIN III were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ hybridization. By PCR we detected HPV 16 DNA in 19 out of 41 cases (46%) of the breast carcinomas. One case proved to be HPV 16 positive also by in situ hybridization. HPV 16 was also detected in 32 out of the 38 patients with CIN III (84%). All HPV 16 positive breast carcinomas were HPV 16 positive in their corresponding CIN III lesions. Eight patients with diagnosed breast cancer before the CIN III lesions were used as controls. None of these had HPV positive breast carcinomas. No cases were positive for HPV 11, 18, or 33. HPV 16 was detected in the primary tumours, in local metastases from HPV 16 positive tumours, in a distant HPV 16 positive breast carcinoma metastasis to the colon, and in other primary cancers in patients with HPV 16 positive breast carcinomas and HPV 16 positive CIN III. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were quantified in the HPV positive and HPV negative breast carcinomas, and there was no significant difference in the fraction positive in the two groups. Oncogenic HPV DNA might be transported from an original site of infection to other organs by blood or lymph, and possibly be a factor in the development of cancer in different organs.     

宫颈上皮内瘤变与宫颈癌中DNA甲基化状态的研究

DNA甲基化与肿瘤发生发展关系的研究越来越受到重视,目前大量研究发现多种基因的异常甲基化与官颈上皮内瘤变及宫颈癌相关.